Global Patterns of Disease

IB Geography II

Annual Incidence Report Analysis

• Study table and come up with the top 3 diseases of poverty and top 3 diseases of affluence.

In elbow partners, discuss the following question:

– To what extent do you believe disease is a consequence or a cause of poverty?

In elbow partners, discuss the following question:

– How can we define poverty on the global scale and apply a common term when geographical diversity is so great? (Example- to be poor in an LEDC is so different from being poor in an MEDC)

In elbow partners, discuss the following question:

– Is poverty always an “undesirable” state? Why? Why not?

In elbow partners, discuss the following question:

• How can we understand extreme poverty (like that of LEDCs) if we have no personal experience of it?

Objective

• By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: – explain the global distribution of diseases of

poverty. – explain the global distribution of diseases of

affluence. – These objectives are also very possible exam

questions!

Starting Activity:

• Look at the 2 maps. Without knowing what they show, do you think there is there is a relationship between them? Why/Why not?

Map1: Malnourishment

Map 2: Childhood Diarrheal Disease

Do you think there is a link between these 2 indicators? What is it?

Discuss in Elbow Partners

Key Terms: The number of cases per 10,000 population

Incidence The number of confirmed cases annually

Communicable Diseases

Infectious diseases

Non-Communicable

Non-infectious, degenerative

Vectors Transmitters of disease, ex: insects

Prevalence

Don’t Forget About Epidemiological Transition

Global Distribution of Diseases

• The chance of an individual succumbing to disease is affected by a range of factors (Many, which are affected by social inequality), including: – where they live– their age– their social circumstances– their lifestyle – environmental factors.

Infectious or Communicable Diseases (Diseases of Poverty)

• These diseases maybe be contagious and transmitted through close human contact or by vectors.

• They spread rapidly in the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions associated with poverty.

• Common examples: malaria, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal disease

Diarrheal Disease… What is it?

• Diarrhea that last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Most people who die from diarrhea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss.

Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates from Diarrheal diseases by country (per 100,000

inhabitants) - 2004.

Facts on Diarrheal Disease from the World Health Organization

• Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old.

• It is both preventable and treatable.

• Can be prevented through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene.

Diarrhea Deaths

What is HIV/AIDS?

• HIV is Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

• It is a disease which reduces the ability of the body to fight off other diseases. It reduces the efficiency of the body’s immune system.

HIV/AIDS Deaths

Malaria… What is it?

• Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia.

Malaria Deaths

Part 2: Diseases of Affluence

Non-Communicable Diseases (Diseases of Affluence)

• Obesity

• Diabetes

• Alcohol abuse

• Impacts of Tobacco use

Obesity

• What is Obesity?• Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index

that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight divided by height.

• Obesity is defined as a value over 30 • A person is overweight if their BMI is over

25

Obesity

• Obesity is generally considered to be a disease of the wealthy, although ironically in the richest countries it is often young people living in the less well-off families who are more likely to be overweight

• This is often related to diet, and the lack of exercise which some people attribute to the growth in sedentary lifestyles

• It is also cheaper to feed a child with unhealthy food than it is with healthy food.

Obesity

• Key facts• Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since

1980. • In 2008, more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and

older were overweight. • 65% of the world’s population live in countries

where there are more overweight people than underweight people.

• Obesity is preventable.

OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Diabetes

• Diabetes affects the body’s metabolism, and involves a problem with a hormone called insulin.

• It is a disease which can be partly managed by being careful with blood sugar monitoring and medication.

• The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be dramatically reduced by keeping body weight below that of obesity, and avoiding particular types of food.

• 200 million people worldwide suffer from it.

Diabetes Deaths

Alcohol Abuse

• The harmful use of alcohol results in 2.5 million deaths each year.

• 320,000 young people between the age of 15 and 29 die from alcohol-related causes per year, resulting in 9% of all deaths in that age group.

• Alcohol is associated with many serious social and developmental issues, including violence, child neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the workplace.

Tobacco Use• As with the earlier example of obesity, we need to be careful

to avoid saying that this is more likely to be associated with high income.

• Cigarette advertising is now closely controlled in many countries, and there are age restrictions on the purchasing of cigarettes.

Smoking• In 2009, smoking among men was highest in the

Western Pacific Region, with 51% of men aged 15 and above smoking some form of tobacco.

• Smoking among women was highest in the European Region at 22%.

• In all WHO regions except Europe, girls aged 13–15 years old are using tobacco at higher rates than women aged 15 and older.

• This could be a reflection of aggressive tobacco industry marketing to girls, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries.

• The high rates among girls is very concerning as these data suggest potential substantial increases for women in the near future.

• The rates at which adolescent boys use tobacco average around 18% globally.