gilded age through wwi

7/27/2019 Gilded Age Through WWi

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Gilded Age

A period in American history from 1877 to 1900; US

looked prosperous however only a few actually got

rich.

(1870-1900) The U.S. is politically corrupt internally.

Term coined by Mark Twain. As business boomed,

strong North-South divisions remained. Corruption in

both business and politics was common


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Tweed Ring

The Tweed Ring or "Tammany Hall" was group of

people in New York City who worked with and for

"Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money-

maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The NewYork Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed.

Without Tweed, the ring did not last. These people, the

"Bosses" of the political machines, were very common

in America for that time.


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Thomas Nast

Thomas Nast was a cartoonist for the

Harper's Weekly and drew many famous

political cartoons, including many of BossTweed and Tammany Hall. The cartoon

showed condemning evidence of the

corrupt ringleader and he was jailed

shortly afterwards.


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Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Passed in response to Garfield's

assassination, it's called the Magna Carta

of civil-service reform. It created a merit

system of making appointments to

government jobs on the basis of aptitude

rather than who-you-know, or the spoilssystem.


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"Jim Crow"

(beginning in 1881)

Laws intended to segregateblacks in public facilities such as

schools, railroad cars,

restaurants, and so forth.


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Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

The case involved a dispute over the legality of

segregated railroad cars in Louisiana. The Supreme

Court upheld segregation by approving "separate but

equal" accommodations for African Americans. The

"separate but equal" doctrine was finally reversed in

the 1954 landmark decision Brown v. Board of

Education.


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W.E.B. DuBois

The first African-American to graduate from Harvard,he opposed Washington and demanded immediate

social and political equality for blacks. His opposition to

Washington as well as other blacks led to the formation

of the Niagara Movement (1905-1909). He wanted an

immediate end to segregation and believed that the

"talented tenth" of the black community should be

given full and immediate access to the mainstream ofAmerican life. His Niagara Movement laid the

groundwork for creation of the NAACP.


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The Age of Industry

The U.S. became the world's most

powerful economy by the 1890s. The "2nd

Industrial Revolution in America was basedon R.O.S.E. - railroads, oil, steel, and

electricity.


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Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

Railroad completed on May 10, 1869 when the UnionPacific and Central Pacific linked up at Promontory

Point, Utah. An engineering marvel of its time, it was

built using thousands of Chinese and Irish immigrants

as workers. It linked the entire continent via railroad

and by telegraph and paved the way for the incredible

growth of the Great West and facilitated a burgeoning

trade with the Orient. It was seen at the time as amonumental achievement on par with the Declaration

of Independence and the freeing of the slaves.


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Andrew Carnegie, Vertical Integration

The technique of controlling every aspect

of the production process. Pioneered by

Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry, the

goal is to improve efficiency by making

supplies more reliable, controlling quality

of the product at all stages of production,and eliminate middlemen's fees.


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John D. Rockefeller, Horizontal Integration

Consolidating with competitors to

monopolize a given market. John D.

Rockefeller pioneered the "trust" in 1882

to control his competition. In these

arrangements, stockholders in various

smaller oil companies sold their stock andauthority to the board of directors of

Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.


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Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the

purpose of reducing competition and

controlling prices (establishing amonopoly). There are now anti-trust laws

to prevent these monopolies.


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Social Darwinism

This philosophy sought to justify the

extraordinary wealth and power of

industrialists through the natural laws of"survival of the fittest." It was popularized

by Yale Professor William Graham Sumner.


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Gospel of Wealth

In this book, Andrew Carnegie admonished fellow

tycoons to give most of their wealth back to their

communities. Carnegie himself spent the last years of

his life giving away most of his fortune, over $350million (over $8 billion in today's money), and built

over 3,000 public libraries.


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Robber barons

A robber baron was a person who made enormous

amounts of money in business. An insulting term, it

implied that a person used unfair business practices

and showed little sensitivity to the common worker.The term "Captains of Industry" was a more positive

term applied to the same group.


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Interstate Commerce Act

This 1887 law was perhaps the first ever passed by

Congress to regulate big business. This act established a

commission to oversee fair and just railway acts,

prohibit rebates, end discriminatory practices, andrequire annual reports and financial statements. The

Supreme Court, however, remained friendly to special

interests and often undermined the work of the I.C.C.


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Sherman Anti-trust Act

Created in response to public demand for curbing

excesses of trusts, it prohibited combinations in

restraint of trade. It was largely ineffective as it had no

significant enforcement mechanism. Ironically, it wasused by corporations to curb labor union as they were

deemed to be "restraining trade."


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Industrial Age and women

Probably no single group was more profoundly affected

by industrialization than women. New invention, such

as the typewriter and the telephone switchboard,

afforded millions of women with new economic andsocial opportunities.


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Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882

Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S.

and forbid further immigration of Chinese.

Supported by American workers, especiallythe Irish Kearnyites, who worried about

losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants

("coolies") who would work for less pay.


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Jacob A. Riis -- How the Other

Half Lives (1890)

Photo-journalist who exposed the dirt,

disease, vice and misery of rat-infested

New York slums.


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Homestead Strike

1892 - Iron and steel workers went on strike in

Pennsylvania against the Carnegie Steel Co. to protest

salary reductions. Carnegie employed strike-breaking

Pinkerton security guards. Management-labor warfareled to a number of deaths on both sides.


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Pullman Strike

1894- Eugene Debs' American Railway Union struck the

Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago over wage cuts

and job losses. President Cleveland broke the violent

strike with federal troops. Popular opinion deploredviolence and militant labor tactics. It was also the first

time that the government used an injunction (a court

order) to stop a strike.


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Populist Party

Officially named the People's Party, but commonly known as thePopulist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. This

third party won 22 electoral votes in 1892 and elected several

candidates to Congress. it represented a crusading form of

agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.Populist wanted to expand the monetary supply and create

inflation (and thus higher prices for farm goods) by supporting

"free silver." It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions,

and in 1896 endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee,

William Jennings Bryan. After Bryan's defeat the Populist Party

went into decline.


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free enterprise

a business that is free

from government

involvement


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laissez-fairethe term that means the government is

"hands-off" when messing with the

economy


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Frances Willardbecame leader of the WCTU. She worked

to educate people about the evils of

alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of

liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as

step towards strengthening democracy.


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Homestead ActProvided ways for settlers to

acquire western land


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Dawes Act

Assimilated Indians by allowingthem to be farmers


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Transcontinental Railroad

Major railroad that went all the way from

Chicago to San Francisco.


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William McKinleyWas the U.S. president during

the Spanish-American War


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Theodore Roosevelt

military leader during Spanish-American

War and led the Rough Riders at the battle

of San Jaun Hill. He later becamepresident.


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Buffalo Soldiers

African- American soldiers who fought in

Spanish-American War and in the Indian

Wars


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Spanish-American War

When the U.S.S. Maine ship exploded in

Cuba, newspapers and our government

wanted the American people to believe itwas an act of war by the Spanish, The

headline, Remember the Maine inflamed

readers and made it easier to declare waron Spain. Thus beginning of the war.


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Yellow Journalism

is when newspapers make stories that

sound more sensational than they really

are.


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Progressive Movement

reform effort, generally centered in urban

areas and begun in the early 1900s, whoseaims included returning control of the

government to the people, restoring

economic opportunities, and correcting

injustices in American life.


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Four main goals of Progressive Era

1. Protect social welfare - correct injustices

2. Promoting moral movement

3. Create Economic reform - control big

business

4. Foster efficiency


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Ida M. Tarbell

criticized companies' cutthroat

competition, exposed the Standard Oil

Company and its ruthlessness, called thecompany the "mother of all trusts"


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Henry Ford

Reduced workday to eight hours and paid

five dollars a day


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Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of

Agriculture to order meat inspections and

condemn any meat product found unfit forhuman consumption.


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Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture,

sale, or shipment of impure of falsely

labeled food and drugs


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Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for

womens rights, the temperance, and was

an abolitionist, helped form the NationalWoman Suffrage Association


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Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate

Commerce Commission to regulate the

maximum charge that railroads to place onshipping goods.


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Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal

banks and gave government the power to

control the money supply


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Social Gospel Movement

a social reform movement that developed

within religious institutions and sought to

apply the teachings of Jesus directly tosociety


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16th income taxes (the purpose

was to raise revenue for government

programs and reduce reliance on tariffs)

17th direct election ofSenators


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18th prohibition

19th womens suffrage


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Initiative (a) the power or rightof citizens to introduce a new legislativemeasure and

(b) the right and procedure by which

citizens can propose a law by petition and

ensure its submission to the electorate.


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Referendum the submission

of a proposed public measure or actual

statute to a direct popular vote; this allows

the people to have more influence on the

decision-making process.


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Recall the procedure by which a

public official may be removed from office

by popular vote; with the right to employ

this procedure, the people can hold their

elected leaders accountable for their

actions.


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During the Progressive era,

political reforms were initiated

which gave the people more say

in how their government was

run and operated, resulting in a

more participatory and

democratic government.


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Upton Sinclair author;

wrote The Jungle which exposed the

conditions in the U.S. meat packing

industry, causing a public uproar and

leading to the passage of the Pure Food

and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act.


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Susan B. Anthony American

reformer and leader of the womens

suffrage movement.

Ida B. Wells American reformer and

leader in the anti-lynching crusade and

womens suffrage movement.


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W.E.B. DuBois helped

found the NAACP (National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People). He

encouraged a liberal arts education for

African American civil rights leaders.


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Muckrakers popularauthors and reformers, such as

Upton Sinclair and Ida B. Wells(published truthful reports

involving social issues).


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Third parties often focus on issues the main partiesignore.

Populist Party established in 1890s;

comprised of poor farmers from the south;generally opposed to banks, railroads, and

upper class; William Jennings Bryan most

popular candidate.


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Third-party candidates can split the major party with

which they are most similar, leading to the other major

party's victory,

Progressive Party formed in 1912

as a result of a split in the RepublicanParty; also known as the Bull Moose

Party; Theodore Roosevelt most popular

candidate.


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Immigration

Cause immigrants sought a better life in

the United States; escape poverty,

religious discrimination, etc.

Effect increased population; cities over-

crowded; labor force for factories, etc.


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Social Darwinism (belief that all

personal and social problems are

inherited/genetic)

Cause a desire to maintain the economic and social

divisions in society (from the point of view of the

wealthy, the rich get richer).

Effect increased the popularity of the eugenics

movement


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Eugenics (study of human

improvement by genetic means)

Cause an attempt to better society and

the human race.

Effect discrimination towards those who

did not fit the perfect human mold.


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Race relationsCause increase of immigration

(especially Asian immigrants)

Effect discrimination, Ku Klux Klan

flourished.


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Nativism

Causeincrease of immigration, natives

worried the immigrants would take their

jobs.

Effect discrimination, Ku Klux Klan

flourished.


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Red Scare

Cause the Red Scare was a reaction not

only to the communist revolution in

Russia, but to the influx of immigrants into

the United States in the years leading up to

World War I.

Effect deportation of many communistsand socialists.


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Prohibition

Cause the belief that alcohol was

leading to the decline of society, alcohol

was blamed for many of society's ills,

among them severe health problems,

destitution, and crime

Effect passage of the 18th Amendment


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Changing role of womenCause due to industrialization, many women

changed from homebound producers to wage-earning

consumers, and women gained the right to vote.

Effect women became social and even political

reformers; worked outside of the home; affected the

economy; with suffrage, women had a voice in politics


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John Muirhelped persuade

Theodore Roosevelt to set aside 148

million acres of forest reserves and over 50

wildlife sanctuaries and several national

parks. The National Park Service is a U.S.

federal agency that manages all national

monuments and parks


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Costs and benefits:

Anti-trust Acts the Federal lawsforbidding businesses from monopolizing a

market or restraining free trade.(e.g.,

Sherman Anti-Trust Act)

Interstate Commerce Commission was

governments first large-scale attempt to

regulate business in the interest of society

at large


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Effects Spawned a series of regulatory

commissions in the 1900s to whether theywere good or bad trusts. Not very

effective. 1914 changes made Act stronger;

Effect Act served notice that private

greed must be subordinated to public

good.


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Pure Food and Drug Act for

preventing the manufacture, sale, or

transportation of adulterated or

misbranded or poisonous or deleterious

foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and

for regulating traffic therein, and for other

purposes.


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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

the first major law restricting immigration

to the United States. It was enacted in

response to economic fears, especially on

the West Coast, where native-born

Americans attributed unemployment and

declining wages to Chinese workers, whomthey also viewed as racially inferior.


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Open Door Policy Secretary of

State John Hay's economic policy in China

giving the imperial powers equal trading

rights in the country (1899-1900); Boxer

Rebellion, U.S. forces suppressed the

uprising.


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Dollar Diplomacy Taft encouraged

investment by U.S. banks/businesses in

Latin America and Far East; promised

military protection to those who invested

abroad; WWI reoriented the priorities of

the emerging world power and U.S. foreign

policy makers returned to a goal ofisolationism.


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Immigration quotas concerns

over immigration rose in the 1880s. As a

result of World War I, Congress passed the

National Origins Quota Act in 1921. This

law set the quota of legal immigrants to

3% of their current ethnic makeup in the

United States. This quota was changedthree years later.


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The Federal Reserve Act

created the central banking

system in the United States and

granted legal authority to issue

legal tender. The Federal

Reserve now acts to regulate

U.S. monetary policy.


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Teapot Dome scandal

concerning the secret lease of

oil rights to private companiesfrom government-owned land

in Wyoming during the Harding

administration.


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Tin Pan Alley known

for an era of songwriting when

many musical ideas mixedtogether to form American

Popular Music (started in late

1800s in New York City).


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Jane Addams co-founder of

Hull House which helped new

immigrant women with job

skills, educational, and artistic

programs to become successful

and productive citizens.


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Frances Willard

suffragette and member of the

WCTU (Womens ChristianTemperance Union)


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Impact on the nature of work

Innovations in technology contributed to longerworkdays and higher levels of production (e.g.,

assembly line manufacturing).

Light bulbs enabled factories to remain open at night.

Innovations in manufacturing and machinery

(robotics) led to more output and higher numbers of

unskilled laborers.


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Impact on business

Patents gave individuals and companiesexclusive rights over inventions.

Allowed businesses to reduce cost,

become more flexible, and better meetconsumer demands.


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Expansionism

Acquisitions of land (Guam,

Hawaii, Philippines, and PuertoRico) as a result of the Spanish

American War

Latin America Panama Canal


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World War I 1914-1918 Woodrow Wilson,

League of Nations, total war,

technological advances


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1898 Spanish-American War

*U.S. enters the world stage

and is no longer an isolationist

*Expansion (territories)


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Spanish-American War officially awar to protect the rights of Cubans who were being

tormented by their Spanish rulers. The controversial

sinking of the battleship USS Maine brings America into

a war with Spain. The U.S. attacks both Cuban and

Spanish possessions (The Philippines) in the Pacific.

After a U.S. victory, Cuba is liberated and thePhilippines become a U.S. territory. The U.S. was able

to prove its military power.


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U.S. Expansionism Hawaii and

other Pacific islands; United States

economic influence spreads through the

Pacific. As industrial might matures, the

U.S. looked to new markets in foreign

lands; U.S.s sense of destiny to spread

democracy throughout the world.


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Henry Cabot Lodge supported American expansion

as a way to increase nationalpride, spread civilization, and

gain world power.


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Alfred Thayer

Mahan historian and

author of a book on the

importance of the navy to a

countrys power.


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Theodore Roosevelt Rough

Rider during the Spanish

American War; expansionist

policies as President increased

the U.S. role in Latin America

and the world; reasserted theMonroe Doctrine.


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Sanford B. Dole firstpresident of Republic of Hawaii

and helped Hawaii becomeannexed to the United States.


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Missionaries manymissionaries were in China and

Hawaii; their work helped linkthe United States with Asia


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United States economic influencespreads

through the Pacific. As the U.S.s industrial might

matures, the country looked to new markets in foreign

lands; U.S. had a sense of destiny to spread democracy

throughout the world.

Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico became U.S.territories after the Spanish American War.

Hawaii U.S. places naval stations in Hawaii to protect

world trade.


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German Proclamation (1915)

said the waters around the British Isles

were to be considered an official war zone,

and Germany would attempt to sink any

ship that entered this area. (unrestricted

submarine warfare)


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Sussex Pledge Germany makes a pledge not to

sink merchant ships withoutwarning (did not uphold their

pledge)


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German submarine torpedoed British

ocean liner Lusitania off southerncoast of Ireland, resulting in deaths of

128 Americans.

Diplomacy failed to call off

unrestricted submarine warfare.

Germany resumes U-boat attacks onU.S. ships.


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Ties to Great Britain- the U.S. conducted a

significant amount of trade with GreatBritain which would be affected if

Germany won the war

British intelligence intercepted theZimmerman telegram which revealed

Germanys plan to approach the

Mexican government for military alliance.


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American Expeditionary Forces

the U.S. forces sent to the Western Front

(France predominately); fought alongside

British and French allied forces the last

year of World War I

Gen. John J. Pershing

commander of the American ExpeditionaryForces


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Machine guns relativelynew technology at the beginning of the

war; many difficulties with keeping

machine cool, but application had theeffect of making it difficult or nearly

impossible to cross defended ground; later

in the war used on tanks and airplanes


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Airplanes early in thewar used as spotters; planes

were unarmed but pilots wouldcarry handheld weapons; later,

larger planes were created and

were able to bomb the enemy


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Tanks developed out ofthe need to end the stalemate

on the western front; early

tanks were not reliable, but

effective in ending trench

warfare


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Poison gas chlorine gasand mustard gas used;

sometimes used to create a

smoke screen to hide attacking

soldiers; also used to force

evacuation of enemy trenches


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Trench warfare that resulted in the

stalemate on the western front form ofwarfare in which combatants occupy

fighting lines, comprised of trenches. While

in the trenches, there is little risk of small

arms fire, and troops are protected from

artillery. The area between opposing

trench lines was known as no mans

land.


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Isolation v. Internationalism,

Self-determination of all peoples,

FOURTEEN POINTS PLAN

League of Nations and its defeat in US

and how that defines our international

position (failure of Fourteen Points)

Fear of entangling alliances


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TREATY OF VERSAILLES

Unjust treatment of Germans in Treaty ofVersailles, including the reparation

payments

Established new political boundaries in

Europe


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Battle of Argonne Forest a part

of the final Allied offensive of World War Ithat stretched along the entire western

front, the objective was the capture of an

important railroad/train station which

would break the railroad net supporting

the German Army in France. An Allied

victory, the battle is credited for leading to

the Armistice


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Panama Canal

Human factors United States supported a

revolution in Panama in the early 1900s. The U.S.

was permitted to build the canal and control a zone

of 5 miles on each side of the canal (known as theCanal Zone). The division of the country into two

parts by the U.S. territory caused tension

throughout the 20th Century. tip of South America(Cape Horn).


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Panama CanalPhysical factors the 48-mile

international waterway allows ships to

pass between the Atlantic Ocean andPacific Ocean, saving about 8,000

miles from a journey around the

southern tip of South America (Cape

Horn).


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Rise of world power

Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Ricobecome U.S. territories after the Spanish

American War

Hawaii U.S. places naval stations there

to protect world trade

Treaty of Versailles established new

political boundaries in Europe


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As the U.S. takes over territory, it

expands its markets and finds moreresources for its use.

Wars fueled the economy, and in the case

of the Spanish-American War, led toAmerica becoming a world power.

WW I led to great levels of

industrialization in the U.S., increased

exports, increased agricultural production


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WW I soon after declaring war on

Germany and its allies in 1917, Congressruled that the U.S. mail could not be used

for sending any material urging "treason,

insurrection or forcible resistance to any

law." It punished offenders with a fine of

up to $5,000 and a five-year prison term.


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Pros

Influence international policyProtect American interest

Protect American security

Assist other countriesCons

Potential loss of American sovereignty

Potential loss of American security


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Alvin York (World War I) was

the most decorated American soldier inWorld War I. He was awarded the Medal

of Honor for leading an attack on a

German machine gun nest, taking 32

machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers

and capturing 132 others. This action

occurred during the U.S.-led portion of the

Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France

SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL


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SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTRE, THE MILITARY, AND

MEDICINE IncAgricultureRefrigeration

Military

M hi G


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Machine guns

Airplanes/air combat

Submarines

Mines (sea and land)

Gas

Tanks

Radar

Nuclear weapons

gilded age through wwi

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