gis study richmond and henrico air quality and race

8/2/2019 GIS STUDY Richmond and Henrico Air Quality and Race

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GIS STUDY: Richmondand HenricoEnvironmental justice is an important concept that connects environmental

problems with those impacted the most. Air pollution is a major cause of health

hazards in populations, especially those living near roads. This study

geographically describes, and graphically illustrates a relationship between race

and poor air pollution. The Purpose of this study is to determine what groups ofpeople are most impacted by air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia, and

how smart planning can mitigate these effects.

2011


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Introduction

It is important to many people living in the City of Richmond, and Henrico to live

healthy lives, free of pollution and environmental hazards. Some have the option of

walking outside, and breathing in fresh & clean air. Others may find this difficult because

of the proximity to different sources of pollution. Being downwind from industrial sites,

near heavily traversed roads like major interstates, or any other point or non-point

sources will greatly increase health risks. The most susceptible (and overlooked)

population in the US subject to serious health effects from air pollution may be those

who live very near major regional transportation route, especially highways. People

living within 200 Meters of highways are most likely to see health related issues from

pollutants associated with vehicle emissions. (Brugge et al).

Environmental justice is an important concept that connects environmental

problems with those impacted the most. It is defined as The fair treatment and

meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or

income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of

environmental laws.(U.S EPA) Air pollution is a major cause of health hazards in

populations, especially those living near roads. This study is important to geographically

describe, and graphically illustrate a relationship between race and disproportionate

amounts air pollution. As the African National Congress pointed out in 1994, poverty

and environmental degradation have been closely linked & the ANC made it clear that

social, economic, and political relations were also part of the environmental equation

and that environmental inequalities and injustices would be addressed as an integral

part. (McDonald, Environmental Justice) The previous statement acts to substantiate


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the purpose of the proposed study; to determine what groups of people are most

impacted by air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia, and how smart planning can

mitigate these effects.

The reason why it is important to determine which race is disproportionately

impacted the greatest is for meaningful involvement as a component of environmental

justice. This means that: (1) potentially affected community residents have an

appropriate opportunity to participate in decisions about a proposed activity that will

affect their environment and/or health; (2) the public's contribution can influence the

regulatory agency's decision; (3) the concerns of all participants involved will be

considered in the decision making process; and (4) the decision makers seek out and

facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected. (U.S EPA)

The transportation conformity process, dictated by the Clean Air Act of 1990

(CAA), ensures that transportation projects meet air quality standards in order to be

eligible for federal funding. Six criteria air pollutants under the CAA are ozone, carbon

monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. Any area that

exceeds one or more of these standards is classified by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a nonattainment area. As of June 15,

2004, the Richmond region and Henrico county is classified by the USEPA as an ozone

nonattainment area (Does not meet standards). The MPO (Metropolitan Planning

organization) is responsible for planning and programming transportation projects for a

geographic area. (Richmond Regional Planning District Commission)


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Particulate Matter is particle pollution, a complex mixture of extremely small

drops. This type of pollution is made up of a number of components like acids, organic

chemicals, metals, soil or dust. Size of the particle is directly linked to potential health

problems. Particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter pass through the nose easily,

and enter the lungs. Inhalation of these particles can affect the heart and lungs, causing

serious health problems. PM 10 is also known as inhalable coarse particles. They are

typically found near road ways. (U.S EPA, PM)

Methods

Data Frame: Monitoring Aim 1, will determine and identify where a relationship

exists between poor air quality and a specific demographic within 200 meters of monitor

locations. To answer this first objective, I will use Esris GIS mapping software to

perform a spatial analysis. This analysis will identify where the relationships exists

between race and air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia. The data I need will

contain census information with race, and air quality monitoring sites. This will be crucial

for symbolizing the spatial information data containing where we would see consistently

higher amount of pollution in those areas.

Census 2000 data was used and included population statistics based on race

(White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Pacific Islander). A spatial join was performed

between Henrico and Richmond shapefiles (tl_2010_51087_tabblock00, and

tl_2010_51760_tabblock00, respectively) and census data (HenricoCensus.xls, and

RichmondCensus.xls) retrieved from Tigerline. These two shape files were amended in

a union to preserve census attributes, called Henric_union (HenRic.shp). I also obtained


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Virginia DEQ air quality information. These were then added as a table (monitor

sites.dbf), and displayed as XY data, and exported to a shape file

(XYmonitor_sites.shp).

The sites that exceeded 521ppm for total emissions were selected as attributes

(exported to HighEmissionsites.dbf) and a shape file was created for Total Emissions

exceeded (sitesgreater.shp). (see figure 1)

A buffer was created (200mbuffer, 200mbuffer.shp) of 200 meters from the all

monitor site. The clip tool was used on the 200mbuffer, and Henrico-Richmond shape

file (200mbuffersclip,200mbuffeclip.shp). Using the identity tool, Studysites.shp was

created from the 200mbuffersclip and the sites exceeding total emissions; Quebecor

Printing Richmond Incorporated, Reynolds Metals Company Richmond Foil Plant, Philip

Morris USA Inc - Blended Leaf and Philip Morris USA Manufacturing Center.

In the first and second experiments, the amendment to the 1990 clean air act

states emission standards represented in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS). Total emission standards will be determined by the addition of the values that

exceed total emission standards (see table 1.1). (NAAQS EPA) The value used to

show all criteria pollutants were exceeded is 521ppm. This is the total of all pollutant

standards added together, that were measured annually during 2002 at the four study

sites. Some sites may vary by a particular pollutant being exceeded; however we will

look at total for aim 1.

Relative Risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring between study

groups. If the value calculated is greater than 1, then the relative risk for the

experimental group (black people living within 200 meters of the Reynolds Metal Plant)


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will be at a higher risk than the control group (people living within 200 meters of the

Philip Morris manufacturing center).

A clip of the buffers and the HenRic_union allowed me to look at who was most

represented within 200 meters of the study locations that exceeded total emissions.

Studysites was created from selecting attributes of the high emission sites that fell

within the buffers clip. I was able to then create an excel sheet (table 1) showing the

amount of people who fell in these areas.

In the second data frame, Cause: Aim 2, the purpose is to determine and identify

the cause of high pollution. Sites that exceed 521ppm for total emissions will be

evaluated to see if the cause of the pollution is more likely the proximity to roads or the

proximity to a factory. Answering this question with GIS will allow me to hypothesize

where the pollution is coming from. This can be done by examining location attributes of

the areas with poor air quality, and Particulate Matter 10 data from the proximity to

roads, or other sources of potential high emission points. Using the clip tool, I selected

the HenRic_union, and vdotallrd83_Project.shp and created a shapefile called

RoadClip. I then used the measuring tool to evaluate if all of my 4 sites were within 200

meters. Sites that do not fall within 200 meters of major roads can be excluded as

potentially being more effected by high emissions due to cars than industrial sites. If a

site falls within 200 meters of a major roadway, and has a PM10 value exceeding 150

g/m3, we can attribute the roadway as a major contributor to poor health.

Cause: Aim 3 uses total emissions exceed, HenRic_union and a basemap added

from add data, add basemap, imagery. A polygon shape file was created called

mitigation to create areas near the sites. This information is intended to be used by


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smart planners to build a park, or other green areas like Green Roofs. This should

help to minimize the effects of air pollution in that area. A new feature template was also

created called mitigation in the process. Polygons were created near the sites to assist

planners.

Results

From table 1(studysitestable.xls), we can see 1281 people are represented in the

four study locations that exceed 521ppm total emissions. The black population (1175)

was disproportionately represented to the white population (61). Hispanic, Asian and

Pacific Islander were nominally represented. This data met my assumptions, as

minorities can be affected by air pollution due to their proximity of hazard sources. The

study sites population totals based on race were only included from sites that exceeded

total emissions.

Two study sites that exceeded total emissions were chosen to evaluate the

Relative Risk: Reynolds Metals Company Foil plant, and Philip Morris USA

manufacturing center for black and non-black people. People who live within 200

meters, of the Reynolds metal plant, and are black represent 16 times (P^= 16/1, See

table 3) the amount of the population as non-black. Those who live within 200 meters, of

Philip Morris Manufacturing center and black represent 5 times (P^= 202/39, See table

3) the amount as non-black. The Relative Risk for black people living within 200m of

Reynolds Metals is 2.93, compared to black people living near the Philip Morris site

(table 3).


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The Philip Morris Manufacturing Center had a high particulate matter 10 =17.56

(table 2) The Philip Morris USA manufacturing center was located 109 meters from I-95;

the distance is much shorter than the Reynolds Metals Company at 1.14 Km, and had

significantly lower PM 10 =0.32 (table 2). (see figure 2)

For aim 3, the results of the green roofs or parks would need to be evaluated by

comparing monitor results from a later year. This would help planners to evaluate if the

action taken to mitigate air pollution effects were successful.

Discussion

All people in the study areas need to be notified that they are at much higher risk

for poor health from hazardous air pollution. Due to their location, black people are most

impacted by pollution that exceeds air quality standards greatly. After being identified,

and notified, they can be one step closer in having some control over the amount of

pollution being emitted near their homes. Participation is a part of environmental justice

that is fundamental to transforming their well-being.

The buffer zone located around the Philip Morris Manufacturing center had

significantly higher PM 10 values than the Reynolds Metal Company. This could

indicate I-95 as a primary emission source. The distance of 109 meters means that it

falls well within the 200m buffer zone. People in this area may have two major emission

sources causing pollution.

The Relative Risk for black people living near the Reynolds Metal indicated that

you would be at higher risk to pollution in that area compared to the risk of living near

Philip Morris USA. This is based on population proportions and doesnt indicate the


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direct consequence of living in proximity to Reynolds Metals Vs. Philip Morris. The ratio

only tells us that if you only had a choice living near the two sites, it is best to live near

Philip Morris.

Linked natural areas and parks reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A self-reliant

city attempts to reduce the impacts of pollution in-situ. (Haughten, 1997).It is possible to

retrofit cities with areas. The benefits of having parks in cities beyond the reduction of

pollution is that it gives people something to walk to. Instead of driving people may

choose to locate services and increase overall health in the process. (Condon, Seven

Rules) It could be possible to put bicycle lanes in, easing the effects of pollution. A

possible way to alleviate the pollution is by smart planning. By spatially showing where

air pollution occurs in high concentration will reveal general areas of occurrences. If we

know where the problems are, we can decide best approach of how to reduce the

pollution in these areas.

Smart planners can take this information and retrofit areas to be green

compatible. About thirty percent of the global carbon dioxide comes from the U.S and

Canada. About a quarter of this air pollution comes from transportation (Condon, Seven

Rules). This makes it extremely important to identify these areas of high concentration

of air pollution. Only after identifying the areas, we can begin make the necessary

changes to prevent poor health.


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APPENDIX

Table 1

Population in four study sites

White Black HispanicNa Asian PacificIsl TL_2010

1 16 0 0 0 Block 10

3 16 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

1 1 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 10

0 0 0 0 0 Block 10

9 138 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

7 17 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

38 202 1 0 0 Block 10

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

2 12 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 2 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 20

0 4 0 0 0 Block 40

0 0 0 0 0 Block 40

0 13 0 0 0 Block 20

0 0 0 0 0 Block 200 756 0 1 0 Block 40

1281.00 61.00 1175.00 1.00 3.00


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Table 1.1

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Primary Standards Secondary Standards

Pollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time

Carbon

Monoxide

9 ppm

(10 mg/m3)

8-hour(1)

None

35 ppm

(40 mg/m3)

1-hour(1)

Lead 0.15 g/m3(2) Rolling 3-MonthAverage

Same as Primary

Nitrogen

Dioxide

53 ppb(3) Annual

(Arithmetic Average)

Same as Primary

100 ppb 1-hour(4) None

Particulate

Matter(PM10)

150 g/m3 24-hour(5) Same as Primary

Particulate

Matter(PM2.5)

15.0 g/m3 Annual(6)


Same as Primary

35 g/m3 24-hour(7) Same as Primary

Ozone 0.075 ppm

(2008 std)

8-hour(8) Same as Primary

0.08 ppm

(1997 std)

8-hour(9)

Same as Primary

0.12 ppm 1-hour(10) Same as Primary

Sulfur

Dioxide

0.03 ppm Annual


0.5 ppm 3-hour(1)
http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/


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Table 2

High emission sites

PLTNAME YEAR CO NOX VOC SO2 PM25 PM10 NH3 TOTE

Quebecor Printing Richmond

Incorporated 2002 12.18 14.50 695.14 0.09 0.32 0.32 0.46 72

Reynolds Metals Company Richmond Foil

Pl 2002 17.44 22.31 1834.19 7.97 1.33 1.41 0.73 188

Philip Morris USA Inc - Blended Leaf (BL 2002 132.12 59.88 188.22 0.06 3.22 3.22 405.04 78

Philip Morris USA Manufacturing Center 2002 13.38 360.58 249.35 531.98 14.40 17.56 12.10 118

Table 3

Relative Risk of Black Vs Other Race within 200m of 4 study sites

Risk Total Emissions Exceeded

Reynolds Metals Philip Morris

Black 16 202

Not Black 1 39

Population Proportion P^ 16 5.17

RR 2.935779817

% 293.5779817


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Figure 1

Monitoring Aim 1High Emission Sites


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Figure 2

Reynolds Metal Company and Philip Morris USA Proximity to Roads.


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Figure 3Potential Park Area


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References

Condon, Patrick M. Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities: Design Strategies for

the Post-Carbon World. Island Press, 2010.

McDonald, David A. Environmental Justice in South Africa. Athens, Georgia:University of Ohio Press. 2010. Google books.

Haughten, Graham. Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City. Journal ofPlanning and Education and Research. 1997

Richmond Regional Planning District Commission. A Citizens Guide to theTransportation Improvement Program. July 2004.

Bruggeet al. Near

-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: A review ofepidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks. Environmental Health2007, 6:23 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-23 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdf

U.S. EPA. Environmental Justice Program and Civil Rights. EPA United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency. April 22, 2011. < http://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/>

U.S. EPA PM. Particulate Matter. EPA United States Environmental ProtectionAgency. March 16, 2011.

NAAQS EPA, National Ambient Air quality Standards. United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency. April 18, 2011.

Baccarelli, A, et al. "Living near major traffic roads and risk of deep vein thrombosis."

Circulation 119.24 (2009):3118
http://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://arroyofilms.com/ftpuser/2nd%20wknd/Haughton.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://arroyofilms.com/ftpuser/2nd%20wknd/Haughton.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false


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Data sources

Virginia DEQ air monitoring

(http://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.html )

2000 Census Information

(http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.html ).
http://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.html