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Glencoe Social Studies

CURRENTEVENTS UPDATE

SPRING 2003

Glencoe Partners With TIME!

To the Teacher:

In an ongoing effort to keep you and your students up to date on the complex and far-reaching events that are unfolding around the globe, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill provides this current events update twice a year.

Produced through a co-publishing relationship between Glencoe/McGraw-Hill and Time Learning Ventures, the Time/Glencoe Current

Events Update Spring 2003 brings the latest information about importanthappenings, issues and trends to your students in the vivid and compellingstyle for which Time is renowned. On the following pages, you’ll find newsreports, feature stories, chronologies, maps, graphs, charts and poll datataken exclusively from recent issues of Time. Accompanying these articlesare questions and worksheets to help students analyze and investigate thetopics about which they have been reading. We hope the Time/Glencoe

Current Events Update Spring 2003 will lead your students to a deeper understanding of the latest developments in the United States and abroad.

Please visit Glencoe’s website at www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies

to access this update online. Additional resources for teaching currentevents are available on a weekly basis from the Time Classroom website,located at www.timeclassroom.com

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Marty Nordquist Bennett SingerEditorial Director, Social Studies Executive EditorGlencoe/McGraw-Hill Time Classroom

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Printed in the United States of America

Current Events UpdateThe State of the Planet..................................................................2

Time/cnn Poll: One Year After 9/11—What We Think...........3

✍ WORKSHEET: Charts and Graphs in Focus..........................................4

Death on the Campaign Trail......................................................5

The Battle Hymn of the Republicans............................................6

Why the Senate is Now Back in g.o.p. Hands..............................8

Homeland Security: A Primer....................................................10

✍ WORKSHEET: After the Election: Bush’s Agenda.................................12

Give Us Your Tired...Just Not All of Them.............................13

Stop! And Say Cheese..................................................................14

Everyone, Back in the Labor Pool.............................................15

Trouble Spots.................................................................................16

Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates...........................................................18

Al-Qaeda: Back on the Attack....................................................20

7 Questions To Ponder..........................................................21

The Trouble With Inspections...................................................23

✍ WORKSHEET: Saddam Hussein: A Gallery of Views..............................25

Look Who’s Got the Bomb.........................................................26

Arafat’s Last Stand?......................................................................28

Bush’s Lost Continent.................................................................29

Meet the Newest Nobel Prize Winners...................................31

✍ WORKSHEET: Current Events in Review............................................32

Answers.........................................................Inside Back Cover

indicators

election 2002

society

economy

environment

war on terror

iraq

north korea

middle east

latin america

world

G L E N C O E S O C I A L S T U D I E S

N A T I O N

W O R L D

The State of the Planet The good news: population growth is slowing, life expectancy is rising, and the hole in the ozone layer,which shields us from ultraviolet rays, is expected to shrink. But our climate and biodiversity are in peril,and food and water supplies will be tight in the decades ahead.

I N D I C A T O R S

2 time, august 26, 2002

Life expectancy at birth 1995-2000

Africa 51.4Asia 65.8

Lat. Amer., Carib. 69.3Europe 73.2

Oceania 73.576.7

World population in billions

205020302010199019701950

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Oceania

Northern America

Latin America, Caribbean

Europe

Asia

Africa

2045- 50

2030- 35

2015- 20

2000- 05

1985- 90

1970- 75

Fertility rate (average births per woman)

0 1 2 3 4

Malaria

Tuberculosis

Diarrheal diseases

HIV/AIDS

Respiratory infections

Infectious diseasesDeaths worldwide, in millions

9

6

3

0

Projection

Projection

Northern America

6.1 billion

9.3 billion

20001990

Annual energy consumption by region in 2000, in quadrillions of BTUs (British Thermal Units)

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Sources of energy supply worldwide

Global annual average temperature and projections to 2100

13°

14°

15°

16°

17°

18°

19°

Actual

U.S.

Range of temperature projections

45%35%

24.9%

16.2%20.7%

11.1%

1.8%

23.5%

Other

Nuclear

Hydroelectric

Renewables, waste

Natural gas

Coal

Oil

(Includes geothermal, solar and wind)

2.3%0.9%

6.8%0.1%0.5%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Asia and Oceania

Africa

Middle East

Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union

Western Europe

Central, South America

North America

56°

58°

60°

62°

64°

66°

56.79°F(13.77°C)

57.97°F(14.43°C)

approx. 66°F(19°C)

approx.61.5°F(16°C)

Celsius

Fahr

enhe

it

19991973

CLIMATE/ENERGY The phaseout of chemicals calledchloroflurocarbons will help reduce the hole in the ozone layer,but the continued burning of fossil fuels will lead to hottertimes in the future.

POPULATION/HEALTH Life expectancy isincreasing except in Africa, where AIDS and other infectious diseases have taken a toll. Lower birth rateswill start to level the global population by mid-century.

SOURCES FOR CHARTS Population: U.N. Population Division (“Northern America” consists primarilyof the U.S. and Canada. Central American countries are included in “Latin America, Caribbean”); Stateof the World 2002, Worldwatch Institute; Climate: J. Hansen et al., Goddard Institute of Space Studies,“Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index in .01 C” Worldwatch Publication: Vital Signs 2002; Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001; International Energy Agency; Energy Information Ad-ministration; food: Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. (FAO); Water: UNEP Global Environ-ment Outlook 3, 2002; U.N. Population Division, 2000; Biodiversity: Forest Resource Assessment2000, FAO; IUCN/World Conservation Union; Orangutan Foundation International

time, september 9, 2002 3

One Year After 9/11: TIME/CNN Poll

What We ThinkAmericans are less supportive of a war with Iraqthan we were last month, and less approving ofthe President, according to a Time/cnn telephonepoll of 1,004 adults conducted by Harris Interac-tive on Aug. 28–29. A separate online survey of1,176 Americans ages 8 to 18 conducted forTime/Nickelodeon found that young people havemany of the same concerns—and fears.

π Do you think President Bush is doing a good job handlingforeign policy?

AUGUST JULYGood 56% Good 64%

π What kind of job would you say that President Bush hasdone in responding to the terrorist attacks on the World TradeCenter and the Pentagon?

AUGUST JULY

π Do you think the U.S. should use military action involvingground troops to attempt to remove Saddam Hussein frompower in Iraq?

AUGUST ’02 DECEMBER ’01Should 51% Should 73%

Should not 40% Should not 22%

π How often do you think aboutwhat happenedon Sept. 11?

π Do you think that President Bush should have the option of using military force against Iraq without Congress’s authorization?

Use force without authorization 28%Only with authorization 68%

π Are you worried that a terrorist act will occur in theU.S. on Sept. 11, 2002?Yes, worried 31%Not worried 67%

π How likely do you think it is that an act of terrorism willoccur somewhere in the U.S. in the next 12 months?

AUGUST MAYVery likely 29% Very likely 57%

Somewhat likely 50% Somewhat likely 33%Not very likely 14% Not very likely 6%

π Do you think Sept. 11 should be a national holiday everyyear like Veterans Day or Memorial Day?

ADULTS 18 or older CHILDREN 8 to 18Yes 44% Yes 61%No 51% No 39%

π Which of the following are you likely to do on the first anniversary of the terrorist attacks?

ADULTS CHILDREN18 or OLDER 8 TO 18

Fly the American flag 80% 78%Pray by myself 77% 69%Attend a memorial service 32% 28%Watch a program about 9/11 68% N/Aon television

Talk to people about 9/11 18% 26%on the Internet

I N D I C A T O R S

3%5%

Very good

53%

Good

37%Good

45%

13% 6%

Very good

35%

Very poor

Poor

Not sure: 2% Not sure: 1%

Every day

Several times a week

A few times a month

Hardly ever

Don’t think about it at all

Adults 18 or older

30%

35%17%

27%41%

6%27%

2%7%

8%

Children 8 to 18

Aug. 28-29

Aug. 15-21

Margin of error is + 3.1% for the adult poll and + 2.9% for the children’s survey. “Notsures” generally omitted

π In general, do you approveof the way George W. Bush is handling his job as President?

AUGUST

Approve 65%

Disapprove 28%

JULY

Approve 70%

Disapprove 24%

4 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures

Name Date

Charts andGraphs in FocusOn pages 2 and 3 of the Current Events Update,

you’ll find a feature titled “Indicators,” a set ofcharts and graphs with population projectionsand poll data reporting public opinion on a warwith Iraq. The graphics are packed with infor-mation, but what do all the statistics mean? Usethis page to sharpen your skills in reading and in-terpreting graphics.

World Population/Health and Climate/Energy

1. According to the graph on page 2, what is the current world population?

2. What is the projected world population forthe year 2050?

3. What is the life expectancy for residents ofNorth America? For residents of Africa? Whatdo you think accounts for this difference?

4. How and why are global temperatures ex-pected to shift between now and the year 2100?

5. Has worldwide usage of oil increased or de-creased since 1973? How has consumption ofnatural gas changed over the same period?

6. In your opinion, are the data on this pagecause for concern or relief? Why?

What We Think: Interpreting Poll Data

7. According to the poll data on page 3,what percentage of Americans approved ofPresident Bush’s job performance at the timethis poll was taken? How had the numberschanged since July?

8. What percentage of Americans polled in August2002 ranked Bush’s response to the terrorist at-tacks as good or very good?

9. Among young people age 8 to 18, what per-centage think about what happened on Sept.11 every day or several times a week?

10. Between December 2001 and August 2002,did support for U.S. military action against Iraqincrease or decrease? By what percentage?

11. Among adults surveyed, what percentageplanned to fly the American flag on the first anniversary of 9/11? How many planned to attenda memorial service?

12. What percentage of young people age 8 to 18believe that Sept. 11 should be a national holi-day? Do you share this view? Explain.

✍WORKSHEET

time, november 4, 2002 5

Death on theCampaign Trail A plane crashes, a Democratic Senatordies and suddenly both parties mustadjust their strategies for Election 2002

By JOSH TYRANGIEL

In 1990, a few weeks after paul wellstone—a wiry 5-foot 5-inch ex-college professor, liberalideologue, professional agitator and extremelong shot—unseated an incumbent Senator inan election no one thought he could win, he sat

down for breakfast with one of the few Establish-ment politicians he genuinely admired. FellowMinnesotan and former Vice President WalterMondale congratulated Wellstone onthe upset but warned that the aggres-siveness Wellstone had shown on thecampaign trail (he starred in a series ofads in which he stalked his opponent)might not go over well on Capitol Hill.“Remember,” said Mondale, “you havesix years in the first term, not six days.Don’t be so impatient, charging into everything.”

Wellstone didn’t hear a word. As Senator-electin his first month, Wellstone said of new colleagueJesse Helms, “I have detested him since I was19.” Then, on his first trip to the White House, onthe eve of the Gulf War, Wellstone pelted PresidentGeorge H.W. Bush with antiwar arguments.

Over 12 years and nearly two Senate terms,Wellstone never wavered in his convictions, but hegradually adjusted his style to the courtly atmos-phere of the Senate. Just how well he had adaptedwas evident in the hours after his campaign planecrashed two miles from a small airport on Friday,Oct. 25, 175 miles north of Minneapolis. (Alsoaboard were Wellstone’s wife Sheila, daughterMarcia and two pilots. There were no survivors.)“Despite the marked contrast between Paul’s andmy views on matters of government and politics,”

said Helms, “he was my friend. And I was his.”Wellstone had been locked in a tight re-election

campaign against Republican challenger NormColeman and had begun to pull away in recentweeks, in part because this year’s chapter in the Iraqsaga provided Wellstone with an opportunity toremind Minnesotans that his maverick streak remained as sharp as ever. No other member of theSenate was on the losing side of so many 99-to-1 or98-to-2 votes. As the only vulnerable incumbent tovote against the resolution that would give Presi-dent Bush war powers, Wellstone told the Senate,“Acting now on our own might be a sign of ourpower, but acting sensibly and in a measured wayin concert with our allies ... would be a sign of ourstrength.” Soon after, private g.o.p. polls predictedthat Wellstone would be re-elected.

Senators on both sides of the aisle broke down asthey talked about Wellstone, but it wasn’t long be-fore they returned to the cold calculus of midtermelections. With Wellstone’s death, the Senate is

divided 49 to 49 to 1. If Coleman wereto win, he would fill the vacancy immediately, and Republicans wouldsuddenly have an advantage that couldhelp them push through PresidentBush’s struggling Homeland Securitybill before the new year. Optimism,though, was hard to find among g.o.p.

officials, who fear a possible repeat of what oneSenator called the “Jean Carnahan syndrome.”Two years ago, Carnahan’s husband, Missouri Gov-ernor Mel Carnahan, died in a plane crash whilecampaigning. His name remained on the ballot, andthe deceased Carnahan defeated Republicanincumbent John Ashcroft. Jean Carnahan was thenappointed to fill his seat for two years.

Republicans fear that former Vice PresidentWalter Mondale is precisely the kind of party pa-triarch who could ride the coattails of Wellstone’slegacy to victory. “Politics is all about emotions,” saysa Republican Senator. “Paul was beloved, and withhis death he’ll be even more beloved.” π

Questions1. For what will Paul Wellstone be remembered?2. How did Wellstone’s death affect Election 2002?

E L E C T I O N 2 0 0 2

≤No other memberof the Senate was

on the losing side ofso many 99-to-1 or

98-to-2 votes.≥

6 time, november 18, 2002

By ROMESH RATNESAR

No gloating,” read the e-mail thatgreeted euphoric Republican leaders asthey sleeplessly stumbled into worklast Wednesday. The command camedirectly from the White House, which

hours earlier had pulled off the biggest presidentialtriumph in a midterm election in nearly a century.George W. Bush and his strategists were worriedthat excessive celebration by congressional Repub-licans could infuriate Democrats, polarize the elec-torate and poison the slim, precious mandate thePresident had at last won.

But in private some Republicans just couldn’t re-sist. At 2 a.m. on election night,shortly after incumbent MissouriDemocrat Jean Carnahan conced-ed defeat, an aide to Trent Lottsneaked into his empty Capitol of-fice and placed a bronze plaqueengraved with the words majorityleader on Lott’s desk. The plaquehad been stowed in the bottomdrawer of the desk since the Republicans lostcontrol of the Senate 18 months ago, when Ver-mont’s Jim Jeffords abandoned the g.o.p., butLott never threw it away, just in case he returnedto the Senate’s top job. “I just feel exhilaratedabout having another opportunity,” he told Time.

In the Oval Office early Wednesday, Bush sur-prised his senior staff by bounding in on five hours’sleep for a 7 a.m. meeting and laying out his post-election strategy. “Right off the bat he said we’regoing to focus on the economy and unfinishedbusiness,” says an official. Bush instructed theaides—Karen Hughes, National Security AdviserCondoleezza Rice, Vice President Dick Cheney,chief of staff Andrew Card, communications di-rector Dan Bartlett and strategist Karl Rove—to

“tone it down. Let it speak for itself.” But the Pres-ident was smiling. “This,” he said, “is a great day.”

Until last week, the presidency of George W.Bush was not so much historic as shaped by histo-ry, created out of the mold of an extraordinaryelection and given form by the terrorist attacks ofSeptember 2001. Despite broad support for hiscampaign against al-Qaeda, Bush, in the eyes of hisdetractors, has never fully shaken his image as a for-tunate son whose approval ratings would eventu-ally collapse under the weight of a sagging econo-my. Democrats figured that would be enough to atleast hold their ground, but last week Bush’s appealblindsided them. After gaining control of bothhouses of Congress and winning unanimous ap-

proval for a new Security Councilresolution against Iraq, Bush hasthe potential to become the mostpowerful American politician sinceRonald Reagan.

The Republican takeover of theSenate was close to two years inthe making, the strategy hammeredout by Rove and various high-rank-

ing g.o.p. activists in secret meetings held every-where from Capitol Hill brasseries to West Vir-ginia golf courses. By the eve of the election, g.o.p.polls projected a big turnout by Republican votersenergized by Bush’s full-court press: he visited 15states in the past five days. Democratic strategists,meanwhile, underestimated his pull. “Bush’s coat-tails were far more effective than anybody on ourside thought,” says a top Democratic operative.“We thought his popularity numbers were soft.”

They weren’t. Twenty-one out of the 23 Housemembers and 12 of the 16 Senate candidates Bushcampaigned for won their races. The results weremomentous. Only three other times in the pastcentury has a President’s party gained seats inthe House in an off-year election, and not since

The Battle Hymn of the RepublicansIt’s hallelujah time in the White House as the Democrats discover (again) what a mistake it is to underestimate the appeal of George W. Bush. Here’s how far the President plans to go with his new mandate

E L E C T I O N 2 0 0 2

≤Bush will be the firstRepublican President

since Dwight Eisenhowerto enjoy outright

majorities in the Houseand Senate.≥


the Civil War has the President’s party won backa Senate majority in a midterm contest. Bushwill be the first Republican President sinceDwight Eisenhower to enjoy outright majoritiesin the House and Senate.

Democrats could do little more than insist ontheir relevance. “We’re not going away,” SenateDemocratic leader Tom Daschle said. “We’re goingto be fighting for the things we believe in.” The lossof control may actually give Daschle more flexi-bility: sources tell Time that as majority leader heoften held his fire to guard against the defection ofGeorgia Democrat Zell Miller, who threatened toleave the party if Daschle came down too hard onthe President. But Daschle and the rest of theparty leadership have yet to lay out a compelling alternative to the President’s agenda, in part because party members can’t decide whether or notto fight it. Democrats in the Senate are dividedover whether to support the White House’s push tomake its tax cuts permanent, and all but the mostliberal members have gone silent on the Adminis-tration’s hawkish foreign policy.

In the House, the resignation of minority leaderRichard Gephardt set off a fight for the soul of theparty. His probable replacement, Nancy Pelosi ofSan Francisco, is an unapologetic member of theparty’s liberal wing—most recently she led the fightagainst the President’s drive for congressionalauthorization to strike Iraq—and a descendant of aminor Democratic dynasty: her father served inCongress and as mayor of Baltimore, a job herbrother also held. (Her daughter Alexandra grewfriendly with Bush while making Journeys with

George, a documentary about his presidential cam-paign.) The apparent anointment of Pelosi, a strongfund raiser who would be the first female partyleader in Congress, cheered Republican strate-gists, who expect her to try to revive the party bypicking fights with the White House. Pelosi saysshe’s ready for combat: “We cannot allow Repub-licans to pretend they share our values and then leg-islate against those values without consequence.”

How the White House plans to act on its newmandate, though, isn’t clear. Members of both par-ties say Bush has stockpiled all the support heneeds to go to war against Saddam Hussein. “You

won’t hear as much complaining out of Congressabout not being consulted,” says a senior HouseRepublican aide. Tuesday’s election suggests thatBush has loosened the country’s 50–50 deadlock—Republican candidates won 53% of all votes cast incongressional and gubernatorial races—but not bymuch. In his first two years, Bush kept his conser-vative base happy but was also known to compro-mise on issues like education and campaign finance. Like Eisenhower’s, Bush’s popularity restsheavily on his prestige as Commander in Chiefrather than on deep support for his domesticpolicies. Even with the Senate in g.o.p. hands,Bush will still have to court Democrats if he hopesto accomplish his goals and preserve his appeal toswing voters. It’s no coincidence that in his Nov. 14news conference, Bush identified passage of home-land-security legislation as the top priority on hisagenda and bristled at the suggestion that he takescues from his conservative base.

But even with its newly won bipartite control,the White House doesn’t command a “governingmajority” in the Senate: the 60 votes needed tobreak a filibuster. Members of Congress from bothparties say Bush will still have to cut deals with De-mocrats and ditch pet projects in order to getthings done. “The President asked for the Senate,and he’s got it,” says one top Democrat. “He can nolonger blame us if something doesn’t go right.” π

Questions1. What was historic about the election of 2002?2. What did Bush identify as his top agenda item?

E L E C T I O N 2 0 0 2

8 time, november 18, 2002

Republicans 229 (Gain of 6) Democrats 205 (Loss of 6) Independent 1

HOUSE RESULTS

Sources: AP, The Cook Political Report, National Governors Association

Cities in which Bush campaigned five days before the election

Republican Democrat Dec. 7 runoff

No election

SENATE RESULTS

FIVE DAYS, 15 STATES

Ore.

Calif.

IdahoWyo.

Mont.

Nev.

Alaska

Hawaii

Utah

Ariz.

N.M.Okla.

Colo.

Iow

MinnWash.

Texas

Kans.

Neb.

S.D.

N.D.

CH

RIS

TOP

HER

MO

RR

IS—

VII

Why the Senate IsNow BackIn G.O.P.Hands Credit Democratic apathy and a hustlingcampaigner-in-chief

Republicans Hold the House... All 435 House seats were up for grabs this election. Here were some of the key battles:

TEXAS Republican attorney general JohnCornyn defeated Ron Kirk despitethe Dallas mayor’s moderaterecord.

SOUTH DAKOTA Tom Daschle’s fellow DemocratTim Johnson beat CongressmanJohn Thune by a total of only528 votes.

ARKANSASMark Pryor defeated RepublicanSenator Tim Hutchinson in theDemocrats’ only pickup of thenight.

LOUISIANA Mary Landrieu succeeded in defending her seat against Republican Suzanne Haik Terrellin the Dec. 7 runoff.

ALABAMA 3rd District G.O.P. wins 50.4%-48.2% Democrat Joe Turnham challenged RepublicanMike Rogers to a skeet-shooting contestto prove he wasn’t aliberal. The tactic didn’t work.

NEW YORK 1st District Democrats win 50.1%–48.6% Tim Bishop, who campaigned on a pro-environment platform,won a surprise upsetagainst first-time Republican Felix Grucci.

COLORADO 7th District G.O.P. wins 47.4%-47.2%Republican BobBeauprez claimed victory here; DemocratMike Feeley concededdefeat in early December, following a recount.

COLORADO Wayne Allard The veterinarian beat ‘96 loser TomStrickland in a bitter rematch. Theirnasty tone drove loyal partisans tothe polls but kept independentshome. It hurt Strickland—Republi-cans outnumber Democrats in thisstate. THE KEY TO VICTORY Allard wins thesouthern Denver suburbs and ruralareas.

MINNESOTA Norm Coleman After Paul Wellstone’s death, Cole-man, 53, hit the perfect tone in ads—respectful but looking toward the future. With Mondale, 74, and gubernatorial candidate Roger Moe,61, on their ticket, the Democratslooked like the past. THE KEY TO VICTORY The partisan memorial service for Wellstoneturned off independents.

KENTUCKY 3rd District G.O.P. wins 51.6%–48.4% Incumbent AnneNorthup got a breakand challenger JackConway took a hitwhen his boss, theGovernor, was hit witha scandal.

FLORIDA 5th District G.O.P. wins 47.9%–46.3%Half of this redrawndistrict’s voters werenew to DemocraticRepresentative KarenThurman, giving GinnyBrown-Waite an upsetvictory.


Independent 1

34 seats up for election

Republicans 51(Gain of 2)

Democrats 48(Loss of 2)

Republican DemocratNo election;

Republican

No election; Democrat

Ark.

Mo.

wa

n.

Wis.

Ill.Ohio

Miss.Ala.

Ga.

S.C.N.C.

Fla.

La.

Mich.

Ind.

Pa.

Maine

N.H.

Vt.

Mass.

R.I.Conn.

Del.

Md.

W.Va.

Va.

Tenn.

N.J.

N.Y.

...Democrats Gain GovernorsWith G.O.P. incumbents stepping down, Democrats had a shot at gaining up to seven seats. But with Bush fueling turnout, they picked up just three, giving them a total of24 governorships. Georgia got its first Republican Governor since Reconstruction.

TENNESSEE Former Education SecretaryLamar Alexander won the fight tokeep Fred Thompson’s seat inthe Republican column.

SOUTH CAROLINA Republican RepresentativeLindsey Graham won retiringStrom Thurmond’s seat. WillGraham serve 50 years too?

NORTH CAROLINA Despite a shrinking lead just before the vote, Elizabeth Doleheld on to beat Clinton chief of staff Erskine Bowles.

NEW JERSEY After two years off, Frank Lautenberg,78, is back on Capitol Hill after stepping in for Bob Torricelli.

Text by Mitch Frank

MISSOURIJim Talent Two years after being appointed tosucceed her late husband, Jean Car-nahan lost to Talent, who made anissue of who would be more loyal tothe President as he continues the waron terrorism. Talent won—by just 1%of the 1,867,432 votes.THE KEY TO VICTORY Republicans attacked Carnahan for not voting tomake the tax cuts permanent.

GEORGIASaxby ChamblissIn a big upset, Chambliss beat Max Cleland. Republican ads accused the Democrat, a Vietnam vet and triple amputee, of being soft on national security. Chambliss is chairman of a sub-committee on terrorism.THE KEY TO VICTORY President Bushvisited the state three times and toldvoters that Chambliss would be astrong ally.

NEW HAMPSHIRE John E. Sununu Democrat Jeanne Shaheen built a reputation as a moderate duringthree terms as Governor and out-spent Sununu by $1.3 million. But he successfully painted her as a tax-and-spend liberal—dirty words in this state. THE KEY TO VICTORY Shaheen was able to attract only 4% of indepen-dent voters.

By JESSICA REAVES

The house has approved it. the whiteHouse is behind it. And now the Senatehas—painfully—voted to implement it.We’ve heard a lot about the HomelandSecurity Department over the past six

months. But what exactly can we expect from thisnew division of government—and what effect willit have on the country?

Origins of Homeland Security.In the 24 hours after the 9/11 ter-rorist attacks, employees from near-ly every department of the govern-ment were struggling to help, butrunning into barriers due to redtape or communication failures. Andso the Office of Homeland Securitywas born, fronted by former Penn-sylvania Gov. Tom Ridge. The WhiteHouse later pushed to make theoffice a Cabinet-level agency, a pushthat is now coming to fruition.

It hasn’t been an easy road to passage for thehsd, but now, after the Senate defeated attempts byDemocrats to strip the bill of g.o.p.-sponsored add-ons, the White House has achieved victory. Andwhile the first signs of transition will be limited to

moving vans and packing boxes, they will signal thelargest reorganization of federal agencies since the1947 merger of the War and Navy departments,which formed the Defense Department, and thefirst major restructuring since 1977, when the En-ergy Department first came on the scene. Thehsd would employ 170,000 people, culled pri-marily from the staff of 22 agencies, including theSecret Service, Coast Guard, Border Patrol, Trans-portation Security Authority and ins. Duties of

the new agency will include coor-dinating counter-terrorism mea-sures as well as preemptive defense.The four divisions: border and trans-portation security; emergency pre-paredness and response; counter-measures for chemical, biological,radiological, and nuclear attacks;and a new intelligence clearing-house. Ideally, this synergy meansthat if, for example, someone cameinto the country and aroused suspi-cion, the ins will have a direct link

to the intelligence needed to clear or arrest that per-son at once. It also means that in the case of thenext terrorist attack, the government will have a cohesive, prepared response to deal with damageand simultaneously ward off further attacks.

The cost of this massive overhaul? An estimated$40 billion, according to several independent analysts. That’s $37.5 billion initially set aside torun the 22 agencies marked for inclusion in thenew department, as well as an additional $2 bil-lion for costs associated with starting a new agencyfrom scratch. Those figures are disputed by theBush Administration, which claims it can run thedepartment on the budgeted $37.5 billion.

Hard-won victory. The President’s initial pro-posal for the department, issued to Congress June18, 2002: “I propose to create a new Department bysubstantially transforming the current confusing

E L E C T I O N 2 0 0 2

10 time.com, november 19, 2002

Homeland Security: A PrimerWhat will a new Cabinet-level agency mean for the war against terrorism?

≤The HSD would employ 170,000 people,

culled primarily from the staff of 22 agencies,

including the Secret Service, Coast Guard,

Border Patrol, Transportation Security

Authority and INS.≥

time.com, november 19, 2002 11

patchwork of government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect ourhomeland.” As soon as the President made his announcement, the fighting began. Democrats,while supportive of a plan to protect the country,were outraged at the insistence by the Presidentand his Republican allies that he should have thepower to hire, fire and discipline any staff memberfor any reason—because, he reasoned, the sensitivityof this department’s mission demanded fast action.Democrats, along with union leaders, argued theemployees of hsd should be given the same rights—reviews, protections—as any other federal em-ployees. Finally, leaders on both sides returned tothe bargaining table. The end result would provideunions with a “consultation” prior to any staffingchanges. The President, however, would maintainultimate control over employees.

Questions of security. Even as the Senate con-flict comes to a close, battles still rage over securi-ty. Not national security—personal security. Criticsof the hsd proposal say the legislation would per-mit the government virtually unfettered access toprivate information exchanged between U.S. citi-zens. The computer system in question, called“Total Information Awareness,” is being run outof the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,or darpa, which is in turn part of the InformationAwareness Office, or iao. The software would allowgovernment surveillance of e-mail, credit card andbanking records and travel documents. While moreextensive legislation is needed to completely openthe floodgates of heretofore private information,wording in the current hsd bill is enough to amendthe Privacy Act of 1974, which put limits on whatthe government could do with personal infor-mation. Civil libertarians say the iao programinfringes on basic privacy rights, while proponentsof the system say it only takes necessary mea-sures—investigating suspicious spending or emailthreats—to make everyone as safe as possible. π

Questions1. What is the Homeland Security Dept.’s mission?2. What concerns about civil liberties have criticsof the new department raised?

E L E C T I O N 2 0 0 2

NOW FOR THE HARD PARTHomeland Security Chief Tom Ridge is preparing to take on one of thetoughest jobs in Washington

As the dust clears from the Senate vote creat-ing a Cabinet-level Homeland Security De-partment, Tom Ridge is poised to take on oneof the most critical and politically risky jobsin Washington’s history—and to head up thesecond largest federal agency after the Penta-gon. Despite his new clout, the departmentwill take months, if not years, to create—timethat critics say the country just doesn’t have.

There’s a whole infield of hurdles waitingto be jumped, not the least of which is theenormity of the task at hand. While the WhiteHouse insists the 170,000-person depart-ment will be up and running in one year,some General Accounting Office experts estimate the massive overhaul could takeseveral years to finalize. In fact, if PresidentBush fails in his 2004 re-election bid, it’squite possible Ridge will never get the chanceto take on his new role.

Then there’s the departmental budget toconsider: Because Congress failed to approvespending bills before the start of the fiscalyear (on October 1st), the hsd, along with vir-tually every other federal endeavor, is operat-ing under an assumed budgetary outline.There are sure to be battles—perhaps largelysymbolic, given that come January, the g.o.p.will have control over both houses of Con-gress—over exactly how much money is ap-propriated to which security measure. Thereare also concerns among Democrats and Re-publicans over several last-minute provisionstacked onto the hsd bill, including one (whichraised particular hackles) that provides Texasa&m University—a favorite of retiring SenatorPhil Gramm—special consideration for thecreation of an academic homeland securityresearch center. π


Name Date

After the Election:Bush’s AgendaWith Republicans now in control of the Houseof Representatives and the Senate, PresidentGeorge W. Bush is expected to renew his effortsto pass legislation on a number of issues that heconsiders particularly important. Working indi-vidually or with a small group of classmates, usethe questions below to learn more about one ofthese issues. Investigate the President’s agenda—then voice your own opinion on this issue.

ISSUES TO INVESTIGATE:The EnvironmentThe EconomyThe War Against IraqHealth CareHomeland SecurityThe Courts

SUGGESTED WEBSITES FOR YOUR RESEARCH:www.whitehouse.govwww.time.comwww.cnn.com/allpoliticswww.washingtonpost.comwww.washtimes.comwww.onlinenewspapers.com

1. What issue from the list above do you plan to investigate?

2. What are the President’s key goals for newlegislation and policies related to the issue youhave identified? Use at least two websites to locateinformation in answer to this question. (Sug-gested sites are listed above.)

3. If the legislation that the President advocatesdoes become law, what would the consequencesand impact be?

4. How have Democrats responded to the Presi-dent’s position on this issue? Quote the positionof at least one Democratic member of the Senateor House on this issue.

5. Do you support the President’s stance on theissue you have investigated? Why or why not?Explain your position here, and continue on theback of this page if you need more space for youranswer.

✍WORKSHEET

time, october 28, 2002 13

Give Us Your Tired... Just Not All of Them The Somalis are settling in Maine at arapid rate, prompting some to say, “Stop”

By NADYA LABI/LEWISTON

Samsam mohamed just wants a goodplace to raise her family. It was what sheprayed for when she and her husband Hus-sein fled war-scarred Somalia in 1991; whatshe dreamed of a decade ago, when they

left a crowded refugee camp in Kenya to immigrateto the U.S.; and what she thought she had foundwhen they settled in a five-bedroom house in theAtlanta suburb of Stone Mountain, Ga. Then, in thefall of 2000, when Mohamed, 39, broke her legand was unable to work and help pay the rent, thefamily’s security seemed at risk again. A Somalifriend living in Maine offered a solution: thehomeless shelters there were so spacious, shesaid, that Mohamed could comfortably raise hersix children in one.

Hussein was skeptical, butSamsam loaded the kids in arental car and headed north. Soonafter she arrived in Portland, asocial worker told her there werevacant houses in nearby Lewiston. “Do they havea school there?” Mohamed asked. “A medical doc-tor? Groceries?” They did. “Then I’ll go,” she said.

Which is how Mohamed became among thefirst of some 1,100 Somalis who moved into thisdeclining former mill town of 36,000 in just thepast 1 1⁄2 years. Lewiston’s mostly white, working-class residents were gracious at first. But as moreand more Somalis streamed into the city, some ofthe natives began to grumble.

The only knowledge most had about Somaliawas from Black Hawk Down—Ridley Scott’sgraphic depiction of the 1993 raid in which Somalimilitias killed 18 U.S. soldiers, including one froma town that borders Lewiston. It didn’t help thatmany Somalis are dependent on social services,

taxing the limited resources of the city. Tensions first flared at Lewiston High School

when nearly 80 new Somali students showed upfor the first day of class last fall. More than 100 stu-dents, up from 20 the previous year, enrolled inEnglish-as-a-second-language classes. Rumorsspread that the Somalis, who are mainly Muslims,were washing their feet in the school water foun-tain before they prayed. Then fights broke out inthe cafeteria between natives and newcomers.Friends told Mohamed’s daughter Hibat, 14, thattheir parents wanted the Somalis to go back home.

Earlier this month, Mayor Laurier Raymondissued an open letter to the Somali elders urgingthem to stop the flow of migrants. “The Somalicommunity must exercise some discipline and re-duce the stress on our limited finances and our gen-erosity,” he wrote. “Now we need breathing room.”The Somali leaders accused the mayor of bigotry.

In an attempt to cool tempers, about 250 localsand Somalis, some carrying love thy neighbor!signs, recently joined one another in a Sundaywalk from a downtown church to the local mosque.Hibat told the gathering, “No matter what color,race, ethnicity or religion, we are all Americansand citizens of Lewiston.”

And the Mohameds are tryingto be good neighbors. Mohamedis taking classes to improve herEnglish. She has befriended anIrish-American girl nearby who

calls her “Mom.” Her husband Hussein works a 12-hour night shift at a local rubber factory. On his daysoff, he helps his fellow Somalis look for work. Thetownspeople are trying too. Mohamed recalls thatlast year a policeman asked her husband to call if hehad any problems after Sept. 11, and a concernedteacher asked Hibat if she felt scared. Mohamedsays she nods hello to her neighbors and they usu-ally smile back. Indeed, she likes Lewiston so muchthat she talked it up to her brother in Atlanta, whonow lives in the area. π

Questions1. Why did the arrival of Somalis stir controversy inLewiston? How did the town’s mayor respond?2. How are residents trying to resolve differences?

S O C I E T Y

≤We are all Americans andcitizens of Lewiston.≥

—HIBAT, 14, speaking at a march downtown

Stop! And Say Cheese Wilmington police are snapping pictures of people in high-crime areasand taking names. Is this legal?

By NADYA LABI

Martin mills, 25, keeps a low profilein order to stay safe in his tough neigh-borhood. He cleans hotels for $250 aweek and then goes straight home to athree-bedroom house in a predomi-

nantly African-American area on the north side ofWilmington, Del. He lives with five of his six chil-dren and his girlfriend. His younger brother wasrobbed at gunpoint and shot in the head a fewyears ago. “I don’t bother anybody,” he says. “I tryto do right, keep a cool head.” He needed one onSept. 3, when seven or eight copsdescended on him as he was leav-ing the corner deli. They jumpedout of an unmarked van and, ac-cording to Mills, knocked over his1-year-old son in their haste to col-lar Mills. They frisked him, thenshoved a camera in his face. He says he heard an of-ficer say, “We are taking your picture now for any-thing you might do in the future.” They then let himgo without charging him with any crime.

Wilmington police say they have “no record”of Mills’ case. But their chief, Michael Szczerba,makes no apologies for his department’s latest ef-fort to crack down on drugs. This summer units ofas many as 18 agents, known to locals as “jump-outsquads,” began stopping individuals, usually AfricanAmericans like Mills, at drug-infested street cornersin search of guns, crack and heroin. The policewould then take a digital photo, even with no evi-dence of misbehavior, to file in a database thatSzczerba says can be accessed “if we see a subse-quent violation.” The department plans to contin-ue indefinitely what it calls Operation Bold Eagle.

The notion of collecting mug shots of potentialcriminals has sparked comparisons to the futur-istic thriller Minority Report, in which a fictionalhigh-tech police unit identifies criminals before

they commit crimes, an analogy that Szczerbasays is laughable. He adds that it is “highly im-probable” that innocent people were caught up inthe sweeps. But police statistics show that nearly20% of the more than 600 people detained thusfar were not charged with any offense.

According to the 1968 Supreme Court decisionTerry v. Ohio, police can conduct “stop-and-frisks”if they have a reasonable, particularized suspicionthat criminal activity is afoot and a suspect is dan-gerous. But they cannot use these stops to go fish-ing for criminals in high-crime areas. Cops oftenblur that distinction. “Police stop generally youngmales in high-drug-traffic areas based on very lit-tle suspicion all the time,” says Bill Stuntz, a HarvardLaw School professor. “The reality on the streets issome distance from what the law says.” In Wilm-ington, the police insist that they abide by the lawby engaging in surveillance before they send out the

jump-out squads. But what espe-cially bothers the Wilmington op-eration’s critics, who range fromcivil libertarians to local politi-cians, is the pictures taken by thepolice. The a.c.l.u. is consideringsuing the police department if it

continues the candid shots. Says one of the group’sdirectors, Barry Steinhardt: “The premise of theFourth Amendment is that you don’t question peo-ple, detain them—and you certainly don’t takephotos and enter them into a database—unlessyou have reasonable cause.”

Most experts believe that as long as the initialstop is legal, the police can take whatever photosthey want. The Supreme Court has held that peo-ple can have no expectation of privacy when theyare in public. That’s why the government was ableto scan the faces of fans at last year’s Super Bowland why it can videotape drivers to make surethey don’t run a red light. “Police can take photosof people in public places,” says Stanford law pro-fessor Robert Weisberg. “It can be ugly, immoral,authoritarian, but it’s not unconstitutional.” π

Questions1. What is Operation Bold Eagle?2. What are the pros and cons of this program?

S O C I E T Y

14 time, september 23, 2002

≤It can be ugly, immoral,authoritarian, but it’s not

unconstitutional.≥—ROBERT WEISBERG, law professor

at Stanford University

By DANIEL KADLEC

Martha parry had had it all figuredout when she sold her small insurancefirm in Massapequa, N.Y. Her housewas paid for, and she would be receivingmonthly payments over the next two

years from the sale of her business. Those proceedswould cover her expenses until she turned 65and started collecting Social Security benefits.Meanwhile, the $1 million she had managed tosave in tax-advantaged accounts would grow to$1.3 million or so. Only then would she start tap-ping the income from her nest egg.

That was two years ago. Now the paymentstream from her business has come to its scheduledend, and Parry’s plan has fallen apart. Her ac-countant recently floored her with awful news:the stock market has whacked her savings to$600,000, and she can no longer afford the lifestyleshe had tasted so briefly. “I’m looking for part-time work,” she says bitterly. “But something tellsme it will end up being full-time work.”

Stung by a jobless recovery on the heels of thefirst recession in a decade and by a 2 1/2-year slidein stock prices, Americans are more worried abouttheir financial future than at anyother time since the turbulent ’70s.They flocked to stocks in the roaring1990s, only to see $7.7 trillion ofpaper wealth incinerated. If thescandal and collapse at Enron hadbeen isolated, the nation’s deflatedsense of opportunity might havebeen repaired by now. Instead, thelid has been lifted on bogus rev-enue-generating schemes through-out the energy and telecom indus-tries; earnings deception on an evenbroader scale; and the frighteningfailure of accountants, stock ana-

lysts, board directors and regulators to protect thenation’s retirement assets. “These people have alllost credibility and should be prosecuted,” saysParry. “I’ve lost faith in the whole darn market.”

These unsettling developments have forcedmany of today’s retirees to return to work and haveconfronted the next generation—the baby boomers,turning 50 at the rate of 10,000 a day—with direfinancial issues for the first time in their lives. Apowerful set of trends will leave many of themunable to call it quits until after they turn 70—pos-sibly long after.

Stocks and other investments are expected togrow more slowly than usual for years to come.Health-care and college costs are rising fast. Manymiddle-aged Americans who had children rela-tively late in life are being hit with tuition bills at thesame time they’re footing at least part of the cost ofnursing care and other expenses for their parents,who are living longer than anyone expected orplanned for. Full Social Security benefits, whichhave kicked in at age 65 since the program beganin 1935, will get pushed back starting next yearand gradually recede to age 67. Dozens of compa-nies have scaled back health-insurance benefitsfor retirees. A smaller percentage of Americans

(now just 16%) receives guaran-teed-benefit pensions from theiremployers. Americans are moredependent on 401(k) savingsplans—in which balances havebeen shrinking (4% in 2001, to$10.9 trillion) despite recordamounts of new investment ($140billion last year). π

Questions1. Why are Americans worriedabout their financial future?2. How has the number of olderworkers changed since the 1970s?

Everyone, Back in the Labor Pool Eroding pension benefits, longer life-spans and a major meltdown in stocks add up to this: most of us will have to work well into our 70s

E C O N O M Y

time, july 29, 2002 15

Age 62

Age 65

Age 70

10

20

30

40

50%

’70 ’75 ’80 ’85 ’90 ’95 ’00 ’01

Percentage of men in the work force, by age

Still on the JobAfter declining in the 1970s and ’80s, the number of older workers has been increasing steadily

Rio de Janeiro 10.6 million

Buenos Aires 12.6 million

Los Angeles 13.1 million

New York 16.6 million

São Paulo 17.8 million

Mexico City 18.1million

Arcticsea-ice

thickness

1958-76 average5.6 ft. (1.7 m

1993-97 average

9.8 ft. (3 m)

Map Key

Deforestation in the Amazon

Urban/cityEvergreen forest

Seasonal forest

Cropland

Savanna, grassland

Shrub land

Barren

High threat

Medium threat

Low threat

Coral reefs

Urban areas with more than 10 million people

1980 0.17

2000 0.27

1980 1.48

2000 1.83

Carbon-dioxide

emissions from the

consumption and flaring of

fossil fuels(in billions of

metric tons)

NorthAmerica

Centraland SouthAmerica

From depleted forests to dying reefs, distress signals dot the globe. Even in the U.S., with its relatively clean environment, excessive carbon emissions fuel global warming

Trouble Spots

Carbon emissions

Since 1945 the Antarctic Peninsula has experienced a warming of about 4.5°F (2.5°C). The annual melt season hasincreased by 2 to 3 weeksin just the past 20 years

Antarctic warming

Deforestation

D

The U.S. produces more greenhouse gases than any other country—and by far the most per person

Thinning iceThe melting is a result of global warming, which could lead to rising sea levels and more severe storms and droughts

Burning of forests to create cropland and unregulated timber harvesting have destroyed more than 15% of the Amazon in only 30 years

Seveyears300the nU.N.MalaSwaz

JOR

GE

SILV

A—

RE

UT

ER

S/C

OR

BIS

JAM

ES

BA

LOG

—G

ET

TY

IMA

GE

S

Pacific Ocean

Extent and causes of land degradation, 1996 In millions of square kilometers

34%51%

43%43%

15%

9%11%

20%18%

Deforestation5.7

Fuelwoodconsumption1.4

Overgrazing6.7

Agriculturalmismanagement

5.4

Industry and urbanization 0.2

Northern AfricaSouthern Africa

South Central AsiaWestern Asia

Western Europe

Eastern EuropeNorth America

Middle AfricaSouth America

Oceania

491,281,461,772,21

Percentage of population undernourished, 1997-99 Annual global freshwater withdrawals

’70 ’80 ’90 ’95 ’00

574

3,200

3,940

Cubic kilometers per year

West AfricaSouthern Africa

East AfricaCentral Africa

All sub-Saharan Africa

Near East, North AfricaLatin America, Caribbean

Asia, Pacific*

All developing regions

*Excludes China

Indian Rhinoceros,India and NepalAbout 2,000 remaining

Hunger continues to plague poorer countries, especially in Africa, as badly managed agriculture leads to soil salinization and degradation

As more of the limited amount of fresh waaccess to supplies could produce competiti

FOOD WATER

Freshwater resources PAverage annual cubic meters

E N V I R O N M E N T


Cairo, Egypt

10.6 million

Beijing, China 10.8 million

Manila, Philippines 10.9 million

Osaka, Japan 11 million

Tokyo, Japan 26.4 million

Jakarta, Indonesia

11 million

Mumbai (Bombay), India 18.1 million

Delhi, India 11.7 million

Karachi, Pakistan

11.8 millionDhaka,

Bangladesh 12.3 million

Calcutta, India

12.9 million

Lagos, Nigeria

13.4 million

Shanghai, China 17 million

m)

e

1980 0.14

2000 0.29

1980 1.14

2000 0.84

1980 1.02

2000 1.00

1980 0.15

2000 0.24

1980 0.97

2000 1.97

WesternEurope Eastern Europe

and formerSoviet Union

Africa

Middle East

Asia andOceania

Drought Overpopulation Threatened reefsIf India does not curtail population growth, by 2050 it will surpass China as the most populous nation, with a projected 1.5 billion people

As much as 86% of Indonesia’s coral reefs, home to thousands of marine species, are severely damaged by overfishing, sedimentation and pollution

ere food shortages caused by two rs of drought may kill as many as 0,000 people in southern Africa in next six months, according to the . Countries hardest hit include awi, Zambia, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, aziland and Mozambique

Indian Ocean

TO

NY

GE

NT

ILE—

RE

UT

ER

SAtlantic Ocean

Forest loss by region Percentage change 1990-2000

Africa

South America

Total World

Oceania

North and Cent. America

Asia

Europe +0.84%

–0.67%

–1.04%

–1.85%

–2.43%

–4.19%

–8.01%

Wildlife under pressure Percentage of species threatened, 1996

Fish

Amphibians

Mammals

Reptiles

Vascular plants

Birds

34%

25%

25%

20%

12.5%

11%

495289465771215

14,81816,801

20,88936,988

53,711

Regions with the most and least water resources

Water-stressed countries have less than 1,700 cubic meters per person per year

ater is used each year, unequal tion and conflicts among nations

Destruction of forests has helped cause the worst spasm of extinctions since the dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago

BIODIVERSITY

Per capita, by subregion

time, august 26, 2002 17

Atlantic Ocean

Yemen

Kuwait

Tunisia Afghanista

ArabSeaA F R I C A

E U R O P E

KAZAK

SAUDI ARABIA

SOUTH AFRICA

IRAQ

Mediterranean Sea

April 11 In Tunisia, al-Qaeda attacks North Africa’s oldest synagogue with a natural-gas truck rigged with explosives. The blast kills 19 people, mostly tourists

An explosion in a karaoke bar in Zamboanga on Mindanao Island in the Philippines kills three people, including an American Green Beret. The local Abu Sayyaf group is suspected

The French oil tanker Limburg is rammed by an explosives-laden boat off the coast of Al Mukalla, Yemen. One Bulgarian crew member dies, and 90,000 barrels of oil leak into the Gulf

Two Kuwaitis attack U.S. Marines at an island training facility in Kuwait, killing one

A boma Bali nmore tmostlytouristsIslamia

March 17 A church in Islamabad frequented by Westerners is bombed; five people are killed. An al-Qaeda linked group is suspected

Jan. 23 Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Karachi by members of a Pakistani organization with links to al-Qaeda. Its members murder and behead him

Sporadic Strikes . . .

. . . Then a Bloody Month

January February March April May

Oct. 1

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Al-Qaeda supports Muslim rebel groups from Ethiopia to South Africa, including Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement and al-Itihaad al-Islamiya

EUROPE Small terrorist cells continue to plot new attacks, recruiting young second-generation European Muslims. Members of some cells report directly to al-Qaeda’s leadership. Others belong to allied North African groups

PERSIAN GULThough few formexist, there are sympathizers, liattacks in Kuwapipeline bombinMuch of al-Qaedsupport comes

YEMEN Osama bin Ladenhas been a majoThe government two-thirds of the

AL-QAEDA AND ITS AFFILIATES

Al-Qaeda’s supporters in 60 countries range from small cells to allied terrorist groups to guerrilla gangs

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 112

NORTH AFRICA Al-Qaeda allies operate from Morocco to Egypt. They include the Salafi Group for Call and Combat, Takfir Wal Hijra and Egyptian Islamic Jihad

18 time, october 28, 2002

Philippines

Indonesia

Bali

tan

Pakistan

bian a

A U S T R A L I A

KHSTAN

RUSSIA

INDIA

CHINA

JAPAN

May 8 A bus bombing in Karachi kills 11 French nationals

June 14 A car bombing outside the American consulate in Karachi kills 12 Pakistanis. Pakistani police accuse the International Movement of Mujahedin, an al-Qaeda ally

Sept. 5 A car bomb in Kabul kills 32 Afghans. An al-Qaeda member tries to kill Afghan President Hamid Karzai in Kandahar a few hours later. American troops kill the gunman

mb blast outside nightclub kills than 180, y foreign ts. Jemaah ah is suspected

Two bombs explode in department stores in Zamboanga, killing seven. Authorities suspect a faction of Abu Sayyaf

June July August September

Five small package bombs go off at various Karachi police and government offices. A sixth fails to go off at a police station. Nine people are wounded

A bomb goes off on a Manila bus. Philippine intelligence suspects more bombs may be hidden around the country

SOUTHEAST ASIA Al-Qaeda has been active in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. Allies include the regional Jemaah Islamiah and local groups like the Philippines’ Moro Islamic Liberation Front

PAKISTAN Many al-Qaeda members continue to hide in Pakistan. They’ve co-opted local groups such as�Jaish-e-Muhammad and Lashkar-i-Jhangvi to launch attacks on foreigners

CENTRAL ASIAAND CHINA Gangs like the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Eastern Turkestan Islamic Party, whose members trained in Afghanistan under al-Qaeda,

LF mal terrorist groups cells and ike those behind the ait and a foiled ng in Saudi Arabia.

eda’s financial from wealthy gulf

en’s ancestral home or base for al-Qaeda. t has little control over e country

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Text by Mitch Frank; TIME Map by Jackson Dykman



By MICHAEL ELLIOTT

The sari club, in the town of kuta onthe Indonesian island of Bali, was one ofthose places where the world comes out toplay. By 11 p.m. on Oct. 12, it was packed withthe usual crowd—tanned Australian kids in

shorts and halter tops dancing to house music,surfers in from the beach down-ing beers and Jell-O shots, sportsteams from Hong Kong and Sin-gapore, backpackers from aroundthe world—the children of glob-alization, mobile phones in hand.David Fielder, 46, a British rugbyreferee in town from Hong Kongfor a game, was standing with a group of friends,having what was planned to be the night’s lastdrink, when he heard an explosion. Ten secondslater, he says, came something more. “There was ahuge bang, and I felt I was lifted up. There was justlight and sound—it was like someone knocked meout.” Fielder remembers hearing screams andnoticing that he could see the sky: the roof of theclub had been blown off. Picking himself up fromthe rubble, he tried to stumble out of the bar, onlyto fall into a mess of blackened dead bodies.

Investigators with the Australian Federal Po-lice, assisting local Indonesian authorities, thinkthere were three bombs in Bali synchronized towreak maximum havoc. The first explosion—quitesmall—was inside Paddy’s Irish Bar, a popular wa-tering hole. A few seconds later, a slightly morepowerful bomb exploded in front of the Sari Club.Then, as terrified customers poured into the streetfrom the bars, came the real thing; a MitsubishiL300 minivan had pulled up to the sidewalk,packed with c4 high explosive and ammoniumnitrate—around the world, the car bomber’s fa-vorite recipe. “Why Bali?” asked Fielder. The onlyanswer is another question: Why anywhere?

Though the Bali bombing was particularly sick-ening, it was part of a greater spasm of violence thathas counterterrorism officials bracing for more.The cia believes that the outrage was the work ofMuslim extremists belonging to the SoutheastAsian group Jemaah Islamiah, which the U.S. be-lieves is closely linked with al-Qaeda, the terroristnetwork headed by Osama bin Laden. And al-

Qaeda, cia Director GeorgeTenet said in congressional testi-mony last week, is now in “exe-cution phase.” Indeed, senior U.S.intelligence sources tell Time thatthey fear a recent spate of ter-rorist attacks around the worldmay be a warm-up for a much

bigger strike against American interests. Al-Qaedaprisoners now being interrogated, says a seniorU.S. counterterrorism official, “keep talking abouta spectacular event. And I don’t think we saw thatevent in Bali.”

Al-Qaeda has always been a network of Islamicterrorist groups. But since the destruction of theAfghan training camps last year, it has had to de-centralize many of its operations. That has not di-minished its power. Many al-Qaeda operatives arenow back in their homelands, or in third coun-tries, making common cause with Islamic groups towage jihad (that is, holy war) against the U.S. andits allies. These factions, inspired by the events ofSept. 11, 2001, do not require contact with one an-other, or a central authority, to act as al-Qaedawould want them to. “Bin Laden unleashed forcesaccumulating for many years, and all the gloves areoff now,” says Magnus Ranstorp, a terrorism expertat the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. “Cen-tralized clearance is not needed.” π

Questions1. Who is suspected of carrying out the Bali attack?2. What is al-Qaeda’s status, according to the writer?

Al-Qaeda: Back on the AttackWith new bases and a looser structure, the group strikes again at the U.S.and its allies. A look inside the ongoing battle to break up the plots

W A R O N T E R R O R

≤Bin Laden unleashedforces accumulating formany years, and all the

gloves are off now.≥—Terrorism expert MAGNUS RANSTORP

By JOHANNA MCGEARY

Think about this. two months ago, youhad no idea that war with Iraq was neces-sary. Now, combat seems to be just aroundthe corner. As Washington debates militaryaction, do you know where you stand? One

man who has clearly made up his mind is GeorgeW. Bush. The President has been masterful atspeeding events over and around hurdles towardthe point of no return; he massaged aresolution authorizing the use of forceagainst Iraq just enough to win bi-partisan support in the House of Rep-resentatives last week. The Senate,where many lawmakers harbor mis-givings about Bush’s drive to over-throw Saddam Hussein, has begunto give the arguments their most thor-ough airing yet. But by the time the debate’s up andvotes are cast, the Senators too are likely to grant thePresident approval to fight. Simultaneously, at theUnited Nations, other countries are wrestling withtheir roles, under intense U.S. pressure to under-write a rapid go-ahead. Yet for the rest of us, thehow-far-should-we-go-in-curbing-Saddam debateis just beginning to percolate. The choice isn’tclean: questioning Bush’s plans is not the same ascalling for the continued survival of an offensiveregime. The President this week intends to dwell inever more demonizing detail on “Saddam’s evilbag of tricks,” as an adviser put it. But most Amer-icans already get that. What sometimes is lost in thedebate is a clear-eyed analysis of the risks andbenefits of going after Saddam. Here are sevenquestions worth considering in the days ahead.

1COULD INSPECTIONS ALONE DO THE TRICK? TheWhite House is certain that renewed U.N. in-spections won’t end the threat of Saddam con-

tinuing to accumulate weapons of mass destructionand that only his demise will do the trick. FormerU.N. inspectors tend to agree. In eight years ofpolicing the country, they found and destroyedsizable quantities of his weapons of mass destruc-tion, but not all of the ones he was known to have.Since inspections broke off in 1998, Saddam iswidely believed to have retooled and restockedchemical and biological agents and brought hisnuclear program back into high gear, while vastly

improving his capacity to hide it all.His history of deception and gameplaying makes a fresh attempt to rootout the arsenal in this way difficult.Saddam, says former inspector DavidKay, “will always defeat a U.N.-type ofinspection made up of 100 to 300 peo-ple in a country as large as Iraq.”

Nevertheless, almost everyone out-side the most committed hard-liner thinks in-spections should be given one last chance. Bowingto that reality, the Administration’s fallback is to de-mand that the U.N. prescribe a new regime forunfettered inspections that is so in Iraq’s face thatit might work. And if it doesn’t, as the Administra-tion frankly would prefer, it would give the U.S. alegitimate pretext for war. In its view, either in-spectors would find something that would triggeraction, or they would be blocked by Saddam: eitherwould be cause for green-lighting the bombers.

2HOW BADLY DOES THE U.S. NEED THE U.N.? TheBush team says it very much wants U.N. sup-port but that it will go to war alone if it has to.

This is both true and a negotiating posture. The Ad-ministration believes only the fear that the U.S.will act alone can squeeze approval out of the Se-curity Council. But if the U.S. does not get a reso-lution that fits Bush’s criteria, the Administrationmeans it when it says it will go to war anyway.

7 Questions To PonderWith military action against Iraq increasingly likely, Time steps back to consider the pros and cons of attacking Saddam Hussein’s country

I R A Q


≤What sometimesgets lost in the

debate is a clear-eyedanalysis of the risksand benefits of going

after Saddam.≥

3IF IT’S WAR, WILL SADDAM COLLAPSE QUICKLY?Saddam lost about 40% of his conventionalforce in the 1991 Gulf War. His current

375,000-man army is of uneven quality, his airforce mostly grounded and his navy nonexistent.The cia says he can’t project his power very far andhas trouble moving his tanks and artillery swiftly.Does that mean Iraq will crumble on impact? Notnecessarily. “You have to anticipate the worst-casescenario—that it will be a vicious, ferocious fight,”says Nebraska’s Republican Senator Chuck Hagel,a Vietnam veteran. The outcome probably turns onhow vigorously the 60,000-strong RepublicanGuard fights. Most experts say it would be foolhardyto write off Saddam’s best-trained troops, espe-cially if the fighting comes to the streets of Baghdad.

4WHAT ARE THE ODDS OF HIS FIGHTING DIRTY?Pentagon war plans assume that precision airattacks with smart bombs can find and safely

destroy hidden caches of bio-chem agents that in-spectors have failed to uncover. The plans alsopresume that this can be done before Saddam un-leashes any of those weapons. The bombers alsoneed to take out Saddam’s 20 to 30 Scud missiles(which they were not able to do in 1991) before hecan fire warheads loaded with conventional ex-plosives or perhaps chemical agents at Israel orhis Arab neighbors. Even if all these pre-emptivemeasures are taken, Saddam could still try a crudepre-emptive strike of his own, using chem or bioagents against U.S. forces as they gather. But chem-ical weapons are hard to control on the battlefield;shifting winds could blow them back on Iraqi sol-diers. U.S. forces will go into battle in full protec-tive gear. And the Administration says it plans towarn Iraqi generals and colonels who might orderthe use of bio-chem weapons that they will be ar-rested and tried for war crimes if they do.

5IF SADDAM DOES GO, WHAT BECOMES OF IRAQ?Bush long scorned nation building. But tohear Vice President Cheney tell it, good times

will bloom in Iraq as soon as the shooting stops. “Inother times, the world saw how the U.S. defeatedfierce enemies, then helped rebuild their coun-tries,” he said, calling to mind the Marshall Plan in

Europe. The U.S., says Cheney, will shape an Iraq“that is democratic and pluralistic, a nation wherethe human rights of every ethnic and religiousgroup are recognized and respected.”

6WILL THE MIDDLE EAST BE BETTER OFF OR WORSE? There’s anxiety that a war would unite Arabnations against the U.S., especially in an

atmosphere charged by the unresolved Palestiniancrisis. Bombing, refugees and casualties will fillArab television screens in a way that was not pos-sible 11 years ago, when networks like al-Jazeeradid not exist. Some in the Administration, for theirpart, think that a democratic Iraq would act as abeacon of stability to the Middle East. The gravestconcern in Arab capitals is that Israel will step in.Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon has made nosecret of his readiness to hit back if Iraq strikes his country.

7 WHAT WOULD OSAMA BIN LADEN MAKE OF ALL THIS?The Vice President has suggested that a suc-cessful strike against Saddam would discour-

age Arab zealots from embracing terrorism: “Whenthe gravest of threats are eliminated, the freedom-loving peoples of the region will have a chance topromote the values that can bring lasting peace,” hesaid. But images of Americans killing Iraqis, say experts like Daniel Benjamin, a former National Se-curity Council adviser on terrorism, might “furtherthe jihadist cause” by “confirming bin Laden’s ar-gument that the U.S. is at war with Islam.” The firstGulf War, he adds, “was a catalytic event for the Is-lamists who formed al-Qaeda” because it stationedU.S. troops permanently on sacred Islamic soil.

One side argues this war could stanch terror-ism, while another argues it could breed it. Thedebate is abstract for now. But it is better to haveit, with all of its frustrating hypotheticals, than toleave things unsaid. Bush may have handled thedoubters masterfully so far. But he may find heneeds them—and everyone else—in his corner ifthe war turns ugly. π

Questions1. What are the pros and cons of attacking Iraq?2. What is the state of Iraq’s army?

I R A Q


By JOHANNA MCGEARY

Open the gate. we want to come in.”With those words last week at the en-trance to one of Iraq’s presidential sites,weapons inspectors in Baghdad madeit clear they intended to go anywhere

they wanted in the renewed hunt for weapons ofmass destruction that Saddam Hussein may pos-sess. After a few minutes’ hesitation by startledpalace guards, the 23 U.N. and International Atom-ic Energy Agency inspectors were welcomed in—to enter rooms, poke in closets,even inspect a store of mar-malade. Iraq was making it justas clear that the regime in-tended to make a show of itscooperation with the onerousterms of Security Council Res-olution 1441. The inspectionwas largely symbolic for bothsides: presidential palaces hadbeen effectively off-limits dur-ing the eight years of previ-ous searching, and Saddam’sregular refusal to grant accessto sites by December 1998precipitated not only the endof inspections but also fourdays of intensive U.S. andBritish bombing.

Iraqi officials say they believe Washington sug-gested the choice of al-Sajoud palace that day toU.N. Monitoring, Verification and InspectionsCommission (unmovic) chief Hans Blix for a dif-ferent reason. Iraqi officials assert that the Ameri-cans directed inspectors to the compound becausethey thought Saddam was in the area and theywanted to see how accurately U.S. intelligencewas tracking his movements. However the site

was chosen, Baghdad believes Washington mayhave wound up with useful information. Since theTuesday-morning destination was a secret, in-spectors were surprised to be greeted within 10minutes of their arrival by none other than Sad-dam’s personal secretary, Abed Hamid Mohmood,who, according to Iraqi officials, sticks close to hisboss. These officials say that only Saddam couldhave granted the order to open up al-Sajoud.

The mix of motives illustrates the conflictingnotions of what the inspections are all about. Iraqhopes that the process finally exonerates the regime

from charges that it retains for-bidden weapons of mass de-struction, thus possibly pavingthe way for an end to eco-nomic sanctions. At the sametime, Baghdad suspects theU.S. of exploiting the situationto spy. The U.S. expects theinspections to prove that Sad-dam is still hoarding illicitweapons and deserves to beforcibly disarmed. For manymembers of the U.N., a clean—or cleanish—accounting is theonly possible hope for headingoff war.

The procedure for arrivingat one of those conclusions

began last week with visits to 22 suspected sites inIraq. A preliminary crescendo will be reached onceexperts have had time to digest the more than11,000 pages of Iraq’s disclosure—the eighth onesince the Gulf War ended—of what it has and is try-ing to obtain in the way of biological, chemicaland nuclear weapons, plus missiles to deliver theminto enemy territory. In theory, if analysts readingthe declaration catch Iraq in any lies, that’s a “ma-terial breach” of the resolution and grounds for

The Trouble With InspectionsSaddam Hussein is playing nice as inspectors arrive in Baghdad, but exposing Iraq’s arms will take more than surprise palace visits

time, december 16, 2002 23

I R A Q

SADDAM HUSSEIN:≤May the rock they throw at

you [Iraqis] land on theirheads.≥

HANS BLIX:≤We have to act on behalf of

the whole [Security] Council …we are in nobody’s pocket.≥

GEORGE BUSH:≤We will judge the declaration’s

honesty … and that will takesome time.≥

DELIVERY SYSTEMSHow could Iraq deploy itsweapons of mass destruction?Options include:

π BY MISSILE Iraq is notthought to have the technologyto disperse toxins using its missiles, like the Scud

π BY PLANE Iraq has an anemic air force, but it does havedrones that appear to have beenrigged to spray toxic agents atlow altitudes

π BY SMUGGLING A key fear is that Saddam might offer terrorists an agent like anthraxthat would be easy to transport

“severe consequences.” Officials in Washingtonand London as well as at the U.N. say such a find-ing will not automatically start the guns firing. Butwhat is or is not in Iraq’s declaration, they warn,could mark the point of no return in the BushAdministration’s deliberate march toward war.

The report Iraq handed over Saturday was its lastchance to come clean about its illegal arsenal. U.N.analysts dubbed Iraq’s previous weapons invento-ries “complete fairy tales.” Now Point 3 of Resolu-tion 1441 again requires the regime to list in minutedetail what prohibited weapons it has ever pro-duced, stored or documented as well as some-thing equally dangerous but more elusive: its in-tellectual and industrial capacity to make newillicit weapons after the inspectors go home. Thatmeans Iraq also has to report on thousands of so-called dual-use facilities such as paint factories,pesticide plants, hospitals and distilleries, whichcould conceivably be involved in making weapons,along with material-procurement networks andimport lists. U.S. officials say a misleading or in-complete report will not trigger instant militaryaction, since they want inspections to go on todocument a convincing pattern of misbehaviorbefore they act against Iraq.

By 1998, the U.N. had made considerableprogress toward finding and destroying the pro-hibited weapons that Iraq admitted it possessed.But in its final report, the old inspection team em-phasized how hard it had been to find a base line.Those inspectors left a long list of stuff they knewexisted but never found or could not verify that Iraqhad destroyed as claimed. Yet what really had themworried after eight years—because of Saddam’srecord of being exposed in a lie—was how muchweaponry they still had no inkling might exist.Last week the man preparing Iraq’s declaration, thechief of its inspections-monitoring directorate,General Hussam Mohammed Amin, repeated Sad-dam’s constant claim: Iraq has no more weapons ofmass destruction. Whatever it once had was de-

stroyed or uncovered in past inspections, he said.At the same time, he acknowledged in advancethat the report would include some “new elementswith regards to new sites and new activities,” sug-gesting that Iraq might fess up to items it believesthe U.S. already knows about. But, says RichardButler, head of the inspection team ousted in 1998,the real dirt will ultimately be mined by comparingthe new documents with the million pages on fileat the U.N. and teasing out inconsistencies in thenew inventory. The length of the declaration is nodoubt intentional, Butler tells Time. “Dumping atruckload of material is part of the process of ob-fuscation,” he says.

It is the U.N.’s responsibility to assess Iraq’s re-port. Officials there said they would not even sharethe declaration with Security Council membersuntil they had purged any sections that serve asmanuals for making illicit weapons. In any case, thehighly skeptical Bush Administration will makeits own judgments, looking at what is on the list—such as what the Iraqis did with tons of mustard-gasmaterials that have not been accounted for—and,just as important, what is not on the list. It will mea-sure Iraq’s veracity by comparing its list with theone the cia has in its pocket. Administration offi-cials, from the President on down, continued to in-sist last week that they had “solid” evidence—which they had never made public—that Saddamdid too have an extensive armory for mass murder.U.N. officials have repeatedly asked Bush to makethat intelligence available to help the inspectors.The U.S., which preferred to let Iraq come for-ward with its inventory first, says it will begin shar-ing its intelligence to help inspectors undermineIraq’s declaration. But the Administration wants tochoose its own gotcha moment. π

Questions1. What goals do the U.S. and Iraq have forweapons inspections in Iraq?2. What was the content of Iraq’s latest declaration?

I R A Q

24 time, december 16, 2002

Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures 25

Name Date ✍WORKSHEET

Late in November, teams of UnitedNations weapons inspectors beganarriving in Iraq. Their mission: toverify whether Iraqi President Sad-dam Hussein was telling the truthwhen he stated that his country hasno weapons of mass destruction. Inresponse to this development, commentators offered a variety ofperspectives on Saddam’s motivesand tactics. Study the images at left.Then answer the questions below.

1. How is Saddam Hussein depictedin each of the three cartoons at left?What similarities and contrasts do you see among the three portrayals of Saddam?

2. How does the creator of the topcartoon portray Saddam’s attitudetoward the United Nations? Howdoes the middle cartoon depict therelationship between Iraq and theU.S.? What prediction is containedin the bottom cartoon?

3. In which of the three imagesdoes Saddam appear most vulnera-ble? Most powerful? Most rebel-lious? What details and symbolsconvey these impressions?

4. According to The Trouble With Inspections on page 23, why wasthe inspectors’ visit to the al-Sajoudpalace so significant? By what wereinspectors surprised during thecourse of this visit?

5. Do you believe weaponsinspections can be successful? Whyor why not? How do you think eachcartoonist would respond? Explain.

Saddam Hussein: A Gallery of Views


By JOHANNA MCGEARY

Trial lawyers preach a cardinal prin-ciple: never ask a question to which youdon’t know the answer. Diplomats generallyoperate on the same basis. So when theBush Administration presented evidence to

North Korean leaders on Oct. 3 that their countrywas developing nuclear weapons, it expected theregime to lie about it. A day later came the shock-er. Yes, we’ve been secretly working to producenukes, a top aide to “Dear Leader” Kim Jong Il toldastonished U.S. envoy James Kelly. And, he added,we’ve got “more powerful” weapons—presumablymeaning biological and chemical agents—to boot.He was not apologetic at all, says a U.S. official, but“assertive, aggressive about it.”

Tightly controlled countries like North Koreatypically stonewall such sensitive inquiries. So theadmission did more than just confirm long-heldsuspicions in Washington that North Korea, acharter member in Bush’s “axis of evil,” had pur-sued weapons of mass destruction despite a 1994agreement to stop. The revelation also jerked a pre-occupied world to attention. Why, everyone won-dered, was Kim confessing now? And why hadBush pressed the issue, when he was already im-mersed in two major global confrontations? Nowonder the Administration sat on the news for 12days while it scrambled to figure out how to down-size the crisis. By the time the Bush team wentpublic with the news last week, it was also trying

to reassure citizens and allies that this standoffwould be addressed, at least for now, with diplo-macy, not military might.

Mistrust of North Korea has been a bedrockU.S. policy since war on the Korean peninsulaended in 1953. Pyongyang’s erratic behavior con-sistently confirms such skepticism. The latest con-frontation was quite deliberate, says a senior Bushaide. For more than two years, the cia had been col-lecting shards of information suggesting that NorthKorea was secretly pursuing nuclear weapons, de-spite the 1994 Agreed Framework requiring Py-ongyang to freeze its program to extract plutoniumfrom reprocessed reactor fuel. (The cia has longthought that North Korea made—and kept—one ortwo plutonium-based bombs from before 1994.)

But North Korea apparently figured it couldobtain nukes another way: using the slower butmore easily hidden method of enriching uraniumto weapons grade in gas centrifuges—the samemethod some now accuse Saddam Hussein of pur-suing. To accomplish that, the reclusive NorthKoreans needed to buy know-how and equip-ment abroad, including high-strength aluminumfor the whirling centrifuges. By late July, the ciahad picked up enough tip-offs to conclude thatPyongyang was procuring banned supplies. Bylate summer, a Bush aide says, “things fell in place,and we could say, Aha!”

So who assisted the Koreans? U.S. officials sus-pect Pakistan. China and Russia also make cen-trifuges, but surely neither wants a nuclear-armed

Look Who’s Got the Bomb Confronted by the U.S., North Korea brazenly admits that it is buildingnuclear weapons. Now what does President Bush do in response?

N O R T H K O R E A

For years, the reclusivestate has swung wildlybetween belligerencyand aid-seeking diplomacy. Here aresome highlights: High point ▲Low point ▼

▼ March 12, 1993North Korea threatensto withdraw from theNuclear Nonprolifera-tion Treaty that it hadsigned in 1985

▲ Oct. 21, 1994The crisis ends when theU.S. and North Koreasign the Agreed Frame-work, a pact that pledgesNorth Korea to freeze itsnuclear-weapons pro-gram in exchange for financial aid and twocivilian nuclear reactors

▼ Aug. 31, 1998North Korea test-firesan intercontinental missile, the Taepodong1, over Japan, proving it possesses dangerousvehicles that can deliver nuclear weapons

▲ June 13–15,2000 North Korea’sKim Jong Il meets forthe first time with KimDae Jung, the leader ofSouth Korea, in Py-ongyang, where theysign a historic agree-ment vowing to seekpeace and reunification

NORTH KOREA ZIGZAGS


North Korea next door. Islamabad and Pyongyang,however, made natural partners: Pakistan had theBomb but no missiles to deliver it, and North Koreais the world’s most active missile proliferator, es-pecially to customers who can’t shop elsewhere. In1998 Pakistan tested a homemade Ghauri medium-range ballistic missile that the U.S. believes origi-nated in North Korea.

That doesn’t mean the deal was government togovernment. Pakistani President Pervez Musharrafdenies that his regime supplied Pyongyang’s en-richment program. But in 1998 Washington slappedsanctions on the lab of Abdul Qadir Khan, the so-called father of Pakistan’s Bomb. As head of the na-tion’s nuclear program, he made the Ghauri as acarbon copy of North Korea’s Nodong missile, sayU.S. officials. Khan is believed to have establishedfront companies and smuggling operations to gath-er and sell nuclear blueprints. Musharraf forced hisresignation as the lab’s leader 18 months ago.

The Bush Administration has flip-flopped onNorth Korea. It recently had agreed to resumetalks with Pyongyang, suspended since early 2001.But when Assistant Secretary of State Kelly took offfor North Korea in early October, the purpose of hismission had changed dramatically. The cia hadbriefed Bush in August about its new intelligenceon Pyongyang’s secret enrichment program. ThePresident decided to confront Kim with the evi-dence, but the Administration first shared it withseveral congressional leaders and key countriesthat the U.S. would need to help lean on Py-ongyang: Japan, South Korea, China and Russia.

The stakes couldn’t be higher. War with NorthKorea, Bush told his aides, was out of the question.He could not let Kim alter the fragile balance ofpower on the Korean peninsula, where 37,000 U.S.troops stand across the dmz from a million-man

army close enough to destroy Seoul, South Korea’scapital, in a blitzkreig. By Bush’s own doctrine ofpre-emption, the U.S. should strike against anystate with weapons of mass destruction and an ir-responsible dictator. But the consequences of at-tacking Pyongyang are unacceptable. What Bushapparently never anticipated was a brazen admis-sion that the evidence was right.

The conundrum of Kim, who succeeded his fa-ther Kim Il Sung eight years ago as North Korea’sabsolute ruler, has flummoxed Washington foryears. The xenophobic leader can veer from ag-gressive hostility to quiet bids to mend relationswith the outside world, particularly if other na-tions help leapfrog his poverty-stricken peopleinto the modern era. Like his father, when Kim hasbeen most desperate for foreign aid, he has used therattle of nukes to frighten the U.S. and its allies intobuying him off.

Few have enough to eat in North Korea, and45% of children under the age of 5 suffer chronicmalnutrition. At least 6 million of the country’s 22million people depend on international food aid.Hospitals have no heat, no disinfectant, no anes-thetic, no rubber gloves. Kim devotes nearly athird of North Korea’s gdp to military spending.

Some experts suggest that as North Korea’s rigidsystem breaks down around him, Kim is reachingclumsily for reform. But U.S. Defense SecretaryDonald Rumsfeld shrugged off any notion thatKim’s confession augurs real change. “I don’t thinkthere’s any way in the world anyone could say it’s agood sign,” he said. π

Questions1. How did North Korea respond when the U.S.accused it of developing nuclear weapons?2. In what ways is Kim Jong Il “a conundrum”?

N O R T H K O R E A

▲ Oct. 23–24,2000 Secretary of State Madeleine Albright meets KimJong Il in Pyongyang,becoming the highest-ranking U.S. official tovisit the North since1953

▼ Jan. 29, 2002President Bush, in his State of the Unionaddress, labels NorthKorea part of an “axis of evil,” along with Iraqand Iran

▼ June 29, 2002North Korean gunboatsopen fire on South Korean patrol ships inthe Yellow Sea, killingfive and wounding manyothers

▲ Sept. 17, 2002Japanese Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi travelsto Pyongyang for an unprecedented summitwith Kim Jong Il. Kimapologizes for the kid-napping of Japanese cit-izens; the leaders pledgeto normalize relations

▼ Oct. 3–4, 2002North Korean officialsshock a U.S. envoy byconfirming that they arebuilding nuclearweapons

28 time, september 30, 2002

Arafat’s LastStand? As walls crumble around Palestine’s oldsoldier, his friends grow fewer and fewer

By SIMON ROBINSON/RAMALLAH

Trapped between the imminent threat of an Israeli army bulldozer crashingthrough a ground-floor wall or catching abullet on an upper floor, Yasser Arafat spentmuch of last Friday and Saturday on the

second floor of his Ramallah refuge telephoningArab and European leaders to askfor support and fuming at the latestIsraeli incursion into his West Bankcompound. With his oldest enemiesonce again closing in around himand allies questioning whether theyshould continue to support him,Arafat was assailed from above and below.

The Israeli military operation, dubbed Matter ofTime, was launched in response to two new Pales-tinian suicide bombings. By late Saturday night,the Israelis had ripped down all but a small sectionof Arafat’s office building and planted Israel’s flagafter removing that of Palestine. Over loudspeak-ers, the Israelis demanded that a small group ofwhat they claimed were terrorists vacate the build-ing, even as their army continued to demolishwhat was left of the compound and hundreds ofPalestinians began massing in the streets of Ra-mallah to protest Israel’s tightening siege.

The first suicide bombing, last Wednesday,claimed the life of a policeman near Umm al-Fahmjunction in northern Israel. The following day, justafter 1 p.m., a man boarded a crowded No. 4 bus inthe heart of Tel Aviv. Before the driver could sellhim a ticket, the man detonated his deadly payload,killing six and wounding more than 60.The doubleblows came just hours after the Israel DefenseForces lifted its three-month-long curfew in someWest Bank cities and towns, following six weeks ofrelative calm in Israel. “As soon as we ease the

pressure, they’re getting ready for another attack,”complained a senior Israeli intelligence official.

Four hours after the Tel Aviv attack, Prime Min-ister Ariel Sharon met with Defense MinisterBinyamin Ben-Eliezer and senior military and in-telligence officials. Sharon argued that Arafat shouldbe forced into exile. But Ben-Eliezer and most ofthe other officials spoke against exile, believing itwould give Arafat new life and a ready excuse forhis inability—or refusal, as Israelis see it—to rein inmilitants. At 6:30 p.m. Sharon convened a meetingof his Cabinet and announced a plan to isolate hisold enemy but not exile or kill him.

The latest operation draws on lessons learnedfrom an earlier attempt to isolate Arafat duringOperation Defensive Shield in March and from

the May siege of Palestinian mili-tants holed up in the Church of theNativity in Bethlehem. During bothassaults, peace activists managedto get into the besieged compounds,limiting the Israeli army’s ability tooperate “and creating a show,” as

Israeli Communications Minister Reuven Rivlinputs it. This time around, some 500 soldiers fromtwo infantry battalions—under orders not to harmArafat deliberately, according to the Israeli army—surrounded the compound with tanks while mem-bers of the Diamond unit from the engineeringcorps, which specializes in controlled explosions,systematically destroyed every building except forthe one housing Arafat’s sleeping quarters and of-fice. The Palestinian Ministry of the Interior was dy-namited. A bridge between Arafat’s office and thefour-story headquarters of Palestinian military in-telligence was pushed over by a bulldozer. Tractorsdug a trench around Arafat’s building, which sol-diers then filled with razor wire. And Israeli sniperskilled at least two Palestinians. “We want to controlanyone going in or out,” says Rivlin. “We havetime, we have patience, and we are taking it step bystep. Yesterday he had 100 rooms. Now he hasonly 50. And it is getting fewer by the hour.” π

Questions1. Why did Israel launch Operation Matter of Time?2. What is the goal of the Israeli operation?

M I D D L E E A S T

Sharon announced a plan to isolate

his old enemy but not exile or kill him.

By TIM PADGETT and ANDREW DOWNIE/SAO PAULO

Washington’s bursts of interest inLatin America rarely last long. Span-ish-speaking George W. Bush came intooffice billing himself as the region’smejor amigo in the new “Century of

the Americas.” Yet when it came to Latin America’seconomic travails, Bush adhered to the principle oftough love: no more bailouts. South Americans,however, weren’t prepared for the jibe they gotfrom Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill just before avisit to the continent. Even as a parade of U.S.ceos stood accused of corruption, O’Neill remarkedthat Washington shouldn’t help save the region’sdebt-choked economies because the money mightwind up in Swiss bank accounts. His quip sentBrazil’s faltering currency, the real, into free fall.

Once O’Neill saw South America’s financialchaos up close during that quick tour of batteredBrazil, Uruguay and Argentina, he wasn’t so flip.Before he reached home, the Bush Administra-tion surprised everyone by signing off on a $30 bil-lion International Monetary Fund (imf) rescueloan for Brazil, which began to restore stability.O’Neill gave tiny Uruguay $1.5 billion from theU.S. Treasury to stop a run onthat country’s banks. Now evenprofligate, bankrupt Argentina,which has sunk into bottomlessrecession through corruption andmisguided policies, hopes to getin on the aid, though O’Neill haspromised it nothing.

The abrupt policy change fol-lowed a familiar pattern for theBush team: resist, resist, resist—especially if Bill Clinton cham-pioned it—then relent when re-ality intrudes. Brazil, with LatinAmerica’s No. 1 economy and

the world’s ninth largest, was simply too big to fail.The fallout would have rocked Wall Street, wheremajor U.S. banks and businesses have huge ex-posure—more than $100 billion in loans and in-vestments. While diehard ideologues cried be-trayal, the business-first wing of the g.o.p. wasdelighted by the Administration’s about-face. “Thebank stocks are all up,” said a Republican opera-tive. “It helped add to the feeling that we might beout of the woods.”

Politics was the bottom line, after all. Investorsset off Brazil’s crisis out of fear that the two leftistcandidates leading in presidential election pollswould reverse the country’s laudable efforts toadopt free-market reforms. A Brazilian defaultcould upset the tenuous U.S. recovery and costU.S. Republicans in November’s congressionalelections. That vote also coincides with the start ofnew negotiations for a giant hemispheric free-trade pact. If Brazil’s economy continues to meltdown, those talks will implode, causing Bush po-litical embarrassment.

The Administration’s overdue attention to the re-gion—the U.S.’s No. 1 export market—comes as theU.S. economic model that most Latin American na-tions adopted at Washington’s behest a decade ago

has been failing. Despite rosypromises that open markets andbudget austerity would improveliving standards for all, more ofthe region’s 500 million peopleare stuck in poverty, and itseconomies look more like GlobalCrossing than the global playersthey aspired to be. The sense thatWashington was losing influencein Latin America deepened lastweek when Marxist guerrillasfired mortar shells in Bogota,killing 20, during President Al-varo Uribe’s inauguration.

Bush’s Lost Continent The President promised South America close friendship but no bailouts. The inside story on why he switched on both policy positions

L A T I N A M E R I C A

time, august 19, 2002 29

Chile

Paraguay

UruguayArgentina

Bolivia

BrazilLa Paz

Sucre

Brasilia

MontevideoBuenos Aires

Asuncion

The backlash can be felt in the rise of left-wingpoliticians vowing to temper market coldhearted-ness with old-fashioned protections for workersand the poor. Erstwhile radicals like Luiz InacioLula da Silva, 56, fiery head of Brazil’s WorkersParty, are running on rejection of “the WashingtonConsensus,” as the capitalist reforms have come tobe called.

In an interview with Time, Lula made it clearthat if he becomes President, Bush’s hemispherictrade plan may have to wait beyond its current2005 deadline. “Latin America,” he says, “has to

quit treating the U.S. as an empire.” Though Lulareluctantly said he would live up to the ratherstringent terms of the imf’s loan if he is elected onOct. 6, neither he nor second-ranked Ciro Gomes,the candidate of the Workers Front coalition, isregarded with much enthusiasm in Washington. Aformer metalworker known for integrity, Lulainsists he won’t nix the capitalist reforms but willmake them fairer—starting with a crackdown onBrazil’s epic tax evasion.

Corruption is key. South America did need thediscipline and budget austerity of U.S.-backedreforms, which freed the region from cripplinghyperinflation and ushered in hundreds of billionsof dollars in foreign investment. But they couldn’twhip the plague of corrupt elites, absentee judicialsystems and addiction to foreign capital that madeLatin American capitalism as ripe for abuse and col-lapse as an Enron office suite. Says Stanford Uni-versity Latin America scholar Terry Karl: “TheWashington Consensus just further concentratedeconomic and political power in a region that al-ready had the worst inequality in the world.”

Bush’s Latin America team argues that this iswhy it refuses to bail out unreformed kleptocracieslike Argentina. Buenos Aires, said O’Neill, stilllacks a “crystal-clear idea of the rule of law.”

The Washington Consensus might have workedbetter had Washington preached open democracyas earnestly as open markets. In giant Sao Paulo,Lula’s home base, single mother Janecleide Batista,24, lost her job as a telephone operator when hercompany was sold to a foreign firm. Now she livesin a squatters’ shack on a small vacant lot witheight other families. To her, free-market reformsmean that Brazil’s World Cup-champion soccerteam “gets free new cars, while we sit here on thestreet and get nothing.” The Bush bailouts maybuy time, but they may not be enough to prop upfaith in the capitalist road to prosperity. π

Questions1. Describe the Bush Administration’s recent pol-icy changes concerning financial assistance tonations in Latin America.2. What was the impact of former Treasury Secre-tary O’Neill’s remarks on aid to Latin America?

L A T I N A M E R I C A


IS THE PRESIDENT A REAL AMIGO?George W. Bush took office claiming he wouldstart a “Century of the Americas.” But the regionfeels less than loved these days.

Aug. 25, 2000 Candidate Bush accuses Bill Clinton of neglecting Latin America. “Should I become the Presi-dent, I will look south, not as an afterthought, but as a fun-damental commitment.”

Feb. 16, 2001 Bush underscores his point by making hisfirst presidential trip abroad to Mexico to meet with like-minded President Vicente Fox.

July 16, 2001 The White House admits to talks on anew legal status for Mexican immigrants.

Sept. 5, 2001 Bush and Fox begin a high-profile U.S. tour.

April 4, 2002 Left-leaning Venezuelan President HugoChavez is ousted in a coup. Early Bush Administrationcomments seem to support the revolt. Chavez is quickly re-stored to power, and Latin American leaders questionBush’s support for democracy.

July 28, 2002 Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill sparks fi-nancial trouble and diplomatic outrage by remarking that LatinAmerican countries “need to put in place policies that wouldassure that as assistance money comes, that it doesn’t justgo out of the country to Swiss bank accounts.”

Aug. 3, 2002 The U.S. advances $1.5 billion to Uruguay asa bridge loan—to stop a bank run—until the IMF can do a deal.

Aug. 7, 2002 In a surprise move, the U.S. endorses a $30billion International Monetary Fund loan to Brazil on thelast day of O’Neill’s trip. But in Buenos Aires, where Argen-tines are desperate for help, O’Neill is heckled and his car pelt-ed with eggs. He leaves without promising anything to acountry the U.S. considers unstable.


At the time of his death, Alfred Nobel—a chemist who invented dynamite—established an annual prize to rewardoutstanding achievement in five fields: physics, chemistry,medicine, literature and world peace. (A prize in eco-nomics was added in 1968.) When the prestigious prizeswere first awarded in 1901, recipients received $40,000;they now receive more than $1 million each.

JIMMY CARTER PEACEAs former Presidents go, Jimmy Carter is tops.This was confirmed when the Nobel Committeerecognized him for his “untiring effort to findpeaceful solutions to international conflicts, to ad-vance democracy and human rights, and to pro-mote economic and social development.” The com-mittee acknowledged the role he played whilePresident in the 1978 Camp David accords, whenhe forged a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel,and for the work he has done since leaving office in1981. In 1982 Carter and his wife Rosalynn found-ed the Carter Center, which promotes humanrights, democracy and health care. He has trav-eled the world from East Timor to Haiti mediatingconflicts and monitoring elections, and promotedHabitat for Humanity, an organization that buildshousing for low-income families. In its statementthe committee noted that “in a situation currentlymarked by threats of the use of power, Carter hasstood by the principles that conflicts must as far aspossible be resolved through mediation and in-

ternational cooperation based on internationallaw.” Committee chairman Gunnar Berge said thechoice of Carter, who opposes unilateral U.S. actionagainst Iraq, should be viewed as criticism of theBush Administration’s hard-line policy on Iraq. π

IMRE KERTESZ LITERATUREIt is hardly surprising that Hungarian novelist ImreKertesz, 72, is not well known in the U.S.: onlytwo of his books have been translated into English.But he is also somewhat of a stranger in his nativecountry. His low profile may be in part because ofthe dense themes in his writing. Sent to Auschwitzat age 14 in 1944, Kertesz was transferred to, andsubsequently liberated from, Buchenwald in 1945.He returned to Hungary only to endure communistrule for four decades. In his novels and essays he re-visits the Holocaust, pondering, in the words of theNobel Committee, “the fragile experience of the in-dividual against the barbaric arbitrariness of his-tory.” His 1975 novel, Fateless, concerns a young boyshipped to Auschwitz who survives by conformingin thought and behavior. π

DANIEL KAHNEMAN ECONOMICSA professor at Princeton University, Kahneman,65, is a cognitive psychologist. In his studies he hasshown that people are not particularly wise aboutassessing probability. His work, he has said, was in-spired by such curiosities as finding that whenpolled, subjects said they would travel 20 minutesto save $5 on a $15 calculator but not spend thesame time to save $5 on a $125 jacket. Kahnemanwon the prize, according to the committee, for“having integrated insights from psychological re-search into economic science.” Upon learning thathe had won, Kahneman locked himself out of hishouse, proving again that rational thought andeconomics don’t always go hand in hand. π

Questions1. What political message did the Nobel Commit-tee send through this year’s peace prize?2. Describe the winner of the 2002 Literature prize.

W O R L D

Meet the Newest Nobel Prize Winners


Name Date

Test your knowledge of stories covered in the Current Events Update by answering the followingmultiple-choice questions.

____ 1. Demographers predict that by 2050, theworld population will reach what level? a. 7.3 billion c. 9.3 billionb. 8.6 billion d. 10.7 billion

____ 2. In the November election, Republicans:a. regained control of the House but lost control of the

Senateb. lost control of the House but regained control of the

Senatec. lost control of the House and Senated. gained control of the House and Senate

____ 3. The former U.S. President who was awardedthe Nobel Peace Prize is:a. Bill Clinton c. Ronald Reaganb. Jimmy Carter d. Gerald Ford

____ 4. The Department of Homeland Security will beheaded by:a. Tom Ridge c. Tom Daschleb. Henry Kissinger d. Nancy Pelosi

____ 5. The new Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate is:a. Trent Lott c. Nancy Pelosib. Tom Daschle d. Hillary Clinton

____ 6. Operation Bold Eagle is an anti-drug effortthat involves which of the following procedures:a. wiretapping c. Internet surveillanceb. digital photos d. fingerprinting

____ 7. Climate experts predict that, over the next 100years, world temperatures will:a. rise steadilyb. decline steadilyc. remain unchangedd. rise steeply, then fall to current levels

____ 8. The Democratic Senator from Minnesotawho was killed in an October plane crash was:a. Walter Mondale c. Paul Wellstoneb. Jesse Helms d. Norm Coleman

____ 9. Critics charge that the Homeland Security’s“Total Information Awareness” program will allowgovernment surveillance of:a. e-mailb. travel documentsc. banking recordsd. all of the above

____ 10. Prior to George W. Bush, the last RepublicanPresident to enjoy majorities in both the House andSenate was:a. Ronald Reagan c. Richard Nixonb. Gerald Ford d. Dwight Eisenhower

Match each of the locationsbelow with the descriptionat right. Write the letter ofthe correct country in thespace provided. (Note: Notall answers will be used.)

A. AfghanistanB. BaliC. BrazilD. HungaryE. IndiaF. IraqG. IsraelH. JapanI. North KoreaJ. PakistanK. United StatesL. Uruguay

____ 11. The President of this country admitted that his government has beendeveloping nuclear weapons.

____ 12. The U.S. Treasury gave this nation $1.5 billion to stop a run on banks.

____ 13. The winner of this year’s Nobel Prize in Economics is from here.

____ 14. If this nation does not curtail population growth by 2050, it will surpass China as the world’s most populous country.

____ 15. The Bush Administration surprised observers by signing off on a $30billion International Monetary Fund rescue loan for this country.

____ 16. The President of this country denies that his regime supplied North Korea’s nuclear-enrichment program.

____ 17. The winner of this year’s Nobel Prize in Literature is from this nation.

____ 18. This country’s Prime Minister announced a plan to isolate, but not toexile or kill, his political enemy.

____ 19. Al-Qaeda is suspected of bombing a nightclub on this island.

____ 20. U.N. inspectors are searching for weapons of mass destruction here.

✍WORKSHEET

Current Events In Review

Answer KeyCharts and Graphs in Focus (page 4)1. The current world populationis 6.1 billion.2. The projected world popula-tion for 2050 is 9.3 billion.3. North America: 76.7; Africa:51.4. The prevalence of aids andother life-threatening diseasesin Africa helps account for this difference.4. Projections vary; tempera-tures are expected to increasefrom 57.97˚F to between 61.5˚Fand 66˚F, largely because of thecontinued burning of fossilfuels.5. Since 1973, worldwide use ofoil has decreased. Consumptionof natural gas has increased.6. Answers will vary.7. 65% of Americans surveyed approved of the President’s job performance at the time of the poll;this figure was down from 70% in July.8. 80%.9. 25%.10. Support for military action decreased, from 73% to 51%.11. 80% planned to fly the flag;32% said they would attend amemorial service.12. 61% of young people said Sept.11 should be a national holiday.

Death on the Campaign Trail(page 5)1.Wellstone will be rememberedfor his willingness to take unpopular stands and to voteagainst the resolution grantingwar powers to President GeorgeW. Bush.2. Wellstone’s death left the Senate divided 49-49-1. Republicans were pessimisticabout being able to defeat theDemocrat who would replaceWellstone on the ballot.

The Battle Hymn of the Republicans (pages 6–9)1. Only three other times in thepast century has a President’sparty gained House seats in an off-year election, and not sincethe Civil War has the President’sparty won back a Senate majorityin a midterm contest. Bush willbe the first Republican Presidentsince Dwight Eisenhower toenjoy outright majorities in theHouse and Senate.2. Bush identified passage ofhomeland-security legislation asthe top priority on his agenda.

Homeland Security: A Primer (pages 10–11)1. The mission of the HomelandSecurity Department includescoordinating counter-terrorism

measures as well as preemptivedefense.2. Critics say that the new department will have the powerto gather private information ex-changed between U.S. citizens—including surveillance of e-mail,credit card and banking records,and travel documents.

After the Election: Bush’s Agenda(page 12) Answers will vary depending on the issue selected and on students’ views about this topic.

Give Us Your Tired … Just Not Allof Them (page 13)1. The Somalis’ arrival in Lewis-ton prompted some of the town’sresidents to suggest that thenewcomers should go home andstop taking advantage of localservices. The town’s mayorurged the Somali community tostop the flow of immigrants toLewiston.2. Residents held a Sunday walkfrom a downtown church to thelocal mosque and have befriend-ed people from different ethnicgroups in an attempt to build understanding.

Stop! And Say Cheese (page 14) 1. Operation Bold Eagle is thename for an effort by police inWilmington, Delaware, to crackdown on crime by stopping indi-viduals and then taking digitalphotos, even with no evidenceof criminal activity. The photosare then filed in a database.2. Critics charge that the program violates the FourthAmendment, because citizensare being photographed withoutreasonable cause. Proponentsclaim that the program is consti-tutional and that it is helping toreduce crime.

Everyone, Back in the Labor Pool(page 15) 1. The economic recession, along decline in stock prices, and increasing rates of joblessnesshave all caused Americans toworry about their financial future.2. In 1985, approximately 16% of men were working at age 70;today that number has risen toapproximately 23%.

Al-Qaeda: Back on the Attack(page 20) 1. The Southeast Asian group Jemaah Islamiah is suspected ofbeing responsible for the attackin Bali.2. The writer states that althoughal-Qaeda has been decentralized,its power has not been diminished.

7 Questions To Ponder (pages 21–22) 1. A successful attack could endthe threat posed by Saddam,who is suspected of continuingto accumulate weapons of massdestruction. But there is anxietythat an attack could unite Arabnations against the U.S. andcould lead Saddam to order theuse of bio-chemical weaponsagainst U.S. troops.2. Currently, the Iraqi army has375,000 men; its air force ismostly grounded; and its navy isnonexistent. But the RepublicanGuard, an elite unit, has 60,000highly trained members and isexpected to put up a bitter fight.

The Trouble With Inspections(pages 23–24)1. The U.S. believes it will findevidence of weapons of mass destruction; such a discoverycould lead to military action.Iraq claims that there are nosuch weapons and hopes thatthe inspections will lead to thelifting of economic sanctionscurrently imposed on Iraq.2. The latest declaration, whichconsists of 11,000 pages, containsIraq’s official statement on whatit currently possesses and is trying to obtain in the way of biological, chemical and nuclearweapons.

Saddam Hussein: A Gallery ofViews (page 25)1. The top cartoon portrays Sad-dam as deceptive and rebellious;the middle cartoon shows himas a cat about to be declawed bythe U.S.; and in the bottomimage he (along with Osama binLaden) has outsmarted his opponents and is living comfortably in November 2003.2. Saddam is defiant toward theU.N. in the top image. In themiddle image, the figure repre-senting the U.S. is dominatingthe frame and is about to stripSaddam of his power. The thirdcartoon predicts that Saddamwill escape harm in the comingmonths.3. The middle cartoon depicts Saddam as most vulnerable; thebottom image portrays him asmost powerful; the top imageshows him at his most rebellious. 4. In previous years, presidentialsites were off-limits to inspec-tors; Saddam’s refusal to grantaccess to these sites led to theend of inspections in 1998, andto bombing by U.S. and Britishforces. Inspectors were surprised to be greeted by Saddam’s personal secretarywhen they arrived at the al-Sajoud palace.

5. Answers will vary dependingon students’ views on weapons inspections.

Look Who’s Got the Bomb (pages 26–27)1. North Korean leaders surprised the U.S. by admittingthat they were developing nuclear weapons. They addedthat their country was also inpossession of “more powerful”weapons, most likely chemicaland biological agents.2. Kim Jong Il is sometimes hostile and at other times appears to want to improve relations with the outside world.He has been known to use thethreat of nuclear weapons togarner aid from the U.S.

Arafat’s Last Stand? (page 28)1. Israel launched Operation Matter of Time in response tonew Palestinian suicide bombings.2. The operation seeks to isolateArafat, but not to exile or killhim.

Bush’s Lost Continent (pages 29–30)1. Bush pledged that he wouldprovide no bailouts for LatinAmerican nations. Yet the BushAdministration later okayed a$30 billion rescue loan forBrazil, presumably because thecollapse of Brazil’s economywould have caused serious problems for Wall Street and for the world economy.2. O’Neill’s quip had the result of sending Brazil’s currency intoa major decline.

Meet the Newest Nobel Prize Winners (page 31)1. By awarding the Peace Prizeto former President JimmyCarter, the committee offered acriticism of the Bush Adminis-tration’s hard-line policy on Iraq.2. Literature Prize Winner ImreKertesz is a Hungarian novelistwho writes about the Holocaustand probes the “barbaric arbitrariness of history.”

Current Events in Review (page 32)1.c 2.d 3.b 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.d 10.d 11.I 12.L 13.K14.E 15.C 16.J 17.D 18.G 19.B20.F

S P A C E

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ISBN 0-07-830693-0

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