Hate Crime Hate Crime Victimization: Victimization:

Implications for Mental Implications for Mental Health PracticeHealth Practice

Edward Dunbar, Ed.D. Edward Dunbar, Ed.D. Pacific Psychological Associates and University of Pacific Psychological Associates and University of California, Los AngelesCalifornia, Los Angeles

Tracy Marsh, Ph.D. Tracy Marsh, Ph.D. Walden UniversityWalden University

What We Will DiscussWhat We Will Discuss

1.1. Incidence of hate crimes in California and the USIncidence of hate crimes in California and the US

2.2. Crime scene and rap sheet data on hate crime Crime scene and rap sheet data on hate crime offenders who target GLBT victimsoffenders who target GLBT victims

3.3. Help-seeking activity of GLBT hate crime victimsHelp-seeking activity of GLBT hate crime victims

4.4. Clinical practices to treat victims of bias Clinical practices to treat victims of bias aggression and hate crimesaggression and hate crimes

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Hate Crimes ReportingHate Crimes Reporting

In 1990, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act was In 1990, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act was enacted enacted ““to collect data on crimes committed to collect data on crimes committed because of the victim's race, religion, disability, because of the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.”sexual orientation, or ethnicity.”

Statistics differ based on source (national, state, Statistics differ based on source (national, state, local, research-based).local, research-based).

The Department of Justice estimates significant The Department of Justice estimates significant underreporting of GLBT hate crimes by as much underreporting of GLBT hate crimes by as much as 24x -28xas 24x -28x

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Orange = Hate Crimes Laws Include Sexual Orientation and Gender Orange = Hate Crimes Laws Include Sexual Orientation and Gender IdentityIdentityYellow = Hate Crimes Laws Include Sexual OrientationYellow = Hate Crimes Laws Include Sexual OrientationWhite = No Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity Hate Crimes LawWhite = No Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity Hate Crimes Law

Hate Crimes Legislation Hate Crimes Legislation

44

12%12% 14%14% 20%20% 16%16% 1 16%6% 14%14% 1 17%7% 1 16%6% 16%16% 14%14% 16%16% (percentage of all hate crimes reported) (percentage of all hate crimes reported)

National: Total OffensesNational: Total Offenses

55

Prevalence TrendsPrevalence Trends

Upwards of 75% of the GLB population have Upwards of 75% of the GLB population have reported verbal harassment due to sexual reported verbal harassment due to sexual orientation.orientation.

Roughly 25% have been the victim of actual or Roughly 25% have been the victim of actual or attempted crimes against their person.attempted crimes against their person.

Gay men are the most frequently targeted, Gay men are the most frequently targeted, followed by lesbians, and then bisexual men and followed by lesbians, and then bisexual men and women.women.

Very little data collected on hate crimes against Very little data collected on hate crimes against transgender men or women. transgender men or women.

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California:California:

GLBT hate crimes increased 7% from 2006 to GLBT hate crimes increased 7% from 2006 to 2007.2007.

GLBT hate crimes represent 18% of all GLBT hate crimes represent 18% of all reported hate crimes state-wide.reported hate crimes state-wide.

Gay men are the most frequently targeted Gay men are the most frequently targeted GLBT victims (50%).GLBT victims (50%).

Crimes against transgender men and women Crimes against transgender men and women nearly tripled from 2006 to 2007 (25 total nearly tripled from 2006 to 2007 (25 total incidents).incidents).

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Los Angeles County: Los Angeles County:

Hate crimes targeting GLBT victims increased 9% in Hate crimes targeting GLBT victims increased 9% in 2007.2007.

Total incidents against GLBT represent 15% of all hate Total incidents against GLBT represent 15% of all hate crimes.crimes.

Gay men most frequently targeted (92%)Gay men most frequently targeted (92%)

Latino most frequently targeted (42%), followed by Latino most frequently targeted (42%), followed by Caucasian (38%) and Black (14%)Caucasian (38%) and Black (14%)

Crimes due to gender orientation represent 2% of Crimes due to gender orientation represent 2% of total, but more than doubled from 2006 to 2007.total, but more than doubled from 2006 to 2007.

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Offenders of Sexual Offenders of Sexual Orientation Bias CrimesOrientation Bias Crimes

Who are these people and what do Who are these people and what do

they do?they do?

99

Tell me what is theTell me what is the ‘Hate Crime Thing?’ ‘Hate Crime Thing?’

Dunbar: “Tell me what is the ‘hate crime thing?’Dunbar: “Tell me what is the ‘hate crime thing?’

Howard: “I robbed a homosexual on Santa Monica, I had Howard: “I robbed a homosexual on Santa Monica, I had been doin’ it all night on … getting a lot of those guys …. been doin’ it all night on … getting a lot of those guys …. I was with 5 other guys when we picked him. I had I was with 5 other guys when we picked him. I had robbed lots of homosexuals because they have the robbed lots of homosexuals because they have the money…I know all of them … money…I know all of them …

________________________________________________________

Dunbar: “So do you feel bad about the guy you beat up Dunbar: “So do you feel bad about the guy you beat up being disabled?”being disabled?”

Dan: “No… I am upset that I won’t get a job now.”Dan: “No… I am upset that I won’t get a job now.”1010

Composite Offender Profile: Composite Offender Profile: Sexual Orientation Bias Sexual Orientation Bias

CrimesCrimes

MeanMean 2525thth%% 5050thth%% 7575thth%%

Offender AgeOffender Age 28.3 28.3 19 19 25 25 33 33

Offender Gender Men: 90% Offender Gender Men: 90% Women: 10%Women: 10%

Offender Race/Ethnicity: Offender Race/Ethnicity:

African-American 19% African-American 19%

Euro-White 30% Euro-White 30%

Latino 42%Latino 42%

Los Angeles City 2000 hate crime offenders (n=163) Los Angeles City 2000 hate crime offenders (n=163)

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Crime Scene Indicators: Crime Scene Indicators: Offenders of Sexual Offenders of Sexual

Orientation Hate CrimesOrientation Hate Crimes

Mileage: home to crime scene: 71% less than 1 mile (Mean 3.2 miles)Mileage: home to crime scene: 71% less than 1 mile (Mean 3.2 miles) 10% more than 10 miles10% more than 10 miles

Offender numberOffender number 58% single offender 58% single offender 42% multiple offenders42% multiple offenders

Robbery/Burglary motiveRobbery/Burglary motive 5% property motive reported5% property motive reported 95% no property motive95% no property motive

Frequency of offenseFrequency of offense 85% single incident85% single incident 15% serial/recurring crime15% serial/recurring crime

Offender psychological symptomsOffender psychological symptoms 1% bizarre symptoms/behavior 1% bizarre symptoms/behavior 99% no identified symptoms99% no identified symptoms

Offender intoxicationOffender intoxication 11% clearly intoxicated11% clearly intoxicated

89% no evidence of intoxication89% no evidence of intoxication

Drugs/alcohol at sceneDrugs/alcohol at scene 7% substances found7% substances found93% no substances reported 93% no substances reported

   1212

Offender Criminal History Offender Criminal History

Criminal HistoryCriminal History MeanMean Frequency Frequency

Juvenile Charges:Juvenile Charges: .78 .78 20% had 1 or more 20% had 1 or more juvenile charges juvenile charges

Misdemeanor Convictions:Misdemeanor Convictions: 1.11 37% had 1 or more 1.11 37% had 1 or more adult charges adult charges

Felony Convictions:Felony Convictions: 1.50 32% had 1 or more 1.50 32% had 1 or more adult convictions adult convictions

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Violence Risk Violence Risk Characteristics of Characteristics of

Offenders of Sexual Offenders of Sexual Orientation Hate CrimesOrientation Hate Crimes

History of prior violence 59% clear evidence / 9% probable prior violenceHistory of prior violence 59% clear evidence / 9% probable prior violence

Age at first violent act 58% violent prior to age 20 / 31% violent between 20-30Age at first violent act 58% violent prior to age 20 / 31% violent between 20-30

Employment problems 74% significant problems / 21% marginally employedEmployment problems 74% significant problems / 21% marginally employed

Substance abuse problems 55% significant problems / 40% some problemsSubstance abuse problems 55% significant problems / 40% some problems

Serious psychopathology 32% severe disturbance / 52% less severe disturbanceSerious psychopathology 32% severe disturbance / 52% less severe disturbance

Early childhood problems 61% significant childhood problems / 33% less severe  Early childhood problems 61% significant childhood problems / 33% less severe  

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Offenders of Sexual Offenders of Sexual Orientation Hate Crimes: Orientation Hate Crimes:

Bias Indicators Bias Indicators

Hate languageHate language 90% clearly present90% clearly present

Hate symbols/icons presentHate symbols/icons present 5% clearly present 5% clearly present

Hate gang/group memberHate gang/group member 6% group member 6% group member

Expressed hate ideologyExpressed hate ideology 24% clearly 24% clearly

present present

Prior hate aggressionPrior hate aggression 11% strong indication11% strong indication

1515

““Group Risk” HypothesisGroup Risk” Hypothesis

Outgroup persons face greater risk of hate Outgroup persons face greater risk of hate victimization than dominant cultural group personsvictimization than dominant cultural group persons

Victim help-seeking behavior is mediated by Victim help-seeking behavior is mediated by worldview assumptions of their social ingroups worldview assumptions of their social ingroups

which may be contrary to dominant culture moreswhich may be contrary to dominant culture mores

Institutional response to hate violence is Institutional response to hate violence is contingent upon dominant culture assumptions contingent upon dominant culture assumptions concerning the victim’s social ingroup(s). concerning the victim’s social ingroup(s).

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Post Traumatic Stress Post Traumatic Stress DisorderDisorder

“…“…development of characteristic symptoms development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme stressor…”following exposure to an extreme stressor…”

““The disorder may be especially severe or long The disorder may be especially severe or long lasting when the stressor is of human design”.lasting when the stressor is of human design”.

Must be present for more than 1 month Must be present for more than 1 month following the event, and involve impairment of following the event, and involve impairment of social, occupational or other areas of social, occupational or other areas of functioning.functioning.

Severity, duration and proximity of the event Severity, duration and proximity of the event are most important determinants of likelihood are most important determinants of likelihood for developing PTSD. for developing PTSD.

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PTSD: CriteriaPTSD: Criteria

Persistent re-experiencing of the Persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic eventtraumatic event

Persistent avoidance of stimuli Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma.associated with trauma.

Numbing of general responsiveness.Numbing of general responsiveness.

Persistent symptoms of increased Persistent symptoms of increased arousal.arousal.

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PTSD: Common SymptomsPTSD: Common Symptoms

Hypervigilance / startle response.Hypervigilance / startle response. Impaired affect modulationImpaired affect modulation Self-destructive / impulsive behaviorSelf-destructive / impulsive behavior Dissociative symptomsDissociative symptoms Somatic complaints, difficulty sleepingSomatic complaints, difficulty sleeping Feelings of ineffectiveness, shame, or guiltFeelings of ineffectiveness, shame, or guilt Despair, hopelessness, irritability, outburstsDespair, hopelessness, irritability, outbursts Hostility, social withdrawalHostility, social withdrawal Feeling permanently damagedFeeling permanently damaged

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PTSD: PrevalencePTSD: Prevalence

Prevalence in the ‘general’ population: Prevalence in the ‘general’ population: 5-10%5-10%

GLBT victims of hate crime show increased rates of GLBT victims of hate crime show increased rates of depression, anxiety, anger, and PTSD (Herek, 1997)depression, anxiety, anger, and PTSD (Herek, 1997)

31% 31% of a GLBT sample who had experienced a hate of a GLBT sample who had experienced a hate crime experienced PTSD (full, partial, or symptoms): crime experienced PTSD (full, partial, or symptoms): this is 3-4x the rate for non-GLB population (Dillon, this is 3-4x the rate for non-GLB population (Dillon, 2001).2001).

9% 9% of a UK sample of adults showed signs of PTSD of a UK sample of adults showed signs of PTSD from victimization suffered in school as a from victimization suffered in school as a child/adolescent (Rivers & Cowie, 2006)child/adolescent (Rivers & Cowie, 2006)

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GLBT Hate Crime GLBT Hate Crime Victimization:Victimization:

Herek’s Sacramento StudyHerek’s Sacramento Study Nearly one-fifth of women and more than one-Nearly one-fifth of women and more than one-

fourth of men had experienced a sexual fourth of men had experienced a sexual orientation hate crime during their lifetime. orientation hate crime during their lifetime.

Hate crime victims had higher levels of Hate crime victims had higher levels of depression, stress, and anger for as long as 5 depression, stress, and anger for as long as 5 years after their victimization occurred. years after their victimization occurred.

Hate crimes were less likely than other crimes Hate crimes were less likely than other crimes to be reported to the police (33% vs. 57%).to be reported to the police (33% vs. 57%).

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GLBT Hate Crime GLBT Hate Crime Victimization Patterns:Victimization Patterns:

Factors of Victim Impact and ReportageFactors of Victim Impact and Reportage

What behavioral characteristics of hate crimes What behavioral characteristics of hate crimes areare

predictive of GLBT victimization?predictive of GLBT victimization?

Do specific hate crime acts mediate help seeking Do specific hate crime acts mediate help seeking behavior?behavior?

Does victim gender and race/ethnicity mediate Does victim gender and race/ethnicity mediate help seeking behavior of GLBT hate crime help seeking behavior of GLBT hate crime victims?victims?

What are the implications for victim assistance? What are the implications for victim assistance? 2222

CEU QuizCEU Quiz

What does The Diagnostic and Statistical What does The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) tell Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) tell us about:us about:

Racism?Racism?

Homosexual panic?Homosexual panic?

Hate crime victimization?Hate crime victimization?

Pathological bias?Pathological bias?2323

CEU Quiz: AnswerCEU Quiz: Answer

Nothing!Nothing!

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Help-seeking and Hate Help-seeking and Hate Crime VictimizationCrime Victimization

Help-seeking: Help-seeking: The victim’s effort to secure The victim’s effort to secure

assistance for legal, medical, psychological, assistance for legal, medical, psychological,

and economic problems related to crime and economic problems related to crime

victimization.victimization.

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Client Help-Seeking:Client Help-Seeking:

Seeking personal/crisis counseling.Seeking personal/crisis counseling. Speaking with a religious person.Speaking with a religious person. Seeking legal advice/representation.Seeking legal advice/representation. Prayer or meditation.Prayer or meditation. Victim support group participation.Victim support group participation. Advice from mentor or family member.Advice from mentor or family member. Attending a workshop on how to deal with harassment.Attending a workshop on how to deal with harassment. Third party mediation.Third party mediation. Talking with friends.Talking with friends.

    

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Severity of Impact Severity of Impact EstimatesEstimates

for Diverse Categories of for Diverse Categories of Bias MotivationBias Motivation

Crime Categories:Crime Categories: NN Impact Estimate Impact Estimate____________________________________________________________________________________________

Race/EthnicityRace/Ethnicity 808 68.43 808 68.43

ReligionReligion 167 167 62.72 62.72

Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation 551 551 80.55 80.55____________________________________________________________________________________________F-Value = 14.53 p<.0001F-Value = 14.53 p<.0001

LA County 1994 to 19972727

Logistic Regression Results of Hate Acts Predictive of Sexual

Orientation Versus Other Hate Crime Attributes

Variable Variable B Wald Sig R Exp(B) B Wald Sig R Exp(B)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Assault .0091 9.48 .0021 .06 1.01 Assault .0091 9.48 .0021 .06 1.01 ADW ADW -.0146 23.74 .0001 -.11-.0146 23.74 .0001 -.11 .98 .98Sexual AssaultSexual Assault .0415 .0415 16.75 .0001 .09 1.05 16.75 .0001 .09 1.05Sexual ThreatSexual Threat .0552 .0552 6.02 .01 .05 1.05 6.02 .01 .05 1.05Hate Speech/VHate Speech/V -.0049 32.38-.0049 32.38 .0001 -.13 .0001 -.13 .97 .97Hate Speech/P -.0649 40.90 .0001 -.14Hate Speech/P -.0649 40.90 .0001 -.14 .93 .93Hate GraffitiHate Graffiti -.0668 41.93-.0668 41.93 .0001 -.14 .0001 -.14 .94 .94StalkingStalking .0529 4.17 .0411 .04 1.05 .0529 4.17 .0411 .04 1.05__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chi Square = 26.5 <.0001 Accuracy of Prediction: 69.81%Chi Square = 26.5 <.0001 Accuracy of Prediction: 69.81%

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GLBT Hate Crime GLBT Hate Crime Victimization: Victimization:

Law Enforcement Reportage Law Enforcement Reportage

Reported to Reported to Reported to Reported to

Gay/Lesbian Gay/Lesbian Law Law Enforcement Enforcement

PopulationPopulation Service CenterService Center (LAPD - Sheriff) (LAPD - Sheriff)

________________________________________________________________________________

Gay MenGay Men 24% 24% 76% 76%

LesbiansLesbians 35% 35% 65% 65%

LA County Human Relations data 1994-1997

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LA County Human Relations:LA County Human Relations: Help-Seeking of Hate Crime Help-Seeking of Hate Crime

VictimsVictims

   Hate crimes against African-American Hate crimes against African-American men and GLBT persons were more men and GLBT persons were more severe than crimes against other victim severe than crimes against other victim groups.groups.

Multiple-offender crimes (62%) were Multiple-offender crimes (62%) were significantly less likely to be reported to significantly less likely to be reported to law enforcement than were single-law enforcement than were single-offender crimes (90%).offender crimes (90%).

1994-1997 (n=2,330)1994-1997 (n=2,330)3030

Relationship of Perpetrator Relationship of Perpetrator Number to Law Enforcement Number to Law Enforcement

ReportageReportage

Single Multiple UnknownSingle Multiple Unknown

Status Offender Offenders Offender Status Offender Offenders Offender

Did Report 90% 68% 92% Did Report 90% 68% 92%

Did Not Report 10% 32% 8% Did Not Report 10% 32% 8%

Severity of Severity of 70.12 85.4 73.37 70.12 85.4 73.37

Impact ScoreImpact Score

1995 to 1999 LA County data

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Hate Crime Severity of Hate Crime Severity of Impact Estimates for GLBT Impact Estimates for GLBT Victims by Race/Ethnicity Victims by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnic Groups:Race/Ethnic Groups: N N Impact Impact EstimateEstimate

______________________________________________________________________________________African-AmericanAfrican-American 50 50 67.70 67.70

Asian-PacificAsian-Pacific 26 26 56.65 56.65

Euro-WhiteEuro-White 297 297 66.37 66.37

LatinoLatino 124 124 71.30 71.30______________________________________________________________________________________F-Value = 1.80 p<.15F-Value = 1.80 p<.15

3232

LA County Human LA County Human Relations:Relations:

Help-Seeking of Hate Crime Help-Seeking of Hate Crime VictimsVictims

Victim Gender- Victim Gender- Cormier-Lang Offense Severity Cormier-Lang Offense Severity

Race/Ethnic Race/Ethnic Person Property Person Property Functional Report Functional Report LawLaw

NN Crimes Crimesaa Crimes Impact Crimes Impact EnforcementEnforcement

bb

Euro-White 237Euro-White 237 4.254.25 2.582.58 72.34 72.34 81%  81% 

Gay MenGay Men

Euro-White 62Euro-White 62 5.405.40 2.562.56 70.26 70.26 71% 71%

LesbiansLesbians

Gay Men 189Gay Men 189 5.065.06 2.262.26 72.43 72.43 66% 66%

of Colorof Color

Lesbians Lesbians 51 51 7.497.49 2.322.32 73.90 73.90 52%52%

of Colorof ColorA A FF (3, 488) = 2.93, p < .03 (3, 488) = 2.93, p < .03 b b χ² = 15.57, χ² = 15.57, pp < .0008 < .0008

3333

HLR Model: Predicting Law HLR Model: Predicting Law Enforcement Reportage of Enforcement Reportage of

Sexual Orientation Hate CrimesSexual Orientation Hate Crimes

StepStep Variable Variable B B Wald R Exp(B) Wald R Exp(B)

1. 1. Cormier-Lang Offense Severity -.10 8.97 -.12** .90Cormier-Lang Offense Severity -.10 8.97 -.12** .90

Category One: Person CrimesCategory One: Person Crimes

Cormier-Lang Offense Severity -.04 .27 -.02 .96Cormier-Lang Offense Severity -.04 .27 -.02 .96

Category Two: Property CrimesCategory Two: Property Crimes

2. Severity of victim impact -.01 .86 .01 1.012. Severity of victim impact -.01 .86 .01 1.01

3. 3. Victim race and genderVictim race and gender -.32 10.18 -.13*** .70 -.32 10.18 -.13*** .70

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LA County Human Relations:LA County Human Relations: Help-Seeking of Hate Crime Help-Seeking of Hate Crime

VictimsVictims

GLBT hate crimes revealed distinctly different GLBT hate crimes revealed distinctly different rates of law enforcement reportage: white rates of law enforcement reportage: white men (91%), white women (82%), men of color men (91%), white women (82%), men of color (64%), and lesbians of color (42%).(64%), and lesbians of color (42%).

    More violent hate crimes (e.g. sexual assault) More violent hate crimes (e.g. sexual assault) were predictive of under-reportage, whereas were predictive of under-reportage, whereas property offenses (graffiti) predicted to property offenses (graffiti) predicted to higher-reportage to law enforcement.higher-reportage to law enforcement.

3535

Treatment Failures with GLBTTreatment Failures with GLBT Hate Crime Victims Hate Crime Victims

Victim of chronic workplace harassmentVictim of chronic workplace harassment

Chronic persecution of professional Chronic persecution of professional

Victim/litigant of chronic hate stalkingVictim/litigant of chronic hate stalking

Police harassment victimPolice harassment victim

3636

Recovery from Acute Gay Recovery from Acute Gay Bashing: Erin’s Bashing: Erin’s StoryStory

Assaulted by 8 to 10 young men while with your Assaulted by 8 to 10 young men while with your partner on public street outside a neighborhood partner on public street outside a neighborhood barbar

Very slow PD response; “take a self-defense class”Very slow PD response; “take a self-defense class” Your partner is an undocumented resident and has Your partner is an undocumented resident and has

a concussion.a concussion. Your Dad says “it is your lifestyle”Your Dad says “it is your lifestyle”

You have midterms, no insurance, and your angeredYou have midterms, no insurance, and your angered

friend has a baseball bat and is looking for thefriend has a baseball bat and is looking for the

offenders… what are you going to do?offenders… what are you going to do?3737

A Model of Psychotherapy A Model of Psychotherapy Treatment with Victims of Hate Treatment with Victims of Hate

CrimesCrimes

The five treatment tasks are: The five treatment tasks are:

1.1. Event containment and safetyEvent containment and safety

2.2. Assessment of client-event characteristicsAssessment of client-event characteristics

3.3. Addressing diversity in the counseling Addressing diversity in the counseling

alliancealliance

4.4. Acute symptom reductionAcute symptom reduction

5.5. Identity recovery and reformation Identity recovery and reformation 3838

SGCS Task 1: SGCS Task 1: Event Containment and Event Containment and

Safety Safety 11. Risk of continued victimization . Risk of continued victimization

A. Does perpetrator know victim’s:A. Does perpetrator know victim’s:

- Place of residence - Place of residence    

- Workplace/school - Workplace/school

- Place of worship  - Place of worship  

- Frequent public “haunts” - Frequent public “haunts” B. Means to communicate with victim B. Means to communicate with victim

(telephone number or e-mail)(telephone number or e-mail)3939

SGCS Task 1: SGCS Task 1: Event Containment and Event Containment and

SafetySafetyC. Has perpetrator been identified?C. Has perpetrator been identified? - Is perpetrator incarcerated/detained?  - Is perpetrator incarcerated/detained?   - Are there co-perpetrators?  - Are there co-perpetrators?  

2. Is event on-going/recurring NOW?  2. Is event on-going/recurring NOW?  

3. Has victim filed report/complaint with 3. Has victim filed report/complaint with appropriate agencies?appropriate agencies?

   

4. Has victim’s daily routine/lifestyle been 4. Has victim’s daily routine/lifestyle been modified? modified?

4040

SGCS Task 1: Event SGCS Task 1: Event Containment and Safety - Re-Containment and Safety - Re-

Victimization RiskVictimization Risk

What is the:What is the:

  

A. Objective Risk of recurring perpetrationA. Objective Risk of recurring perpetration

    Very High High Moderate Low Cannot DetermineVery High High Moderate Low Cannot Determine

  

B. What is Objective Risk of recurring B. What is Objective Risk of recurring perpetrationperpetration

    Very High High Moderate Low Cannot Determine Very High High Moderate Low Cannot Determine

4141

SGCS Task 2: Assessment of SGCS Task 2: Assessment of Client-Event CharacteristicsClient-Event Characteristics

a. Analysis of event (e.g. legal criteria, a. Analysis of event (e.g. legal criteria, traumatic triggers).traumatic triggers).

b. Determine client history of traumatic b. Determine client history of traumatic events.events.

c. Assess client's ingroup identity attitudes.c. Assess client's ingroup identity attitudes.

d. Define history of intergroup contact d. Define history of intergroup contact experiences.experiences.

e. Assess pre- and post-event psychological e. Assess pre- and post-event psychological symptoms symptoms ((e.g. PTSD symptoms, depression, alcohol abuse).. 4242

SGCS Task 3SGCS Task 3: : Addressing Addressing Diversity in the Counseling Diversity in the Counseling

AllianceAlliance

Core tasks: Core tasks: (a) Practitioner determination of cultural (a) Practitioner determination of cultural competence and credibility.competence and credibility.(b) Address practitioner and client (b) Address practitioner and client

counseling- counseling- damaging behaviors.damaging behaviors.(c) Assess role of worldviews upon counseling(c) Assess role of worldviews upon counseling process.process.(d) Articulate themes of ingroup resilience (d) Articulate themes of ingroup resilience

andand coping. coping. 4343

SGCS Task 4:SGCS Task 4:Acute Symptom ReductionAcute Symptom Reduction

a. Establish treatment goals and options.a. Establish treatment goals and options.

b. Skills training in stress inoculation.b. Skills training in stress inoculation.

c. Exposure de-sensitization c. Exposure de-sensitization in vivo in vivo to critical event.to critical event.

d. Re-frame trauma-induced ideation and d. Re-frame trauma-induced ideation and attributions.attributions.

e. Skills training in anger/affect management.e. Skills training in anger/affect management.

f.  Measure and educate about PTSD symptoms of f.  Measure and educate about PTSD symptoms of intrusions, arousal, and avoidance.intrusions, arousal, and avoidance.

g. Engage in dialogic problem confrontation.g. Engage in dialogic problem confrontation.

h. Monitor symptom change.h. Monitor symptom change.

4444

SGCS Task 4:SGCS Task 4:Acute Symptom ReductionAcute Symptom Reduction

Goal of this phase of treatment is Goal of this phase of treatment is establishment of effective establishment of effective somatic desensitization skills to somatic desensitization skills to trauma triggers and the initiation trauma triggers and the initiation of a cognitive re-structuring of of a cognitive re-structuring of affects and “automatic thoughts” affects and “automatic thoughts” associated with victimization and associated with victimization and outgroup contact experiences.outgroup contact experiences.

4545

SGCS Task 4: SGCS Task 4: Dialogic RecoveryDialogic Recovery

1.1. Writing about recall of the event(s). Writing about recall of the event(s).

2.2. Identifying traumatic triggers (used in Identifying traumatic triggers (used in mental imagery exposure work).mental imagery exposure work).

3.3. Journal writing about reactions to event Journal writing about reactions to event , practices of staying safe, and , practices of staying safe, and perceptions of the offender. perceptions of the offender.

4.4. Identifying ‘stuck points’ and re-Identifying ‘stuck points’ and re-structuring of beliefs – Action – Belief – structuring of beliefs – Action – Belief – Consequences. Consequences.

4646

SGCS Task 4: SGCS Task 4: Psycho-physiological IssuesPsycho-physiological Issues

Higher levels of cortisol – short term impacts poor Higher levels of cortisol – short term impacts poor sleep status and working memory problems. Long sleep status and working memory problems. Long term – hypercortisolimia hypothesis.term – hypercortisolimia hypothesis.

SSRIs may help reduce acute rumination; NE acting SSRIs may help reduce acute rumination; NE acting drugs may enhance intrusive recall of distal drugs may enhance intrusive recall of distal trauma.trauma.

CNS depressants – e.g. alcohol, marijuana and CNS depressants – e.g. alcohol, marijuana and benzodiazepines - may be abused by crime benzodiazepines - may be abused by crime victims.victims.

Somatic/desensitization treatments can reduce Somatic/desensitization treatments can reduce sympathetic NS response and increase sympathetic NS response and increase parasympathetic NS response to trauma triggers. parasympathetic NS response to trauma triggers.

4747

SGCS Task 5:SGCS Task 5: Identity Recovery Identity Recovery

Core task: repair ingroup identity and improveCore task: repair ingroup identity and improveintergroup contact skills. intergroup contact skills.

(a) Cognitive re-framing of intrusive thoughts (a) Cognitive re-framing of intrusive thoughts

of victimizationof victimization

(b) In situ desensitization to benign contact(b) In situ desensitization to benign contact

experiences experiences

(c) DBT/WISE Mind practice of intentional outgroup (c) DBT/WISE Mind practice of intentional outgroup contactcontact

(d) Engage in healthy ingroup experiences.(d) Engage in healthy ingroup experiences.4848

Identity challenges andIdentity challenges and Hate Crime Victimization Hate Crime Victimization

Regressive Regressive

Status Quo – healthy denialStatus Quo – healthy denial

Ingroup idealization/cocooningIngroup idealization/cocooning

Ingroup/outgroup inclusivenessIngroup/outgroup inclusiveness4949

SGCS Task 5:SGCS Task 5: DBT/WISE MIND “FAST” ScriptDBT/WISE MIND “FAST” Script

Be Be FFairair

Do not Do not AApologizepologize

SStick to your valuestick to your values

Be Be TTruthfulruthful5050

SGCS Task 5:SGCS Task 5: Identity Recovery via Contact via Contact

Contact Hypothesis (Allport, 1953): Contact Hypothesis (Allport, 1953):

The role of interpersonal experience with The role of interpersonal experience with

outgroupoutgroup

persons to create favorable or unfavorable persons to create favorable or unfavorable

attitudes. attitudes.

This can also allow for increased physiological This can also allow for increased physiological

relaxation in benign inter-group interactions. relaxation in benign inter-group interactions. 5151

In Summary …..In Summary …..

Hate crimes are infrequent offenses that are Hate crimes are infrequent offenses that are often under-reported by GLBT victims.often under-reported by GLBT victims.

Under-reportage may be greater for multiple Under-reportage may be greater for multiple minority persons and victims of more violent minority persons and victims of more violent hate crimes.hate crimes.

Recovery from hate crimes involves reduction Recovery from hate crimes involves reduction of acute trauma symptoms, recovery of a of acute trauma symptoms, recovery of a healthy ingroup identity, and development of healthy ingroup identity, and development of intergroup competence.intergroup competence. 5252

Contact Contact

Edward Dunbar:Edward Dunbar:

edunbar@ucla.eduedunbar@ucla.edu

Website (under construction):Website (under construction):

http://edunbar.bol.ucla.edu/index.htmlhttp://edunbar.bol.ucla.edu/index.html

Tracy Marsh:Tracy Marsh:tmarsh@waldenu.edu

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