Giti Sadeghian Dermatologist Skin diseases and leishmaniasis research

centreIsfahan university of medical sciences

The cosmetic and beauty industry is one of the world’s oldest professions, dating as far back as 1000 B.C. The use of ointments and oils was recorded on papyrus by the Ancient Egyptians.

Cold cream is said to have been invented by the ancient Greek physician Galen.

Galen during the 2nd century. It was called “cold cream” because as the water evaporated from the skin, it gave a feeling of coolness. Yield 8 ounces1/8 tsp borax powder¼ cup distilled water½ cup Olive Oil2 Tbsp grated beeswax1 tsp rosewater

Aging Skin

How skin ages depends on a number of factors. The Intrencic factor that determines the way a person ages is underlying genetics. Other internal influences include diet, lifestyle, drug, and alcohol history. Smoking, a cause of premature aging of the skin, has been directly linked with elevations in matrixmetalloproteinase- 1 (MMP-1), which is a zinc-dependent protease responsible for degradation of dermal collagen.

Environmental exposures, including weather changes and pollutants, have a direct impact on skin aging, with the most profound de gradative changes caused by chronic UV exposure with resultant photoaging.

TREATMENT OF AGING Primary prevention refers to the reduction of risk

factors before a disease or condition has occurred (sun protection). Secondary prevention is early detection of disease,

potentially while still asymptomatic, to allow positive interference to prevent, postpone, or attenuate the symptomatic clinical condition( Using anti aging creams like retinoic Acid Antioxidants and etc)

Tertiary prevention is the treatment of an existing symptomatic disease process to ameliorate its effects or delay its progress

(Chemical Peel Microdermabrasion Laser and etc) .

Secondary preventionRetinoids:Increase proliferation and differentiation of

kerstinocytes.Exfoliate of abnormal hyperpigmentation.Inhibit tyrosinase activity.Increase normal collagen formation.Decrease abnormal fibrillar formation.Elastin formation also increase.Retinoids fading dark mark, evening skin

tone ,reducing skin wrinkling and eliminating roughness .

Retinoids:Several weeks of

treatment with tretinoin are required before clinical improvement is appreciated.

The greatest obstacle to tretinoin use is irritation in the form of erythema, peeling, and stinging which decline with continued use.

Tretinoin (all-transretinoic acid)

, a nonselective agent that activates all RARs directly and RXRs indirectly, has been shown to improve the clinical signs of photo aging in controlled clinical trials.

Tazaroteneis a second-generation retinoid that selectively binds RAR-gamma and RAR-B . Like tretinoin, tazarorene is effective in the treatment of photodamage. Reduced atypia and restoration of keratinocyte polarity have also been noted after tazarotene therapy.

In a 24-week randomized, controlled, double-blind study, treatment with 0.1% tazarotene resulted in significant improvement in numerous clinical assessments of photodamage.

Additional clinical improvement occurred during an open-label extension and had not reached a plateau by week 52.

Alpha-Hydroxy Acids Creams(AHAs): About 25 years before glycolic acid

made its dramatic entry into the cosmetic skin care market in the early 1990, lactic acid had been described as part of the skin’s NMF and was used with great success in skin moisturizers.

There are two main benefits of AHA’s: Moisturization

Wrinkle reduction.

They have the ability to 1-Synthesis new collagen and hyaloronic acid, 2- Reduce the cohesion of dead corneocytes to the skin, giving the skin a smoother, less wrinkled, and less mottled appearance.

Alpha-Hydroxy Acids Creams(AHAs)

Although these naturally occurring organic acids are often referred to as fruit acids because they are found in many common fruits such as citrus fruits (citric acid), apples (malic acid), and grapes (tartaric acid), the two most widely used AHAs are not components of fruit.

Glycolic acid is a sugar cane derivative, and lactic acid is derived from milk

Alpha-Hydroxy Acids Creams(AHAs)AHA+Retinoids products

It is ideal to couple these products with topical retinoids and lightening agents to enhance these effects.

The effectiveness of AHAs in reversing the signs of aging were also coupled with problems of stinging, burning, and irritation, which were usually associated with a pH less than 3.5.

Polyhydroxy Acids Cream(PHAs)

The polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) are the next generation of AHAs.

Polyhydroxy Acids Cream(PHAs)PHAs include gluconolactonelactobionic acid, which are structurally larger molecules

than AHAs allowing for slower skin penetration and thus fewer side effects.

without the potentially irritating side effects of burning and stinging .

The chemical structure of PHA:

Polyhydroxy Acids (PHAs)They provide the anti-aging, skin-smoothingIn addition to the exfoliative benefits of AHAs,

PHAs provide additional benefits of Enhanced stratum corneum barrier function .Moisturization with humectant properties. This makes for enhanced skin compatibility

and use for most skin types, including sensitive skins.

PHAs are also protective since most of them contain antioxidant properties.

Improvement of skin characteristics after 3 months:

Beta-Hydroxy Acids (BHAs)The most frequently used beta-hydroxy acid is salicylic acid. It is found in most over-the-counter (OTC) products and has been used primarily in the treatment of acne. Part of its effectiveness as an acne treatment may stem from its lipid solubility and ability to penetrate sebum.

Beta-Hydroxy Acids (BHAs);More recently, salicylic acid has been

used in the treatment of photoaging with in

Office peels of 20—30%. These can be quite helpful in patients who

are unable to tolerate alpha-hydroxy acids since irritancy levels tend to be less with salicylic acid.

AHAs+BHAs

In addition, it can be quite useful to combine or alternate both AHAs and BHAs since their mechanisms of action differ, and using both may be quite beneficial.

Vitamin B CreamPanthenol (provitamin B5) is the stable analog of pantothenic acid that has been used in skin care, nail products, and most especially in hair products through its enhanced moisturization benefits.

Vitamin B Cream:Pantothenic acid wound healing Through cell proliferation and protein synthesis

Pantothenic acid anti-aging Through enhanced cell proliferation and healing

abilities .

Pantothenic acid moisturizing and soothing Quickly penetrates the skin.

Vitamin B

Nicotinamide (niacinamide) is another B vitamin that has entered the skin care pruduct.

NicotinamideMost studies of this vitamin have focused

on the Anti-inflammatory Acne treatment. The role of nicotinamide as a potential anti-

aging ingredient has yet to be explored; however, one possible role is in the biosynthesis of ceramides and other

stratum corneum lipids anti-aging

Reduction of skin erythema after application of topical 5% Niacinamide

Antioxidants The use of antioxidants in any anti-aging skin

care regimen is essential in order to combat and prevent further damage.

Vitamins have been used to combat free radical damage for many years. Unfortunately, they get used up rather quickly since it takes one vitamin to neutralize one free radical.

Enzymes are more efficient free radical scavengers; however, they depend on the presence of a healthy cellular environment and certain trace minerals to synthesize them.

Spin Traps catch or trap the aberrant electron.

Spin Trap-phenyl butyl nitrone (PBN)The very newest antioxidants, which are

known as “spin traps:’ have the ability to catch or trap the aberrant electron as it starts to spin out of control and return it to its orbit before it can do any damage.

Although the use of spin traps in dermatology is in its infancy, these compounds show a great deal of promise.

Spin Trap-phenyl butyl nitrone (PBN)The most well-known spin trap is phenyl

butyl nitrone (PBN)PBN has Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective and Age-reversing effects .

Vitamin E CreamTopically applied vitamin E

plays an enormous role in protecting the skin from

free radical damage. Anti aging

Moisturization properties Antioxidant role of vitamin

E against the oxidative stress caused by ozone has also been demonstrated .

significantly higher levels of vitamin E in the skin following the application of a cream containing 5% tocopherol acetate over 10 days.

Vitamin E is the most abundant antioxidant found in skin, and it is produced in human sebaceous glands in its alpha- and gamma-tocopherol forms.

Vitamin EThese tocopherols are part of a Natural protective mantle that has been

described and is, in fact, The first line of protection against environmentalThe important role of sebaceous glands and sebum in

the production and delivery of vitamin E to the skin may explain the often-made observation that oily skin tends to age more slowly than drier skin.

Perhaps those with oily skin have a higher vitamin E level and therefore more natural protection than those with dry skin.

Vitamin EThe depletion of vitamin E levels in skin

following UV radiation has been demonstrated.alpha-tocopherol + ascorbyl palmitate acts as a

powerful antioxidant system preventing oxidation.

alpha-tocopherol + ascorbyl palmitate can prevent the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Vitamin E + sunscreen enhances the photoprotective effects of sunscreans.

Vitamin C Cream:Vitamin C is a major

water soluble antioxidant that plays a vital role in

photoprotection collagen synthesis. The body reservoir of

vitamin C with age,

smoking decrease reserves even more.

Vitamin C is not produced in the body and must be consumed entirely through diet and oral supplementation.

Vitamin CUnfortunately, the long-term stability of topical vitamin C preparations remains a concern. The most stable vitamin C preparations remain anhydrous or completely water free.Any form of vitamin C that is applied to the skin

must convert to the L-ascorbic acid form in order to be recognized by the body and deliver a benefit.

Vitamin C:Vitamin C is an essential cofactor for the

hydroxylation of proline and lysine, a necessary step in collagen synthesis.

Topical vitamin C levels of tissue inhibitors of collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase1(MMP-1)

Fibroblasts in cell culture will selectively secrete collagen when vitamin C is added in a dose-dependent fashion.

Vitamin C collagen synthesis

wrinkle-reducing and skin-firming

The efficacy of topical L-Ascorbic acid after 1 year use:

Vitamin C:The ability of topical vitamin C to reduce

hyperpigmentation has been demonstrated and has found its way into various skin-lightening products.

Vitamin C is able to lighten hyperpigmented skin through the inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase.

Coenzyme Q10 cream(CoQ10) CoQ10 is a powerful free radical inhibitor that inhibits lipid peroxides from forming in plasma membranes. CoQ10 plays a very important role in cellular energy production and works in the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy-producing pathway of the cell .

Q10 ATP

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)As we age, CoQ10 levels diminish, as does

cellular energy production, which may improve by adding CoQ10 cream.

cream(CoQ10)Free radical inhibitor Enhances ATPAntioxidant activityInhibition of collagenase expression in UV-

irradiated skin

Reduction in wrinkles

Idebenone Idebenone is a powerful

synthetic analog of CoQ10, which shows a great deal of promise.

In a study comparing the photoprotective properties of topical idebenone to those of vitamin E, kinetin, CoQ10, vitamin C, and lipoic acid, idebenone consistently demonstrated the highest level of antioxidation and photoprotection .

At the present time , idebenone is sold under the brand name of Prevage (Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA).

Lipoic acidLipoic acid is a very

powerful antioxidant that has the unusual advantage of

being both water and fat soluble

Cofactor in mitochondrial dehydrogenases.

Cofactor in several multi enzyme complexes involved in energy formation

Lipoic acid Anti-inflammatory activity.

The human body is capable of producing Alpha–Lipoic acid itself in small amounts. Furthermore the body desorbs this antioxidant from ingested food, like potatoes and meat. In humans,dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) is able to penetrate the skin, after which it converts into its active by product

Lipoic acid:Topical application of 3% lipoic acid

UVB-induced erythema, which demonstrates its photoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

Also, a 12 -week study demonstrated that

using a topical cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid was quite effective in treating signs of photo- aging.

Polyphenols:Green tea

polyphenols have been included in a growing number of skin care products for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects .

These polyphenolic compounds are called epicatechins, and the most powerful member of this group is called epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).

Green tea polyphenolsepigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)

Inhibit erythema, Inhibit inflammation Inhibit myeloperoxidase activity,

following UVB irradiation .

Polyphenols:pretreated skin with

green tea polyphenols shows a histologic decrease in sunburn cells following UV-radiated skin

.pretreated skin had less DNA damage as evidenced by fewer UV-induced DNA pyrimidine dimers formed than in untreated skin.

Polyphenols:Another polyphenol

that differs from those found in green tea are the procyanidins.

Procyanidins are powerful free radical scavengers whose richest source is from the seeds of red grapes.

Grapeseed extract

Higher antioxidant activity than both vitamins C and E.

Greater inhibition of lipid peroxidation than green tea polyphenols

The role of polyphenols, whether from green tea or grapeseed extract, has a great deal of potential as part of a growing natural anti-aging skin care market. With all natural ingredients, however, it is important to standardize extraction methods as well as assays for their activity.

SeleniumSelenium is an essential trace element with Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticarcinogenic activities. Selenium’s protective ability lies in its essential role as a

cofactor in the formation of the important protective enzyme

glutathione peroxidase .

Selenium:Selenium’s anti-inflammatory properties have

been demonstrated by its ability

to inhibit skin damaging UV-induced inflammatory cytokines .

Selenium as a topical ingredient does not penetrate skin well and must be used in its selenomethionine form in order to be bioavailable

Carotenoids:Carotenoids are

dietary antioxidants, which include lycopene, lutein, and beta-carotene. The sources of these

natural free-radical-scavenging compounds include

leafy green vegetables,

carrots, and tomatoes.

Carotenoids have free- radical-scavenging properties and inhibit lipid peroxidation as well .

Most studies associated with carotenoids have used them in their oral form. However, there have been reports of the photoprotective effects by topically applied carotenoids

Carotenoids:Although carotenoids

work best synergistically, by themselves, lycopene was the strongest photoprotectant followed by lutein then beta-carotene.

Newer technologies are being developed that are resulting in colorless carotenoids.

Beta-glucansBeta-glucans were

first described in 1941 and belong to a class of compounds known as biological response modifiers.

The most biologically active forms of this substance are isolated from cell membranes of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Beta-glucansThe ability of Beta-glucans to stimulate and

activate macrophages has resulted in multiple applications, including wound healing, infectious disease, oncology, and dermatology. In the epidermis, where macrophage-derived cells include both keratinocytes and Langerhans cells, beta-glucans act to stimulate the protective qualities of these cells as our first line of defense.

Beta-glucansStudies have also

demonstrated that beta-glucans have photoprotective properties similar to those of vitamin E by their ability to

sustain levels of reduced glutathione in the skin following UV radiation .

Betaglucans are extremely

soothing and calming to the skin through their reinforcement of skin macrophages, which have implications in minimizing irritancy potential of products

Skin Respiratory Factors Skin respiratory factors (SRF), also called

tissue respiratory factors (TRF),

have been used in cosmetics for their ability to renew and revitalize the skin.

These ingredients revitalize cellular metabolism through the stimulation of cell respiration.

The ability of an ingredient to stimulate cell respiration and cellular metabolism can be determined by Warburg assay, which measures oxygen uptake in living cell homogenates.

Skin Respiratory FactorsAlthough a number of botanical ingredients with

the ability to enhance cell respiration have been isolated,

The most abundant source is baker’s yeast . However, unlike beta-glucans, which are isolated from the cell walls of baker’s yeast, compounds that stimulate cellular respiration are extracted from the cytoplasm.

These cytoplasmic elements generally contain mitochondrial components of the cell, which can enhance cellular energy.

Copper:Products containing copper have gained

increasing popularity in the anti-aging skin care market over the past several years.

In humans, copper binds to the high-affinity tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) to form a copperGHK complex .

This copper-GHK complex plays a vital role in

human tissue repair, and its ability to

accelerate wound healing has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo.

Copper:copper is a vital cofactor in the activation of the

powerful antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase

Copper-GHK complex to stimulate

production of both collagen glycosaminoglycans

in a dose-dependent fashion has been demonstrated in cell-culture studies of human fibroblasts.

Copper-GHK complex may also play a role in angiogenesis during wound healing.Copper-GHK as an anti-aging (stimulate extracellular matrix proteins).

Copper:creams containing the

copper-GHK complex.

Significant clinical improvements in photoaged skin

These improvements

include a decrease in skin wrinkling, laxity, and roughness.

These changes, as well as the lack of irritancy, give copper an important role in the anti-aging skin care market.

PeptidesMolecular biology has enabled us to learn the exact amino

acid sequences of molecules such as the matrix proteins type IV collagen and laminin. Knowing the amino acid sequence of these molecules enables the production of peptides that are five to ten amino acids in size.

Currently, two of the most well known peptides being used in skin care are palmitoyl pentapeptides, also known as Matrixyl; and acetyl hexapeptide-3, also known as Argirelene.

PeptidesMatrixyl (pal-

KTTKS )is a pentapeptide that has been used as a procollagen analog to stimulate collagen production in skin.

In the 4-month study, Matrixyl was able to decrease skin roughness by 27%, wrinkle volume by 36%, and wrinkle depth by 27%. Skin biopsies demonstrated increased density and thickness of elastin fibers in the dermis with improvement in type IV collagen

Peptides

Argirelene has been marketed as having a relaxing effect on muscles and has therefore been touted as an alternative to Botox.

Argirelene’s mechanism of action has been studied in vitro and appears to inhibit vesicle docking by inhibiting formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor complex (SNAP) .

By inhibiting SNAP formation, Argirelene inhibits the release of catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, in vitro.

PeptidesClinical studies are rather limited at this

time, and penetration in vivo has yet to be determined.

One study using Argirelene around the eye area found a 17% improvement in periorbital rhytides after 15 days

and a 27% improvement after 30 days. According to studies from the company,

Argirelene should be used at a 10% concentration for optimal results

The use of growth factors in skin care, though sold in many products, is still quite early in its development. There is only one growth factor that is FDA approved for clinical use in wound healing, and that is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). It took approximately 35 years for the approval of PDGF, and yet many other growth factors are being used in skin care. After proving skin penetration, safety must be of primary concern since there are multiple receptors that are up- and down-regulated.