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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 01–06, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_001

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

GIS BASED LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS

FOR PETROL STATIONS

Shabir Hussain Khahro

Lecturer, Department of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Zubair Ahmed Memon

Professor, Department of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

Developers are facing problems to obtain sustainable solutions for development

activities. It has been observed that new development activities meeting the needs of

the society have potential to damage environment. The cities are expanding rapidly

and have created a greater demand for vehicles and in result, require more fuel for

consumption. A petrol station is the place meeting this fuel needs. A petrol station is

important, but in the meantime, it is a dangerous installation so special attention is

required for site selection of such development projects. The adequacy of existing

approaches to land does not meet all the environmental consequences. Therefore, this

study presents the concept of ground-based suitability analysis using Geographic

Information System (GIS) for find the suitable land to install petrol station. This would

be an effective approach to site selection, which will incorporate all the key

environmental selection factors suggested by different codes to take into account in

site selection for petrol station practice. This ground-based aptitude can also be

extended to other development projects in the future.

Keywords: Petrol Station, GIS, Land Suitability

Cite this Article: Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon, Gis Based Land

Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations, International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 01–06.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION

Business location plays major role in profitability and survival of any business. A poorly

selected location will lead to ineffective usage of resources which may lead to business

failure. There are numerous factors involved in site selection of any business facility. The

factors may be quantitative and qualitative. Few possible quantitative factors are

transportation costs, labor, principal investment and operational costs. Whereas, few possible

Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon


qualitative factors which are rather more challenging to describe and they include climate,

quality and cost of living, public services, distance from other facilities and property values

[1]. It has been emerging anxiety that development activities have the potential to cause

serious damage to the environment. Development activities like Industries, plants, high speed

rail projects and petrol filling stations have high tendency to deteriorate the natural resources

[2].

The vehicle production technology has improved progressively and provided many

opportunity and offers for people to buy various vehicles of different scales at reasonable

prices. This increase in vehicle number resulted in greater consumption of fuel and this fuel

need is facilitated by fuel distribution units normally called as Petrol Station or Gas Station. It

has been reported that petrol stations caused fire and resulted in huge human, assets and

financial loses. Therefore, safety of petrol stations becomes a major concern since these

facilities serve millions of people every day [3]. GIS based multi-criteria decision making

techniques have been found useful to resolve such land suitability problems [4]. Therefore, it

became essential to carry out scientific land evaluations to reduce the human influence on

natural resources and identification of an appropriate land use parcel. Such kind of automated

land suitability approaches accommodates various factors normally considered for land

suitability of any facility [5]. GIS-based MCDA land suitability modeling techniques have

witnessed to be an effective tool for determining suitable land parcels for such hazardous

facilities [6]. Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) is a GIS-based process applied to determine the

suitability of a specific area for considered use and distribution of future land uses. Petrol

station site selection problem should be considered a complex multi-attribute decision

problem. Petrol industry has been currently experiencing very intense competition.

Alternative places for petrol stations are usually limited by some laws and regulations.

Therefore, this paper focuses of land suitability modeling for petrol filling station using GIS

and local laws, rules and standards are been considered for site selection of petrol station in

Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. Table 1 shows the municipal guidelines for local area for site selection

of petrol stations.

Table 1 Criteria Combined List of the Spatial Data Buffering with Values

S.No Criteria Sub Criteria City Municipal

Code

1

Land Use Protection

Residential Zone

20 feet

2 Educational Zone

3 Health Care Zone

4 Commercial Zone

5 Industrial one

6 Religious Zone

7 Historic Zone

8 Parks & Play Grounds

9

Accessibility

Dual Highway

20 feet

10 Primary Roads

11 Secondary Roads

12 Railway Line

13 Airport

14 Hydrological Conditions

Rivers 20 feet

15 Lakes

16 Natural Environment Vacant Land Preferable Land

Gis Based Land Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations


17 Forest 20 feet

18 Topography Slope < 30 %

19 Utility Services

High Voltage Transmission Line 20 feet

20 Water Pipes

2. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The data has been collected from GEOMATE. It is a governmental agency which manages

GIS data for Malaysia. The data has been processed and refined as per limitations of the

model and buffers were added to the different data layers as per guidelines of local municipal

agency which controls and permits such facilities in Malaysia. The priority performance of

the main criteria’s and sub criteria’s which are normally considered for petrol stations have

been collected by various experts through AHP based questionnaire. The questionnaire data

has been analyzed using expert choice.

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

There are six main criteria’s to be considered important for installing a new petrol station.

Apparently, these criteria’s are further classified into sub criteria’s as shown in table 1. Every

criteria and sub criteria have got its importance, few are important to an environmental expert

whereas others are important to a businessman. Therefore, the aggregated weights are

analyzed earlier. All these criteria’s and sub criteria’s data layers are merged together in the

model to find suitable land parcel for installing a new petrol station referring to the code

suggested by the City Planning Department, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

4. FINAL LAND SUITABILITY MAP GENERATION FOR PETROL

STATION

This is the final phase of the analysis. All the data layers are prepared to get the final land

suitability map. This is done by overlaying all the data layers using the weighted sum tool of

the ArcGIS. Figure 1 shows the final land suitability map for new petrol stations according to

the code suggested by the City Planning Department, Ipoh.

Figure 1 Final Land Suitability Map for Petrol Stations



To validate the above new land suitability map for petrol stations, the overlaying

technique has been adopted. The data layer of existing petrol stations has been generated since

their coordinates were collected from online available course provided by the Malaysian

Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MyGDI). These coordinates were validated manually using

the hand Global Positioning System (GPS). The coordinates of different random existing

petrol stations have been collected using garmins hand GPSMAP76CX. This is done to check

the validity of the data collected from MyGDI. The new map shows the details of the existing

petrol stations having approval from the City Planning Department, Ipoh. These petrol

stations are supposed to pass the preliminary site suitability analysis and environmentally safe

and feasible. The validation of the newly generated land suitability map of petrol stations has

been done on the basis of these already assessed petrol stations. Therefore, the map of existing

petrol stations is overlaid with the new land suitability map as shown in the Figure 2.

Figure 2 Land Suitability Map rendering to CPD Code, Ipoh with Existing Petrol Stations

There are total 62 existing petrol stations in the study area and the locations can be

analyzed graphically from the above figure. The results of the above figure are presented in

the following Table 2.

Table 2 Land Suitability Index rendering to Existing Petrol Stations

Gis Based Land Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations


The results show that there are 26 petrol stations located in the most suitable zone, 20 in

the moderately suitable zone, 11 in the less suitable zone and 5 in the not suitable zone. The

percentage change can be clearly evident in the pie chart shown in the Figure 3.

Figure 3 Land Suitability Index rendering to CPD Code, Ipoh

It has been observed that there is a sufficient percentage of the existing petrol stations

situated in the suitable zone. It evidences the performance and control of the City planning

Department, Ipoh but still there are few petrol stations located in the non-suitable and less

suitable zone. There are still 24% of the existing petrol stations located in non-satisfactory

zone, which have the potential to cause the damage to our resources. This should be avoided

in the developed Malaysia vision 2020.

5. CONCLUSION

A sustainable approach to the natural environment protection remains the topic of interest for

the developers. There has been a growing concern that development activities have the

potential to cause severe damage to the environment which including soil contamination,

environmental pollution, water pollution. The fast development of cities offered an ample

demand for vehicles resulting in more fuel consumption. A petrol station is the place, which

caters this fuel need. It is no doubt a very important facility but it has high potential of

hazards, resulting the degradation and contamination of the natural resources like

environmental, hydrological, geological and socioeconomic hazards.

The results show that some existing locations of petrol stations are not in the suitable

zone. Yet, there is a gap in the existing approach, which should be improved. This study has

highlighted this gap clearly and provided a sustainable solution to deal with such land

suitability problems in future. The results of this case study show that in Ipoh, they are 74%

of the total existing petrol stations in the satisfactory zone but still there are 26% of the total

existing petrol stations, which are not located in the satisfactory zone.

The land suitability analysis became complex because there are a number of factors

involved in land selection process. The location of petrol stations could influence human life

tremendously, and even minor biases in selecting the location could lead to remediable losses.

Therefore, site selection is one of the most important aspects of success for any business

project. The petrol retail industry and the relevant authority have become increasingly aware

of the environmental issues and its impact on the global environment. Environmental

protection agencies are seeking to incorporate sound environmental policies.



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