Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in SpaceJeju Island International Peace Conference

24-26 February 2012

For the Jeju-Okinawa Solidarity to Create ‘Genuine Peace’ in Northeast Asia

Let us stand together to get the US Marines out of the Futenma US air base

By Toshio TakahashiGeneral secretary of Plaintiffs Group for FUTENMA

US Marine Corps Airbase Noise Roaring Noise Pollution

1. In the beginning : Futenma- the road to the construction of the US bases in Okinawa

Towards the end of the WW2, Okinawa became the last battle field between the U.S. and Japan. Japan took the strategy of making Okinawa a sacrifice for the homeland defense as well as for the maintenance of the State under the Emperor System, thus embroiling local civilians in Okinawa as its shield, while the U.S. military unleashed the all-out attack onto Okinawa in order to make it a beachhead for conquering the mainland of Japan.

It was during those days when Japanese Imperial Army began routing faced with the overwhelming fighting power of the U.S. that the U.S. military began to construct a runway in Futenma as an air base for sallying out to the mainland Japan for bombardments. There were two different processes in the initial constructions of the U.S. bases in Okinawa in those days: one was the forcible commandeering of land from local people as was done in Futenma, and the other was just taking over some existing bases from the retreating Japanese Army, like the Kadena air base.

Even after the unconditional surrender of Japan, followed by the official end of the WW2, the U.S. never relinquished its hold on Okinawa, keeping it under her military government there, as the forefront in East Asia of the Cold War, that is, an anticommunist fortress. To this day, it has been an obvious violation of the international law of war, humanitarian laws, and the U.N. Charter for the U.S. to keep using portions of land of Okinawa as her bases. However, there still are flags of the United Nations fluttering in the wind at three U.S. Okinawa bases: Futenma, Kadena, and White Beach.

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Kadena air base White Beach

As described above, the post-war Okinawa has been serving as the U.S. military ‘keystone of the Pacific’ from the Korean War to the Vietnam War era to the present days of the continued hostilities in East Asia and the Pacific. Thus, local residents in Okinawa have been victimized, for 67 years since the landing of the U.S. forces onto Okinawa, by numerous crimes and repetitive accidents on roads and from the sky by U.S. military personnel. Their natural environments have been continuously polluted by the U.S. forces in Okinawa, with cover-ups and without any investigation. Hardly any day has gone by so far without the U.S. forces’ repeated criminal acts as if to trample down Okinawa, which in turn have kept ignited the oppositions of local people against them.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDtEbxoK3o0

(On Aug.13, 2004, a helicopter of U.S. forces crashed onto a building of an Okinawa university, with some of Strontium-90 in the containers on it flung out and spread. Several parts of the broken helicopter’ body fell onto the nearby area.)

This overbearing dominance of the U.S. forces, incurring intra-Okinawa political struggles with the whole residents in separate places and then the whole Okinawans involved, seeking for the solution of the U.S. base issues, has resulted in the frequent all-Okinawa protest rallies with around100, 000 people participating, as was seen in one for opposing to the relocation of the Futenma air station inside Okinawa April 25, 2010. Still now, local struggles have continued non-stop in the form of nonviolent vigils in the’ tent village’ at Henoko (since

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April 19, 2004) against the Futenma relocation plan, and in the tents at Takae (since Sep.2, 2008) against the construction of the U.S. helipads for deploying MV 22-Ospreys.

All-Okinawa rally, Apr.25, 2010 Henoko

Henoko tent village and part of the planned base construction

Takae

2. Futenma air base constructed through forcible commandeering

Detention houses

The U.S. forces constructed the Futenma air station under its war-time occupation

by shutting residents from the five villages including one at Guinowan, where there were the municipal office and the elementary school, into the detention houses, then illegally taking away from those people their houses and the land of rice paddies, crop fields, and their

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ancestral graveyards. The property of the U.S. Futenma air station, which was thus and so constructed by bulldozing illegally commandeered land beginning in April 1945 for the forthcoming bombardment onto the mainland Japan, has never got out of the military grip of the U.S. to this day. Beneath the runway, there are remains of local residents victimized during the battles and those of soldiers from both the countries, still unearthed and left to be trampled down.

Also, the construction of the U.S. Futenma air base, with 91% of its land consisting of the private properties of the local residents, as their houses, family graveyards, traditional cultural assets including ancestral holy precincts, or for farming, forced such residents deprived of any means and cultural, spiritual bases of their living to live just outside the fences of the air base, with no choices other than beginning their impoverished post-war time life, surrounding the base as if to cling to the fences, unable to return to their houses and properties, that is, their genuine homeland. Overall, 60 such villages in the entire group islands of Okinawa have disappeared into the U.S. Okinawa bases.

3. The Korean War, the expansion of the U.S. bases in Okinawa

From the early to the mid 1950s, triggered by the beginning of the Korean War, the U.S. began to construct some new bases for the relocation of its Marines to Okinawa, which rekindled separate opposition movements against the new forcible exploitation of land in various places including the island of Iejima, resulting in all-Okinawa protest movement called ‘the entire Okinawa land struggle.’ However, the U.S. forces confronted the movement with ‘bayonets and bulldozers’, enforcing their destructive military base construction. Almost all of the U.S. bases in Okinawa which have remained to this day were constructed during this time. Therefore, ever since the U.S. bases in Okinawa have been strongly connected to the situation on the Korean Peninsula.

In the City of Ginowan, the land of Isa-hama (the Isa Beach) area was newly commandeered forcibly and was made into the Camp Foster. The rice paddies at the Isa Beach, especially noted for their beauty even in Okinawa, were buried with sea sand for the reason of rainbows occasionally happening there. The U.S. soldiers forced out with their bayonets those residents who refused to move out, and then, the bulldozers of the U.S. military flattened the houses before the eyes of their original owners.

Houses in Isa-hama district on the verge of demolition

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Opposition sit-in by local womenhttp://library.thinkquest.org/19981/data/text

/tochisesshu-light-j.htm

http://kinnjyu.ti-da.net/e3512766.html

Blue Peace

“The World of Minoru Kinjo” (Minoru Kinjo: born in 1939, is a Okinwan sculptor, famous with his abundant works featuring the‘ bayonets and bulldozers” days from his boyhood memories. )

4. Struggles by antiwar land owners to take back their land in the U.S. bases by refusing land use contract

The land forcibly taken away from Okinawa people under edicts and official announcements by the U.S. military government stationed in Okinawa was never returned even after the U.S. administrative rights over Okinawa was returned to Japanese central government on May, 15, 1972. Just prior to the return of Okinawa, Japanese government made a makeshift ‘law on provisional use f public land in Okinawa’ (passage: Dec.31, 1971), extending for another 5 years the period of the mandatory use, as part of facilities for Japan to provide the U.S. military stipulated in a provision of the ‘Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan’, of the land of Okinawan owners who refused to sign to allow the use.

After the extended period was over, another extension of the mandatory use period was implemented in 1977 by another ‘law on clarification of land register (passage: May 18, 1977). This new law was aimed at extending the provisional use period from the previous 5 years to 10 years.

Then, in 1982, the Special Measure Law was enacted, which has been facilitating to this day the procedure of the mandatory use of land for the U.S. bases in Okinawa. Those land owners who refuse to provide their land, supported by peace movement groups, including the one-tsubo land owners (‘tsubo’ means the traditional term of the space of 3.3 square meters, an official standardization for spatial measurement), have continued their efforts against the mandatory use in the Expropriation Committee.

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5. 1995 rape incident and the solidarity exchanged between Okinawa and Korean citizens

In 1995, three U.S. Marines in Okinawa abducted and raped a local Okinawan girl, which again ignited, among Okinawan people in wrath, a refreshed movement for the removal of the U.S. bases in Okinawa. The then governor Ohta refused, representing land owners, to permit the expropriation of land, which resulted in the expiration of the usage period of a plot of land in the U.S. military communication facility, so-called ‘the cage for an elephant “, in the village of Yomitanson, originally owned by an anti-war land owner, Shoichi Chibana.

Then Chibana, his family and supporters entered the facility for the opposition demonstration, a symbolic fighting effort, which gave big momentum to the’ opposition movement to the mandatory use as the U.S.bases’ of private properties in Okinawa, for the simultaneous expirations of the 20-year-long expropriation of all the plots of such land were to come on May, 1997.

Zoh-no-ori ( the cage of an elephant) in Yomitanson village, 2002http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%BE%BA%E9%80%9A%E4%BF

%A1%E6%89%80

Confronted with this culminated all-Okinawa civilian movement for the opposition to the U.S. Okinawa bases, both the administrations of the U.S. and Japan proposed and implemented between them ‘ Special Action Committee on Okinawa’, the so-called SACO Agreement. Although this agreement has been propagandized as a plan for reducing the U.S bases in Okinawa, with the full return program of Futenma air station as its main pillar, it has a provision of constructing an alternative base of Futenma air station within Okinawa (at Henoko ) in the name of relocation. Furthermore, although, under this agreement, the gross area of the U.S. Okinawa bases is to be reduced by 20%, it is, in exchange, aimed at the integration and the upgrading into the state-of-art technologies of the existing bases and facilities in Okinawa. So, as the full content of the agreement came to be clear, both the administrations got stuck, faced with the continued and enhanced civil disobedience and all-Okinawa oppositions.

Then, it was some Korean citizens who showed strong interest in this non-violent civil uprising in Okinawa, as they had the same issues deriving from the U.S. bases in the R.O.K and began addressing them. Direct solidarity exchanges were born around this time and have been now expanded between both the citizens in Okinawa and South Korea, who have issues in common on damages from the U.S. military bases in their countries.

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Such solidarity exchange activities between Okinawans and Koreans, with the same and specific challenge of opposing the U.S. foreign bases in their countries came to assume the novel and unique initiative as the future-oriented bilateral civil movement in solidarity. As a result, anti-U.S. base movement in Okinawa has been greatly supported since the late ‘90s

by the dynamic civil movements of young generation in South Korea as well as the expanding and deepening mutual solidarity exchanges with them.

6. The danger and the illegality of the U.S. Marine Corps air station Futenma

Although the U.S. Futenma air station is a facility of a kind for Japan to provide to the U.S. under the ‘Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan’,

it is not an airport under the domestic law of Japan on aviation. This means there is no applicable domestic law on aviation by which the safety in the sky and on the ground around Futenma air station is regulated, therefore, there actually is no such safety regulation there.

Despite the fact that near 30,000 flights a year are conducted by the U.S. military aircrafts using the air station, there are no obligatory aviation safety measures whatsoever. Besides, Japanese central government has no authority to take part in regulating such operations.

Futenma air stationhttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A4%A9%E9%96%93%E9%A3%9B

%E8%A1%8C%E5%A0%B4

The reason why the U.S. military　planes can repeat takeoffs and landings using the U.S. Futenma air station, carrying out the training of turning flights over the residential area in the City of Ginowan, is diplomatic: that the area in Futenma has been offered to the U.S. for her use as part of facilities stipulated in the bilateral cooperation and security treaty, whereby Japanese government allows the U.S. Marines to use it as an air station for their aviation trainings.

In principle, from the standpoint of the domestic aviation law, no airplane is allowed to land on /take off from the runway of the U.S. Futenma air station, as it is not an airport. However, no aviation law of Japan is applicable to the U.S. military airplanes. As a result, Japanese central government, while allowing the use by the U.S.Marine Corps of Futenma air station as part of stipulated facilities for Japan’s security, has no means of preventing damages and dangers to local residents deriving from such aviation use by the U.S.

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Compared with this, there are strict safety regulations in military air stations in the U.S. Since the U.S. warplanes are usually loaded with dangerous bombs or chemical materials, there is probability of humans getting harmed in a plane crash or explosion and resultant scattering of toxic materials. So, in a U.S. military air base, there is a regulation of what is called a ‘clear-zone’, a 900m prohibitive area from a runway with the highest possibility of a plane crash, in which no building is allowed to construct. In addition, adjacent to this clear-zone, there are two restrictive areas called APZ (Accident Potential Zone): (1500m),　(2100m), comprising in total the restrictive flight area of 4500m from the nearest runway, where no schools, hospitals, public halls are allowed to construct.

When this restrictive flight zone is plotted into an aerial photograph of the local areas around the Bay of Ginowan, included in the restrictive flight zone of 4500m are Second Futenma Elementary School, Aragusuku Hall for School children, Ue-oshana Community Center, and other buildings, as well as 800 houses with 3600 residents. Obviously, the U.S. Marines Corps Futenma air station is the violation of the flight safety regulations of the U.S. military. Japanese central government maintains dangerous flight trainings by the U.S. Marines Corps by tolerating the dangerous operation by the U.S. military of this air station.

Residential area around Futenma Futenma

7. Futenma aif station, acknowledged as ‘ the world-riskiest’ by the court in the class action against the roaring noise pollution

There are several provisions as to Futenma air station agreed on by both the countries, including the Agreement on Noise Prevention. However, the U.S. military never keeps its words, nor does Japanese administration try to ask the U.S. military to comply with such agreements.

In 2002, a class action was filed against the roaring noise pollutions deriving from Futenma air station, and Fukuoka High Court clearly pointed out, in its ruling on July 29, 2010, the responsibility of Japanese administration, saying “Japanese administration has the political responsibility to have the U.S. military comply with the preventive measures against the noise pollution bilaterally agreed upon.” The Court went on to say, suggesting the dangers:

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The crash incident of a helicopter of the U.S. military onto a university in the city has awakened local citizens to the real threat of a plane crash, increasing their psychological pain.

Japanese administration has not yet employed a drastic measure for dissolving the illegal situations deriving from the roaring noise pollution by the U.S.military, nor has it achieved the standard level of the environment standards on the issue.

Although the U.S. Marines Corps are required to refrain from night-time flights after 10p.m according to the 1996 agreement on preventing noise pollution, late-hour flights till 11p.m have now become their routine. To this situation, however, Japanese administration has not employed any appropriate measure to have the U.S. Marines Corps comply to the noise prevention agreement and make the agreement more effective. Because of this, the agreement has practically become a dead letter.

In the United States, there are clear-zones around air fields including extramural ones. In comparison, however, around the U.S. Marine Corps Futenma air station, there are public facilities such as a school and a hospital, which should be considered to be in a clear zone. Because of this situation, Futenma air station is called ‘the world most dangerous air field.

Consequently, the High Court’s final judgment doubled the compensation money from that in the previous lawsuit, for those residents in the areas measured at WECPNL 75 and 80. (WECPNL: Weighted equivalent continuous perceived noise level)

Currently, a group of 3000 plaintiffs is preparing for filing the second class action on Futenma noise pollution in the forthcoming March.

8. In closing

A big accident happened on Aug.13, 2004, when a Marines Corps helicopter crashed onto Okinawa International University, going up in flames, scattering some of its body parts around in the vicinity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAs2jR3M6lE&feature=related

It was a fire engine and an ambulance of the City of Ginowan that rushed to the scene of the accident , extinguished the fire, and quickly brought to the hospital the injured U.S. Marines personnel onboard the helicopter. Later a team of the U.S.military came, who cordoned off

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the areas around the university. While anyone from the U.S. side had free access to the crash scene, no Japanese, including a Diet member or bureacrats from the Japanese administration, was allowed to get in. This clearly showed us that Okinawa (Japan) was virtually under the U.S. occupation.

Additionally, two things have come to light:

1: Last year some helicopters belonging to the U.S. Marines Corps Futenma air station joined in ‘Operation Tomodachi’ (a disaster relief voluntary activity after Fukushima nuclear accident by the U.S. military personnel, mainly by the Marines Corps), came back to Futenma, and then got decontaminated. The nuclear waste from the decontamination has been kept since then in the air station.

2: Also it has become clear that defoliant called ‘agent arrange‘ which contains very poisonous dioxin that was used in the Vietnam War from 60’s to 70’s has been kept for use in more than 13 places inside the Prefecture of Okinawa.

(Jon Mitchell’s blog entry below features the issue: ‘Agent orange on Okinawa’

http://www.jonmitchellinjapan.com/agent-orange-on-okinawa.html)

Apparently, Japanese government cannot resolve anything on the issues of the U.S.bases in Okinawa. The U.S. military and the U.S. administration decide everything and then Japanese administration impose　such decisions onto Okinawa. This has been a system in long continuation.

Japan has been paying for a long time the stationing expenses of the U.S. military. This is what the U.S. has to pay herself based on the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), but actually Japan has offered (*since 1978) the financial help by signing a special agreement for that. It was bilaterally agreed upon last year that Japan would assure the U.S. of paying, as the sympathy budget for another 5 years, \188.1 billion ($2.4 billion:$1=\77) each year.

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This kind of excessive service for the U.S. military, unparalleled by　other bilateral military treatments of some countries with the U.S., keeps on improving the comfort for the U.S. military to station in Japan, sustaining the systematical discriminatory structure against Okinawa.

However, the struggle by Okinawan people has the power to beat it, to transform the situations. We have now added to the strength, after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, which is just what the shady post-war history of Japan has brought about, to use the impetus in order to change our history by ourselves.

Amid the military tension in East Asia stirred up by the conflicts in 2010, including the territorial border issues around the Senkaku (Pinnacle) Islands, and the artillery duel over Yeonpyeongdo, with the militaristic appeal of ‘ the U.S. forces as the detterent’ or ‘the deployment of JSDFs to the southwestern archipelago’ mounting inside Japan, now is the time, all the more for this atmosphere, when China and her neighboring countries here in East Asia, who all are deepening economic relations with each other, should seek for cooperation among them. In doing so, it should be our earnest efforts for the peace and the prosperity in East Asia to demand the withdrawal of the U.S.forces from Okinawa, not just the cancellation of the planned new military base at Henoko.

The Southwester Archipelagohttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A5%BF%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6　

Okinawa has its unique position, from its history as well as its geography, in that it has much stronger affinity toward China than any other part of Japan has, and that it has the strong bond with Koreans through the continued civilian struggles. It should be a part we citizens in Okinawa to play to keep on dispatching messages for peace from our perspective of the cross-border solidarity among peoples, invigorating our historical and geographical uniqueness.

From Jan.21st to 28th this year, a group of 24 Okinawans, representing the voice of Okinawa citizens suffering from the damages deriving from the U.S.military bases, went to the U.S. for lobbying to the Congress, the U.S. administration, think-tanks, and grass-root citizen groups, appealing to them the real situations in Okinawa. This has achieved great success, with the Department of Defense having expressed to the Congress that it should abandon the Futenma relocation plan to Henoko and soon realign its Marines Corps in Okinawa.

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So, people in Jeju and in Okinawa. Let us raise up our voices seeking for the withdrawal of the U.S. forces, and march on together firmly hand-in-hand in solidarity towards ‘the genuine peace in East Asia!

==================================================================

(Military Base Affairs Division, Okinawa Prefecture http://www3.pref.okinawa.jp/site/view/contview.jsp?cateid=14&id=593&page=1)

References arbitrarily put by the translator

1. Battle of Okinawa (Global Security.org) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/okinawa-battle.htm

(excerpts)…….

The battle of Okinawa proved to be the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War. Thirty-four allied ships and craft of all types had been sunk, mostly by kamikazes, and 368 ships and craft damaged. The fleet had lost 763 aircraft. Total American casualties in the operation numbered over 12,000 killed [including nearly 5,000 Navy dead and almost 8,000 Marine and Army dead] and 36,000 wounded. Navy casualties were tremendous, with a ratio of one killed for one wounded as compared to a one to five ratio for the Marine Corps. Combat stress also caused large numbers of psychiatric casualties, a terrible hemorrhage of front-line strength. There were more than 26,000 non-battle casualties. In the battle of Okinawa, the rate of combat losses due to battle stress, expressed as a percentage of those caused by combat wounds, was 48% [in the Korean War the overall rate was about 20-25%, and in the Yom Kippur War it was about 30%]. American losses at Okinawa were so heavy as to illicite Congressional calls for an investigation into the conduct of the military commanders. Not surprisingly, the cost of this battle, in terms of lives, time, and material, weighed heavily in the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan just six weeks later. ………..Japanese human losses were enormous: 107,539 soldiers killed and 23,764 sealed in caves or buried by the Japanese themselves; 10,755 captured or surrendered. The Japanese lost 7,830 aircraft and 16 combat ships. Since many Okinawan residents fled to caves where they subsequently were entombed the precise number of civilian casualties will probably never be known, but the lowest estimate is 42,000 killed. Somewhere between one-tenth and one-fourth of the civilian population perished, though by some estimates the battle of Okinawa killed almost a third of the civilian population. According to US Army records during the planning phase of the operation, the assumption was that Okinawa was home to about 300,000 civilians. At the conclusion of hostilities around 196,000 civilians remained. However, US Army figures for the 82 day campaign showed a total figure of 142,058 civilian casualties, including those killed by artillery fire, air attacks and those who were pressed into service by the Japanese army. …………..By late October 1944, Okinawa, in the Ryukyu Island chain, had been targeted for invasion by Allied forces. This invasion -- code named Operation Iceberg --- would see the assembling of the greatest naval armada ever. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's 5th fleet was to include more than 40 aircraft carriers, 18 battleships, 200 destroyers and hundreds of assorted support ships. Some 1,300 US ships

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surrounded the island. Of those, 365 were amphibious ships. Over 182,000 troops would make up the assault, planned for 01 April 1945, Easter Sunday. On 29 September 1944 B-29 bombers conducted the initial reconnaissance mission over Okinawa and its outlying islands. On 10 October 1944 nearly two hundred of Admiral Halsey's planes struck Naha, Okinawa's capital and principal city, in five separate waves. The city was almost totally devastated. ………….The document ending the Battle of Okinawa was signed on what is now Kadena Air Base on 07 September 1945. Long before the firing stopped on Okinawa, engineers and construction battalions, following close on the heels of the combat forces, were transforming the island into a major base for the projected invasion of the Japanese home islands

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztzuwCX5lWk

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2. Groups ask U.N. panel to seek review of Futenma relocation planhttp://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120213p2g00m0dm006000c.html

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3. Special Action Committee on Okinawa ( SACO Agreement )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Action_Committee_on_Okinawa

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4. Agent orange on okinawa [updated 14 feb '12.] ―from Jon Mitchell’s blog http://www.jonmitchellinjapan.com/agent-orange-on-okinawa.html

(excerpt)

On September 12th, Japan Focus ran my article outlining the latest findings that suggest defoliants were buried on Futenma and Kadena Air Bases - and sprayed around a school attended by American students.

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5. The initial Final EIS, published in DOD website on July 2010, seems now to have been 13

changed, for the below list has been omitted at some unknown time.

Before that it had been secured here.

http://www.anatakara.com/petition/contamination-worsening-through-nuclear-basing.html

Then, last year, it got attention from some citizens in Guam and Kauai. They exchanged emails with an official in Guam, who instantly retorted that this list in the website above was a fake. Then, now, the list was gone, along with the ‘ note’ below it, and we cannot see them in the current Final EIS.

http://www.guambuildupeis.us/documents

→Volume3 Chapter 17

http://www.guambuildupeis.us/documents/final/volume_3/Vol_03_Ch17_Hazardous_Materials_and_Waste.pdf

(Below is a copy of the original list from the initial Final EIS after the official release)

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( Note: This explanation below doesn’t exist, either, in the current final EIS )

Ignitability (D001)]: If the waste flashpoint is less than 140°F, the waste is “ignitable” and thus a hazardous waste.

Corrosivity (D002)]: If the waste pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, the waste is “corrosive” and thus a　hazardous waste.]

Reactivity (D003)]: If a waste exhibits any of the criteria associated with the characteristic of “redioactivity,” it is ahazardous waste by virtue of its “redioactivity”.

Toxicity (D004 through D043)]: Compare individual analytical results to corresponding regulatory limits. If the reported value is equal or greater than specified regulatory limits for particular compounds, then the waste exhibits the characteristic of “toxicity” and is therefore a hazardous waste.

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…………………………………………….

(arbitrary calculation:

Total hazardous waste annually dumped by US Marines in Okinawa:

644,217 lbs = 291,830 kg ＝ about 292 tonnes

Total waste amount which had radioactive (D003)

250(lbs) + 205,011(lbs) = 205.261(lb) about 9.3 tonnes (1pound=0.453kg)

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6. A Omoiyari (sympathy) Yosan(budget) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoiyari_Yosan

http://peacephilosophy.blogspot.com/2010/10/so-called-sympathy-budget-is-only-28-of.html

According to Satoko Norimatsu of the Peace Philosophy Center, Canada, this sympathy

Budget was only 28% of the whole one-year expenditure of ￥672.9 billion ($8.7 billion: $1=￥77), called ‘ the host nation support ‘, Japan offered to pay that year for hosting the U.S. military in Japan and Okinawa.

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7. According to the leader of Kadena class action against the roaring noise pollution from the U.S. Kadena air base, there is a description, in a French archive of the era of Napoleon’s rule, that some Okinawans, having ventured to sail in small crafts reached a certain port in South Europe. He also says that being a maritime people, Okinawans traditionally see no national borders among countries.

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8. Some sporadic local battles continued in Okinawa even into mid-August, after what is now called ‘ the end of Okinawa battle’ in late June. A little past 4p.m. on Aug.15, 1945, the last wing of Kamikaze comprising 11 planes ( 3 had emergency landings on the way) left Oita in the mainland for Okinawa, and 16, including two officers, died. This is still a controversy as to the illegality of the order by the high-ranking Imperial Air Force officer onboard one of the Kamikaze planes to conduct the suicide attack even after the Emperor’s announcement telling the end of the Pacific War at noon on that day.

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%9E%A3%E7%BA%8F

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(These references are inserted arbitrarily by the translator)

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