Pueblo Indian Kachina Dolls

The central figure in this 1878 illustration of the Salem courtroom is usually identified as a possessed Mary Walcott.

Right.. Cotton Mather

Traditionally, the allegedly afflicted girls are said to have been entertained by Parris' slave woman, Tituba, who supposedly taught them about voodoo in the kitchen of the parsonage during the winter of 1692Research by Elaine Breslaw has suggested that she may well have been captured in what is now Venezuela and brought to Barbados, and so may have been an Arawak Indian.

 Ch. 2 Week 2 Day 1 Guiding Questions

1.Describe how the French and the Dutch explored and settled North America? Use the Four W’s of History in your response.

1.Why did it take over century for the English to begin settling North America? What were the religious, economic and military forces that pushed new immigrants to America?

1.Describe the fragile or perilous existence that marked both the settlement of Jamestown and that of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

1.What were the connections and continuity that characterized the relationship towards Native Indians by both the early Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay Colonies?  5.Identify the various military, political and religious leaders along with the tribal chiefs who became prominent during this early settlement of Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

5.Explain the differences that emerged between the southern colonies and the northern colonies in terms of economic survival, community development and political governments?

Cabeza de Vaca’s La Relación

• November 1528• A former Conquistador of

Pánfilo de Narváez, de Vaca became stranded on Galveston Island with survivors who became captured by local native Indians. Those who had been masters were now subjects.

• Cabeza de Vaca resorted to diplomacy, and probably considerable prayer, in hopes that these Indians would take pity and show mercy on his band of disparate former conquistadores.

• He and only three survivors (among them a black slave named Estevan) were initially enslaved but gained their trust of the Avavares people. For seven years they traveled through the southwest developing a relationship and growing respect for the idegenous Indians they had once thought as savages.

Straits of Anain Northwest Passage

Samuel Champlain

Jacque Cartier (1534/35)

Henry Hudson: 1609 Hudson River 1611 Hudson Bay

Samuel Champlain

Jacque Cartier

Samuel Champlain at war with the Iroquois @ Lake Champlain (The Iroquois were enemies of the Huron, traders with the French

In the 150 years since European contact, perhaps 80 million Indians—nearly one-fifth of humankind at that time—died

Romantic Depiction of John Rolfe marrying Pocahontas

Chesapeake Chief Powhatan

English Motives to Move over to America

• Land

• Religious Freedom

• Gold

• Opportunity

The Early Emerging Character of America:England “Swings” toward Two Regions

The Puritan leader, John Winthrop, in 1630 while on-board the ship Arbella that was bound for the Massachusetts Bay Colony, wrote out his goal of creating a society that could become a  "City upon a Hill" to describe the ideals to which the colonists should strive, and that consequently "the eyes of all people are upon us.”

Jamestown Founded 1607

Jamestown Essentials1. 1st Permanent English settlement in NA (Virginia’s

Chesapeake Bay region) 16072. Established by London Company granted by Charter

from King James I3. Goal was Gold…Reality was mosquito laden swamp

wilderness for 104 Englishmen unprepared to be on the “Last Survivor” more suited for “Total Loser”

4. If not for Chief Powhatan and the emerging leadership of John Smith they would have replicated tragic 1587 Roanoke colony

5. First years were filled with starvation, malaria, and sporadic Indian attacks – the settlement finally survived based on John Rolfe’s idea of giving up the “Gold Life” and working the fertile land for tobacco. The south emerges as a cash crop economy based on slave labor.

Land Spreading so Far & Wide Keep Manhattan Gimmme’ that “Indentured Fare”

1. Indentured Servitude was the original labor source for the south.

2. For free passage to America, poor Englishmen worked 5 – 7 years as forced labor on fields. No freedom – but opportunity to own your own farm if you survived. 40% of “IS” would not!!

3. Most women servants worked in the masters' household, where many of them were sexually abused.

4. Plantations were built some distance from one another along the region's rivers. Planters set up their own docks and storehouses and dealt directly with overseas merchants

Massachusetts Bay Colony & The Puritans

1. Pilgrims fled England for religious freedom in 1620. Plymouth, Mass. Among Separatist Radicals of Puritans

2. William Bradford initiated Mayflower Compact as a written guide for majority rule

3. John Winthrop became the moral governor/leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

4. Winthrop was elected Governor and sailed for New England in 1630.

5. He took the company charter with him -- that's important -- insuring that the colony would be self-governing.

Dissent Came Early to the Bay

1. Roger Williams2. Forerunner of religious

toleration & secular government

3. Ann Hutchinson (not Hathaway)

4. Christians can find God through personal faith, not through Puritan hierarchy.

5. Both were banished – example of Puritan Contradictions: Hill City Needs to be Raised!! Ann Hutchinson defends herself

Backcountry & Conflict w/ Natives

1. Background: King Philip's War of 1675-1676 was a predictable Indian rebellion against continuing Puritan incursions into Native American lands. Though Indian attacks were vicious, they were no more so than those the Puritans had waged with less provocation.

2. Metcomet (King Phillip) was the Mohawk leader who defended their homeland

3. The war was a disaster for both sides, but especially so for Indians, as the Colonists used the war to remove even some "Praying Indian" communities. For each Colonist killed, three or more Indians died, if not from bullets, then from starvation, disease and exposure.

England Captures More of the $$• England begins

to view colonial relations as Mother/child

• Enacts laws and policies to control her colonies

• Goal is 2 part: Remove other foreign economic threats & enrich England through NA’s raw, rich, reserves of lumber, iron, sugar and cotton!!

William Penn & the Quakers “Society of

Friends”

• Pennsylvania Last English colony created in 1680

• Founded by William Penn

• True Holy

Experiment

1. Based on Religious Toleration & Yet with High Moral Compliance

2. Affordable Land & Lenient Male Suffrage Qualifications

3. Pacifism

4. Healthy relations with Native Indians

5. Quakers were the first colonial group to fight for abolition of slavery

6. Quakers continued to influence many Americans into the 20th Century with their humanitarian ethos.

William Blake’s Newton

Today’s Focus Questions1.What does Bacon’s Rebellion and King

Phillip’s War have to do with the 4th of July??2.Explain the concept of Mercantilism and why it

didn’t work out in the long run.3.How did Hector St. Crevecoeur and Benjamin

Franklin view an emerging American Identity?4.What were the conditions of the Slave Trade

and the forced labor economy that emerged in colonial America?

5.Why was the Great Awakening a Wake up call for colonists?

6.What were was influence of the public sphere on American colonial spatial empowerment?

The Enlightenment

The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer 1668

Defined: An intellectual movement that began during the Renaissance (16th Century) that attempted to discover solutions to humanity and mysteries of our universe by using reason and the scientific method.

Impact: Challenged how European society viewed human relations between the church and state so that freedom and legal rights emerged as vital liberties among citizens.

John Locke: All humans are born with natural rights that are inalienable & that governments are created by the consent of those governed to protect these natural rights of life, liberty and property. Social Compact (1690)

Right of Dissent: If governments break the social contract the governed have the right to overthrow them.

English Bill of Rights (1689)Followed the Glorious Revolution

This document forbid the monarchy from:1. SUSPENDING OR PASSING LAWS &

RAISING TAXES WITHOUT PARLIAMENT’S CONSENT.

2. GUARANTEED THE RIGHT TO A FAIR & SPEEDY TRIAL.

3. FORBID CRUEL & UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

Bacon’s Rebellion1. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon(not Kevin

Bacon) led the first organized colonial armed resistance against a British governor named William Berkeley.

2. They were being denied protection against Indian attacks in the backcountry of Virginia.

3. This was also an example of discontented lower class farmers/frontiersmen against upper class British aristocracy.

4. Indentured servants and black slaves joined arms against Berkeley – chased him out of Jamestown and torched the city.

England Captures More of the $$• England begins

to view colonial relations as Mother/child

• Enacts laws and policies to control her colonies

• Goal is 2 part: Remove other foreign economic threats & enrich England through NA’s raw, rich, reserves of lumber, iron, sugar and cotton!!

William Penn & the Quakers

• Pennsylvania Last English colony created in 1680

• Founded by William Penn

• True Holy Experiment

1. Based on Religious Toleration & Yet with High Moral Compliance

2. Affordable Land & Lenient Male Suffrage Qualifications

3. Pacifism

4. Healthy relations with Native Indians

5. Quakers were the first colonial group to fight for abolition of slavery

6. Quakers continued to influence many Americans into the 20th Century with their humanitarian ethos.

The City of Brotherly Love: Philadelphia

With Penn promoting religious toleration, people of many different faiths came to Philadelphia. The Quakers may have been tolerant of religious differences, but were fairly uncompromising with moral digressions. It was illegal to tell lies in conversation and even to perform stage plays. Cards and dice were forbidden. Upholding the city's moral code was taken very seriously.

In America, Benjamin Franklin wrote, "no man continues long a laborer for others, but gets a plantation of his own; no man continues long a journeymen to a trade, but sets himself up for himself."

Benjamin Franklin

Though Benjamin Franklin had reservations about racial mixing, he witnessed, and wrote about, the great changes that Crevecoeur celebrated.

1. When Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, the son of a candle-maker who had immigrated from England, the colonies were overwhelmingly English

2. By 1776, half of the colonial population south of New England was of non-English origin.

3. In Ben Franklin's day, America experienced its first population explosion. In 1700, approximately 250,000 Europeans and African-Americans lived in the colonies. By 1775, that number had risen to two and half million

4. And Franklin had seen the land, the abundance of it and its broad availability, shape many of the distinctively American attributes that Crevecouer described.

5. The people of the American colonies multiplied more rapidly than almost any other society in recorded history. And these colonists far out-numbered the French and Spanish colonists of North America.

American Busyinessman• In Philadelphia, Franklin was an advanced agent of an ideological

revolution that had begun in his home city of Boston. This was a movement against government controls on money-making and toward greater individual freedom. Colonists still lived in a mercantile world, in which British government controlled most of their trade. But they were beginning to fashion a new idea of economic behavior.

• Modern historians call this privatism: the belief that there should be little or no control on the search for wealth; and that if each person fairly pursues his self-interest, the community as a whole will benefit. Franklin believed in this because he saw it working in Philadelphia.

• Artisans owned their own one-man shops and controlled the conditions of their work. They also watched over each other's property, and didn't charge ridiculously high prices for their scarce products, fearing other artisans, whose products they needed, would retaliate. That's the kind of self-interest Franklin applauded. These conditions produced urban order as well as prosperity, an order maintained in the absence of a police force and with comparatively little government.

Modern historians call this privatism: the belief that there should be little or no control on the search for wealth; and that if each person fairly pursues his self-interest, the community as a whole will benefit. Franklin believed in this because he saw it working in Philadelphia

Hector St. John Crevecoeur

Letters from an American Farmer

"What then is the American, this new man?" "are melted into a new race." In America, he wrote, there are "no great lords who possess everything, and a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratic families, no kings, no bishops, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe." 1. Crevecoeur recognized that America was beginning to separate itself from England

and establish it own “American Identity”

2. For him, America was at best a homogenous society comprised of equal men with an opportunity to pursue their own destiny.

3. American wilderness had shaped a new man, freer and more self-reliant than the average European.

The Apotheosis of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, a cotton fabric printed in Great Britain soon after the end of the American War of Independence and used as a bedcover. Franklin, accompanied by a goddess of liberty with her liberty cap, carries a banner reading “where liberty dwells there is my country,” while angels display a map of the United States.1.What were the roots and significance of the Stamp Act controversy?2.What key events sharpened the divisions between Britain and the colonists in the late 1760s and early 1770s?3.What key events marked the move toward American independence?

The true question of barbaric?The Colonial African Slave Trade

• The abundant fertile land, arduous cash crops, and instable work force created a need for slave labor in the south.

• The African slave trade provided the cheap forced labor necessary to perpetuate a southern plantation system that enriched the minority elite aristocratic genteel society.

• This inhumane treatment of Africans created a triangular economic trade where humans were captured, transported across the Atlantic, bought for guns, cargo and supplies, and money for their ultimate value as forced slave labor for sugar, tobacco and cotton production.

Olaudah Equiano

The "MIDDLE PASSAGE," which brought the slaves from West Africa to the West Indies, might take three weeks. Unfavorable weather conditions could make the trip much longer.

A slave who documented his experience during Middle Passage. His saga reflected the true misery of millions of others who were forced into North American slavery.

African American Labor• Virginians needed

labor for food crops and tobacco

• by 1619 one million Africans brought to Caribbean and South America

• 1619 first twenty slaves to Jamestown, Virginia

• treated as servants, no slavery for decades

• 40% died during overland march to African coast

• 30% died during “middle passage” on ship

• 11 million slaves were transported to North & South American

• By 1860 US Slave Pop. 4 million

We hold these truths to be self evident..>George Washington owned over 300 slaves including one named Harry Washington>Thomas Jefferson owned over 100 slaves including mistress Sally Hemings(Right) 1799 List of over 300 slaves of our 1st President

Colonial Period Public Sphere

Philadelphia

The City Tavern was a popular place to gather & talk politics

The Zenger Trial & Free Colonial Speech

John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant who printed a publication called The NEW YORK WEEKLY JOURNAL

This publication harshly pointed out the actions of the corrupt royal governor, WILLIAM S. COSBY

Zenger was accused of LIBEL In a stirring appeal to the jury, his attorney

Andrew Hamilton pleaded for his new client's release. "It is not the cause of one poor printer," he claimed, "but the cause of liberty."

The judge ordered the jury to convict Zenger if they believed he printed the stories. But the jury returned in less than ten minutes with a verdict of not guilty.

An American Elite of Mind and

Conscience • Franklin embodies both the

individual spirit to excel and the collective will to unite against tyranny

• America in 1763 was not yet a nation. But that will change

In the wave of patriotism that swept the colonies after the French and Indian War, no one doubted that the America of the future would be British. At the time, in fact, the various colonies had no ties with each other except through London and their shared British identity. So what changed between 1763 and 1775???

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING• A series of religious

revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s

• Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement

• George Whitfield used his acting background to give “Fire & Brimstone” style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds

• Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual, toleration & freedom to worship

Salutary Neglect becomes a Policy of the Past

» What is salutary neglect?» Navigation Acts (1651, 1690s, 1750s)» Revenue Act of 1762

• Writs of Assistance: British government also encouraged the Royal navy to apprehend and detain smugglers. Customs officials became more aggressive in using search warrants, called "writs of assistance" to track down smuggled goods. A young Boston attorney, James Otis, assailed such writs as contrary to the British constitution and beyond the Power of Parliament to administer.

James Otis Jr.

 "Taxation without representation is tyranny"

• James Otis considered himself a loyal British subject. Yet in February 1761, he argued against the Writs of Assistance in a nearly five-hour oration before a select audience in the State House. His argument failed to win his case, although it galvanized the revolutionary movement.

•John Adams said of Otis "I have been young and now I am old, and I solemnly say I have never known a man whose love of country was more ardent or sincere, never one who suffered so much, never one whose service for any 10 years of his life were so important and essential to the cause of his country as those of Mr. Otis from 1760 to 1770." 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR• Competition in North

America led to a war (1754-1763) between old rivals France and England

• The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants

• Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict

• The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French

The death of General James Wolfe, at the conclusion of the battle in which the British captured Quebec in 1759, became the subject of American artist Benjamin West’s most famous painting, which was exhibited to tremendous acclaim in London in 1770. SOURCE:Benjamin West (1738 –1820),The Death of General Wolfe, 1770.Oil on canvas,152.6 •214.5 cm.Transfer from the Canadian War Memorials,1921.(Gift of the 2nd Duke of Westminster,Eaton Hall,Cheshire,1918.) National Gallery of Canada,Ottawa,Ontario.

Pontiac’s Rebellion• Native Indians &

American settlers continue to battle west of Appalachians

• Indian feared that American desire for land would never end unless they stopped them.

• Under the military leadership of Ottawa chief Pontiac and spiritual prophet Neolin, Indians battled the colonists near the Great Lakes for over the decade.

MAP 6.4 The Quebec Act of 1774 With the Quebec Act, Britain created a centralized colonial government for Canada and extended that colony’s administrative control southwest to the Ohio River, invalidating the sea-to-sea boundaries of many colonial charters.

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763

• To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway) Why?

1. The British government had borrowed 150 million pounds from banks and individuals (= $tens of trillions in current value) to pay for the 7 yrs War. Interest on the debt absorbed half the British gov. annual revenue and burdened English citizens with huge taxes.

2. Parliament and the King reasoned that as British subjects the American colonists should help shoulder the national debt for the war and continued English protection.

3. All this was rationalized via the concept of “virtual representation” whereby members of Parliament represented the entire Empire regardless of whether American colonists voted for members or not – this was the course of loyalty to the King and Empire for their protective liberties. “The interests of all who lived under the British crown were taken into account.”

How would you justify the British view that the colonists owed loyalty to the existing government and gratitude of past actions?

Sir Issac Newton’s Third Law of Motion

To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction: or the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in

opposite directions'' • England Acts

• Colonists React

• England gets stricter

• Colonists get angrier

• England stands firm

• Colonists stand united

• War

• Independence

The Sugar and Stamp Acts• External vs. Internal (Indirect vs. Direct)• The costs of the Seven Years War and the

subsequent defense of the North American empire added to the huge government debt.

• In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act to raise revenue from the colonies.

• Colonial protest arose in the cities, especially Boston where a non-importation movement soon spread to other cities.

• James Otis, Jr. developed the doctrine of no taxation without representation.

• Prime Minister Grenville ignored American protests and passed the Stamp Act.

George Grenville

The Stamp Act Crisis

• The Stamp Act precipitated an unprecedented crisis.• Colonial concerns included the long-term constitutional

implications regarding representation of the colonists in the British government.

• Several colonies passed resolutions denouncing the Stamp Act.

• Massachusetts, especially Boston, emerged as a center of protest.

• To counter the growing violence, the Sons of Liberty was formed.

 It was James Otis who suggested an inter-colonial conference to agree on a united course of action. With that, the STAMP ACT CONGRESS convened in New York in October 1765.

Patrick Henry proclaimed that he was not a Virginian, but rather an American. What unified the colonists and what divided then at the time of the Revolution?

Repeal of the Stamp Act

• British merchants worried about the effects of the growing non-importation movement petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

• Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March 1767 but passed the Declaratory Act.

• James Otis and Sam Adams in Massachusetts, Patrick Henry in Virginia and other colonial leaders along the seaboard screamed "Treason" and "Magna Carta"!

Declaratory & Townsend ActSeveral issues remained unresolved. 1.First, Parliament had absolutely no wish to send a message across the Atlantic that ultimate authority lay in the colonial legislatures. Immediately after repealing the Stamp Act, Parliament issued the Declaratory Act.2.CHARLES TOWNSHEND persuaded the HOUSE OF COMMONS to once again tax the Americans, this time through an import tax on such items as glass, paper, lead, and tea.3.Reactions in the colonies were similar to those during the Stamp Act Crisis. Once again non-importation was implemented. Extralegal activities such as harassing tax collectors and merchants who violated the boycotts were common. The colonial assemblies sprung into action.4.Colonists organized committees of correspondence, Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty & used all methods of the Public Sphere to spread the idea that British tyranny must end and American liberty should prevail!!

Symbols of Colonial DefianceTar & FeatheringConsecration of

Spatial Ground for Dissent: NYC’s

Liberty Pole

• Petition, Grievance, Declaration• Grievance • Committees of Correspondence• Sons of Liberty, Daughters of

Freedom • Boycotts, Smuggling, Embargo• Propaganda, Direct

“Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer”

Dickinson was an attorney from Pennsylvania who urged economic sanctions against England.

His Dickinson's writings entitled Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer were published in newspapers in 1767 and 1768.

The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. The success of his letters earned Dickinson considerable fame.

Dickinson argued that the colonies were sovereign in their internal affairs. He thus argued that taxes laid upon the colonies by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue, rather than regulating trade, were unconstitutional.

Despite his passionate appeals for immediate reform Dickinson advocated a peaceful resolution to the pending violent conflict

Boston Massacre

• On March 5, 1770, the inevitable happened. A mob of about 60 angry townspeople descended upon the guard at the CUSTOMS HOUSE. When reinforcements were called, the crowd became more unruly, hurling rocks and snowballs at the guard and reinforcements.

• In the heat of the confusing melee, the British fired without CAPTAIN THOMAS PRESTON's command. Imperial bullets took the lives of five men, including Crispus Attucks, a former slave. Others were injured.

• What was the lesson? Americans learned that the British would use force when necessary to keep the Americans obedient.

Although large-scale fighting between American minutemen and the British redcoats did not begin until 1775, the 1770 BOSTON MASSACRE gave each side a taste of what was to come.

Boston Tea Party 12/16/1773

The BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY was on the brink of financial collapse. LORD NORTH hatched a scheme to deal simultaneously with the ailing corporation and the problem of taxing the colonies. He decided to grant the British East India Company a trading monopoly with the American colonies. Governor THOMAS HUTCHINSON allowed three ships carrying tea to enter Boston Harbor. Before the tax could be collected, Bostonians took action. On a cold December night, radical townspeople stormed the ships and tossed 342 chests of tea into the water. Disguised as Native Americans, the offenders could not be identified.

1st Continental CongressSept 5 - Oct 26, 1774

• 56 delegates from all colonies, except GA• Met in Philadelphia…It was at CARPENTERS' HALL that

America came together politically for the first time on a national level and where the seeds of participatory democracy were sown.

• First and most obvious, complete non-importation was resumed. The Congress set up an organization called the Association to ensure compliance in the colonies.

• Boycott GB products• Declaration of Rights & Grievances

– colonists have same rights as all Englishmen• Plan to fight against British force• Meet in May 1775 if necessary

Straight from the Horse’s

Mouth

Lexington & Concord: HEY: The Regulars r’ Coming!!!...By Land

(4/16/1775)• Dawes and Revere warn Samuel Adams,

John Hancock & Joseph Warren & to hide the muskets

• Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes…Militia aren’t pros but farmers

• Lexington Green >>>> Concord Bridge>>>If you can’t beat them their way resort to guerilla warfare (Like those pesky Indians

• During the battles of Lexington and Concord, 73 British soldiers had been killed and 174 wounded; 26 were missing. LORD PERCY, who led the British back into Boston after the defeat suffered at Concord, wrote back to London, "Whoever looks upon them [THE REBELS] as an irregular mob will be much mistaken." Three British major generals — WILLIAM HOWE, HENRY CLINTON, and "GENTLEMAN JOHNNY" BURGOYNE — were brought to Boston to lend their expertise and experience to the situation.

Old North Church & Concord Bridge

Second Continental CongressNine Points to Remember

1.  In May 1775, with Redcoats once again storming Boston, the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia.

2. New Crisis…Significant Questions???3. Military Defense of Liberty (They elect George Washington as

Commandeer of Continental Army….Why him????4. Arrange to print their own dollars (Not yet with his face!!5. They elect John Hancock at first President 6. They arrange for Franklin to elicit foreign help7. Draft a final appeal to reconcile with the other George called

the Olive Branch Petition in July 8. No longer was the Congress dealing with mere grievances. It

was a full-fledged governing body. 9. Later in 1776, they form a committee to draft a formal divorce

decree headed by John Adams along with Franklin and a young Virginian delegate named Thomas Jefferson…

Chapters 5 & 6 The Impact of the American War for Independence & The Revolution Within

1. Compare and contrast Common Sense and The Declaration of Independence. How did these two documents shape the ideas for American Liberty and Natural Rights?

2. Who were the significant actors & events that played a role during the war?

3. Explain how political, religious, & economic freedom emerged as focal points after the war

4. Describe the role of women and African Americans as the United States emerged as a new nation conceived in “Liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”

We all need to learn Common Sense in our lives…You think??

"O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia, and Africa, have long expelled her. Europe regards her like a stranger, and England hath given her warning to depart. O! receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum for mankind.“ ~

Thomas Paine, Common Sense 1776

Thomas Paine & Common Sense

• Where do you stand: Patriot, Loyalist or still on the Fence?? Many 20% sided with the Brits..Why??

• In the long run, however, the patriots were much more successful attracting support. American patriots won the war of propaganda. Committees of Correspondence persuaded many fence-sitters to join the patriot cause. Writings such as Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" stirred newfound American nationalism.

He argued for two main points: (1) independence from England and (2) the creation of a democratic republic.

He wrote in the language of the people, often quoting the Bible in his arguments.

COMMON SENSE was an instant best-seller. Published in January 1776 in Philadelphia, nearly 120,000 copies were in circulation by April.

Simple But Deadly… Indeed the Pen is Mightier Than the Sword

All Kings Are tyrannical especially George III Heredity privilege by blood is unnatural based on

rights of man… He sought to provide a different perspective and

alternative views to the fate and destiny of man. He spoke openly of independence from Great Britain

and advocated a new experiment in government where the people maintained the power of government and government served to secure freedom to the people.

Thomas Paine proved that it does not matter what class you are born into, or how great a formal education you receive. What matters is what is in your mind and heart.

The un-authored pamphlet quickly sold over 200,000 copies in two months (= to +35 million today!!).

Common Sense Main Points Any attempts to work with Great

Britain before the "nineteenth of April, i.e., to the commencement of hostilities, are useless now."  "The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'tis time to part."

"I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation to show, a single advantage that this continent can reap, by being connected with Great Britain."

Main Points of Common Sense cont.

$$$".whenever a war breaks out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, because of her connection with Britain."

Do away with monarchies because the divine law (of God) should be "King of America" and the people should form a government of their own (a republican charter).

July 2, 1776 "these united colonies

are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are dissolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved.“

~ Second Continental Congress Resolution

Declaration Principles1. Self Evident TruthsA. Equality Egalitarianism B. Natural Rights to Life,

Liberty Happiness2. Power to rule emanates

from the consent of the governed not a monarchy

3. Whenever the government abuses their powers the people can dissolve it!

4. The ideals of natural rights & Egalitarianism have inspired the aspirations for liberty and rights of future leaders and nations

Declaration of Independence (1776) & Virginia’s Statute of

Religious Freedom (Written 1777 Ratified 1786)

Where these two landmark are united & depart

1. They both adhere to the natural rights of humans How???

2. They both argue against Monarchies & heredity rule3. They both promote American independence via

armed conflict Why???4. American Exceptionalism5. Both Common Sense and the Declaration of

Independence were documents that ordained America as a beacon for liberty and an asylum for those searching for opportunity to live out their lives free of oppression and freedom for achievement.

How then are they different??1. Common Sense was written as a piece of propaganda to incite and

influence the undecided.a. Paine was hesitant to even write his name; He was a recent immigrant

from humble arduous background angry about European social aristocracies. Paine had an “Axe to grind!”

b. Common Sense was written for the common colonist using Biblical references and reasonable arguments.

c. Though Common Sense became a best seller of its day, it never became the landmark visionary statement that the Declaration has become.

1. The Declaration of Independence was a legal document severing the colonial ties to England.

a. Jefferson, who was a southern slave owner/enlightened delegate appropriated John Locke and the Age of Reason.

b. The theme of the Declaration originally addressed the horror of the slave trade and exposed the contradiction of American society.

c. The Declaration, unlike Common Sense established the ideals for future Americans to strive for respect, equality and freedom to pursue their dreams.

d. The Declaration became the model for other nations to emulate

Advantages of British

1. Professional trained Army by experienced commandeers

2. Financial Resources (They’re rich)

3. Hire the Hessians

4. Loyalists

5. Native Americans & Slaves

Advantages of Colonists

1.Homegrown Familiarity

2.Patriotism 3.LeadershipMilitaryPolitical4. French

HISTORY 117 AMERICAN REV. Reading Rev Quiz

1. Re-order the following list of events in chronological order from earliest to latest:

a. Boston Massacre g. Common Senseb. Treaty of Paris h. French & Indian

War c. Proclamation of 1763 i. Articles of

Confederationd. Boston Tea Party j. Intolerable Acts (Coercive) e. Declaration of Independence k. 2ND Cont. Congress f. Sugar Act l. Battle of Bunker Hill m.

Stamp Act2 Name an external act and a internal act by Parliament (not

listed above)3 List the three reasons why Thomas Paine claimed the

colonies should go to war against England in his Pamphlet Common Sense.

4 List three principles of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence

1. French & Indian War

2. Proclamation of 1763

3. Sugar Act

4. Stamp Act

5. Boston Massacre

6. Boston Tea Party

7. 2nd Continental Congress

8. Battle of Bunker Hill

9. Common Sense

10. Declaration of Independence

11. Battle of Saratoga

12. Battle of Yorktown

13. Treaty of Paris

Spying is cool…

Or is it???

Following the execution of Nathan Hale & the loss of New York to the British in the winter of 1776, Washington began planning a spy network

Washington was able to create a strong and successful chain of spies throughout the New York area, beginning the secret service in America. These agents, primarily the Culper Gang, gathered countless amounts of information for Washington, which greatly aided in winning the war.

Can our civil liberties such as personal privacy be endangered by our nation’s military covert actions against possible terrorism??Where does freedom belong?

Winter @Valley Forge

• The Continental Army encamped at Valley Forge in the fall of 1777 with about 12,000 men in its ranks. Death claimed about a quarter of them before spring arrived. Another thousand didn't reenlist or deserted. But the army that remained was stronger. They were fewer, but more disciplined. They were weary, but firmly resolved.

• The next year, 1778, brought greater fortune to the American cause. While Washington froze at Valley Forge, Benjamin Franklin was busy securing the French alliance. Now the war would be different indeed.

In December, Washington marched his tired, beaten, hungry and sick army to VALLEY FORGE, a location about 20 miles northwest of British-occupied Philadelphia. At Valley Forge, there were shortages of everything from food to clothing to medicine. Washington's men were sick from disease, hunger, and exposure. 

The American Crisis by Thomas PaineDecember 23, 1776

1. These are the times that try men’s souls…. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man

and woman. 2. Why did Pain round out 1776 with this document?? Patriotism, Perseverance, Loyalty

(Don’t Be a Tory but a Patriot for Liberty)

3. The Continental Army was composed of former militia farmers, artisans and veterans who only committed serving one year of duty.

4. General Washington after his a%# kicking by the British during the Battle of New York was losing men to desertion. He also had serious problems with the Congress who were not replenishing his army with enough military provisions to fight the well-armed British. His troops were not adequately trained.

5. The pamphlet, read aloud to the Continental Army on December 23, 1776, three days before the Battle of Trenton, attempted to bolster morale and resistance among patriots, as well as shame neutrals and loyalists toward the cause:

Mr. Smith Goes to Wall StreetThe man [sic] (or woman) who does their work,… conscientiously, must always, be in one sense a great (person). ~Dianah Craik English Novelist (1826-1887)

Along with Common Sense & The Declaration of Independence, The Wealth of Nations became when of the most significant documents written in 1776. Why???

Written by Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, the Wealth of Nations delved into the ideas of freedom, liberty and natural laws should dictate not only a country’s economic policies, but the world’s.

According to Adam Smith, European Mercantilism was a suffocating unnatural economic system that prevented the natural laws of supply and demand to bring about healthy economic relations under competitive markets.

Governments must allow individuals the freedom to conduct their business without interference.

In a free-market economy, that is sometimes associated with greed, Smith focused on self-interest, not greed. In Smith’s view, self-interest is important because it provides people with incentives to serve others.So how has the Wealth of Nations become merely a * in history and Karl Marx Communist Manifesto emerge at the quintessential economic theory for modernity????

Battle of Yorktown

Ends the War

• A French naval unit led by ADMIRAL DE GRASSE headed north from the West Indies. 

• Washington's army was stationed near New York City at the time. Along with a French unit from Rhode Island, Washington's troops marched over 300 miles south toward Yorktown. Along the way, he staged fake military maneuvers to keep the British off guard.

• When Washington reached Virginia, Americans led by Lafayette joined in the siege. The French navy kept the British out of CHESAPEAKE BAY until Cornwallis was forced to surrender his entire unit of nearly 8,000 troops on October 19, 1781. 

• In the 1783 TREATY OF PARIS the British agreed to recognize American independence as far west as the Mississippi River. Americans agreed to honor debts owed to British merchants from before the war and to stop persecuting British Loyalists.

• David had triumphed over Goliath. Independence was achieved at last!

Casualties• The total loss of life throughout the

war is largely unknown. As was typical in the wars of the era, disease claimed far more lives than battle. Between 1775 and 1782 a smallpox epidemic swept across North America, killing more than 130,000 people. Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington's decision to have his troops inoculated against the smallpox epidemic was one of his most important decisions

More than 25,000 American Revolutionaries died during active military service. About 8,000 of these deaths were in battle; the other 17,000 recorded deaths were from disease, including about 8,000–12,000 who died of starvation or disease brought on by deplorable conditions while prisoners of war, most in rotting British prison ships in New York.

Cost of the War

The U.S. finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s when Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the establishment of the First Bank of the United States

The British spent about £80 million and ended with a national debt of £250 million, which it easily financed at about £9.5 million a year in interest. 

The United States spent $37 million at the national level plus $114 million by the states. This was mostly covered by loans from France and the Netherlands, loans from Americans, and issuance of an increasing amount of paper money (which became "not worth a continental").

Off with their Heads while I eat my Cake….

1. The Guillotine was introduced by on 10 October 1789, Doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French physician, who stood before the National Assembly and proposed a more human way to executing French citizens for crimes against the new Nation.

2. While America was debating the Bill of Rights, the French Revolution spiraled into a bloody evocation into mob rule, infringements upon due process, and the abandonment of their Enlightened Public Sphere

3. The period from June 1793 to July 1794 in France is known as the Reign of Terror

 The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced thousands to the guillotine. Nobility and commoners, intellectuals, politicians and prostitutes,all were liable to be executed on little or no grounds; suspicion of "crimes against liberty" was enough to earn one an appointment with "Madame Guillotine" or "The National Razor". Estimates of the death toll range between 16,000 and 40,000….

Eli’s Coming…

• What did Smith mean by the “invisible hand”? • (The invisible hand is the market system. Market

prices direct people pursuing their own interests into activities that improve the economic well-being of the society.)

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin is a prime example of supply & demand in morality…

• Slave (labor) value increased with the production of cotton (supply) & increased population (demand)

Test #1 Essay Grading Rubric

Value 20 points1. Opening paragraph: Attention grabber; Thesis/Topic; Sentences are Readable, Grammar, Punctuation, Relevant        /53. Logical organization of Body: Supportive Facts from sources    /104. Final paragraph: Summary, Connected to opening, Critique, Conclusion   /5

Total:   /20Prior to taking the test all essay prompts must be written out so that on test day you’re capable of drafting an organized reasonable essay consisting of specific supportive facts without depending on generalities.

Who, When, Where, What, Why & How[Conflict, Contingency, Continuity, & Change]

Grab the reader – Keep the reader – Rock the Reader’s World!

Test 1 Instructions:

1. Remove all from you desks except for #2 Pencil/Pen; Scantron; Blue Book.

2. Print your full name on both scantron; Blue Book; Date; Class & which exam A/B you receive

3. You may begin once you receive your test…

4. Any roaming eyes and you’ll get no credit….

5. When you’re finished, place your scantron in your Blue Book and bring it to me…you can then leave quietly (shhhhhh….)

6. But, hey, wait a second!!….Before you leave take the Study Guide for Test #2 – You may need it !!

7. Have a great weekend & don’t forget to pre-read for our next class on Thursday