IMU

Mina LEE 24 Jan 2013 , Update by Pongswai TERAPONG 31

Jan 2014

GIS & Data Visualization

Flying Blind

Jul 24th 2003

The Economist

GIS

Geographic Information System

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates

hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing,

analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically

referenced information

Geographic Information System Geographic – data collected is associated with

some location in space

Information - attributes, or thecharacteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location

System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures

…not just software! …not just for making maps!

Geography and Databases

A GIS stores information about the world as a

collection of thematic layers that can be linked

together by geography

Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay

GIS provides Data Integration

• Roads

• Land Parcels

• Population

• Utilities

• Land Mines

• Hospitals

• Refugee Camps

• Wells

• Sanitation

Vectors

Topology

Networks

Terrain

Surveys

Images

CADDrawings

Annotation

Addresses

27 Main St.

Attributes

ABC

107’

3D Objects

Dimensions

GIS work look like map

overlay .

Two fundamental types of data

Raster

Grid and cells

For continuous data such as

elevation, slope, surfaces

Vector

A series of x,y coordinates

For discrete data represented as

points, lines, polygons

A Desktop GIS should be able

to handle both types of data

effectivelyData Representation

Raster

Vector

Real World

Hint – having GIS software does not

a cartographer make!

Good to know something about these issues

when creating a map and doing spatial analysis…

Scale/Resolution

Projection/Datum

Basic cartographic principles regarding design,

generalization, etc.

What are geographic coordinate

systems?

http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/What_are_geographic_coordinate_systems/003r00000006000000/

• A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional

spherical surface to define locations on the earth

• A GCS includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a

datum (based on a spheroid).

DatumWhile a spheroid approximates the shape of the earth, a datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth. A datum provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth. It defines the origin and orientation of latitude and longitude lines.

We use WGS84!!

Map projection

We use Universal Transvers

Mercator .

Whether you treat the earth as a sphere or a spheroid, you must transform its three-dimensional surface to create a flat map sheet. This mathematical transformation is commonly referred to as a map projection.

Universal Transvers Mercator.

The following diagram shows how three-

dimensional features are compressed to

fit onto a flat surface.

The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system was developed by the United States

Army Corps of Engineers in the 1940s. The transverse Mercator map projection is an

adaptation of the standard Mercator projection. The transverse version is widely used in

national and international mapping systems around the world, including the UTM. When

paired with a suitable geodetic datum, the transverse Mercator delivers high accuracy in

zones less than a few Latitude degrees in east-west extent.

Reference

Free training

http://training.esri.com/gateway/index.cfm

ArcGIS Free trial 60days

http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-

desktop/free-trial

ArcGIS online

http://www.arcgis.com/home/

ArcGIS

ArcGIS is a comprehensive system that allows

people to collect, organize, manage, analyze,

communicate, and distribute geographic information.

ArcGIS – ArcMap

ArcGIS - ArcCatalog

Shape File

1 Shapefile include with 6 files component.

Window operation

system

ArcCataLog/ArcGIS

ArcGIS – ArcMap (Menu)

Use of IMU shared drive (M)

Maplibrary(?) to under products

All document products under completed?

Use of IMU shared drive (M)

ArcGIS Mapping Exercise

Excel sheet info to visualized on the map.

Combine with other layer sources.

Basic element of map composition.

How to create Shapefile?

What are an important things to put

on the Map?

Basic element of map

composition As the questions of message, audience, and context are

addressed, one can turn to issues relating to the form, layout,

and composition of a map. In this section, we will begin by

raising questions about size and proportion, about simplification,

and about the general types of information that are arrayed on

maps. Although symbolization is critical to map composition, it is

so important a subject that it will be considered in the next

section. http://www.colorado.edu/geography

The format of the final

production?

The issue of generalization,

simplification, and abstraction.

*You may wish to map one part of a larger area--one country out of a continent, or

one state out of many. The amount of surrounding territory and the number of

neighboring features you include will vary substantially by context. In effect, the more

your audience knows, the less you have to show. Be aware, however, that adding

just "a little" information, unless done wisely, can lead to confusion. Sometimes

locator and index maps (see below) are used to help orient the reader to the location

of the area of interest.

Basic map elements: Information

commonly needed by the map

reader

Map Scale

Direction

Legend

Basic map elements: Information

commonly needed by the map

reader

Sources of information and how processed

Unless it is absolutely clear from the context

in which a map appears, readers will need to

know about the sources from which the map

was derived. You must identify your sources so

that the reader could, if needed, track them

down to check your information and

interpretation. Often the age, accuracy, and

reliability of sources is critical to the

interpretation of a map and should be noted.

Sometimes it is also important to indicate how

the data was processed, grouped, generalized,

or categorized.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THAT ARE

SENSITIVE TO CONTEXT: Title

The title of a map is usually one of it's most essential features. As such, it should receive very careful attention so as to match the needs of the theme and audience. A short title might suffice if readers can be assumed to be familiar with the theme being presented, more information is needed for less experienced readers. The content of the title should also be measured against other lettering applied to the map, for example in the legend or annotations. Sometimes, legends and annotations supplant much of the content of a title. Also, be aware that captions usually take the place of titles for maps appearing in publications such as books and journals.

Projection

The projection used to create a map influences the representation of area, distance, direction, and shape. It should be noted when these characteristics are of prime importance to the interpretation of the map. Some widely used locational reference systems such as the U.S. State Plane Coordinate system and Universal Transverse Mercator system are based on predefined projective geometries that are implicit in the use of the coordinate systems themselves.

Cartographer

The authority lying behind the composition of a map can be of prime importance in some situations. Most maps note the name, initials, or corporate identity of the cartographer(s).

Date of production

The meaning and value of some maps--such as those relating to current affairs or weather--are time sensitive. The reader must know when they were produced to gauge whether to trust them. An out-of- date road atlas or city map can cause tremendous frustration. Other maps are less sensitive to the passage of time, but the date of production can still be important if, for example, better information becomes available in the period after publication. Be sure to indicate the date of production for your map, or make sure that it can be inferred from the context in which it is to appear (maps that appear in newspapers, magazines, and journals can be dated in this way). The detail with which you specify the date of production will depend again on the nature of your theme and audience.

ELEMENTS THAT ARE USED

SELECTIVELY TO ASSIST

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Neatlines

Neatlines or clipping lines are used to frame a map and to indicate exactly where the area of a map begins and ends. The outer neatline of a map--its border--helps to frame the entire map composition to draw the reader's attention to the various elements of information. Neatlines are also used to "clip" the area of the body of the map and of locator, inset, and index maps. Neatlines are not always needed to trim the body of the map. Examples. Some geographic areas can, so to speak, be suspended in space without a neatline. In other cases, the areal extent of a map can be made apparent in other ways.

Locator maps

Some maps portray areas whose locations may be unfamiliar to readers. In such cases, the cartographer adds a "helper" or locator map that places the body of the map within a larger geographical context with which the reader can be expected to be familiar. A detailed map of troop movements on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg may require, for example, a locator map indicating Gettysburg's position within the road network of south central Pennsylvania and northern Maryland in 1863.

Inset maps

Sometimes observations and data are so densely clustered in small sections of a larger map that the cartographer must provide the reader with additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of these smaller areas. Otherwise the data will obscure itself. These close-up detailed maps are called insets.

Index maps

There are limits to the amount of information that can be placed effectively in the body of a map, even though this information is useful to readers. Sometimes labels and other information have to be moved to an index map.

ELEMENTS THAT ARE USED

SELECTIVELY TO ASSIST EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION

ELEMENTS THAT ARE USED

SELECTIVELY TO ASSIST EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION