gifted and addiction docx

7/27/2019 Gifted and Addiction Docx

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Gifted, Talented, Addicted

by Douglas Eby, Talent Development Resources

Writer Pearl Buck commented, "The truly creative mind in any field is no more than this: A humancreature born abnormally, inhumanly sensitive."

Winner of a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938, she also added, "By some strange, unknown, inward

urgency they are not really alive unless they are creating."

A number of people with exceptional abilities have used drugs and alcohol as self-medication to ease the

pain of that sensitivity, or as a way to enhance thinking and creativity. Sometimes they risk addiction.

Beethoven reportedly drank wine about as often as he wrote music, and was an alcoholic or at least a

problem-drinker.

Among the many other artists who have used drugs, alcohol or other substances are Aldous Huxley,

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allen Poe, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Allen Ginsberg, composers Beethoven and

Modest Musorgski, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Raymond Chandler, Eugene O'Neill, Edna St. Vincent Millay,

Dorothy Parker, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, John Steinbeck, and Tennessee

Williams.

At least five U.S. writers who won the Nobel Prize for Literature have been considered alcoholics.

Astronaut Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin said that he had been an alcoholic for several years before the Apollo 11

mission of 1969, and had quit drinking only two days before the historic flight, but resumed after his

return to Earth. He became an active crusader against alcohol abuse.

Scientist Carl Sagan was reportedly a regular user of marijuana from the early 60's until his death in

1996, using it on occasion to inspire some of his acclaimed scientific papers.

Richard Feynman (1918-1988; Nobel Prize in Physics, 1965) used marijuana and LSD while in his mid 50's,

mostly while exploring consciousness in a sensory deprivation tank.

Naturopath Andrew Weil wrote in his book The Natural Mind (1971) about the advantages of "stoned

thinking" in understanding health and diagnosing illnesses, and says he has tried about every drug in his

book From Chocolate to Morphine.

While the National Institute on Drug Abuse says addiction to hallucinogens is almost unknown, some

research they publish indicates that people who use or abuse one kind of drug are vulnerable to abusing

other drugs, which may lead to addiction.


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Actor Johnny Depp admits getting drunk to deal with his sensitivity, and having to go to functions like

press appearances: "I guess I was trying not to feel anything."

He thinks drug use "has less to do with recreation and more to do with the fact that we need to escape

from our brains. We need to escape from everyday life. It's self-medication and that's the problem."

Writer and producer David Milch (Hill Street Blues, NYPD Blue and Deadwood), when he was an

undergrad at Yale, did "a lot of pharmacological research" as he has described his years-long addiction to

heroin and alcohol.

Jane Piirto, Ph.D., Director of Talent Development Education at Ashland University notes in her article

"The Creative Process in Poets" that the "altered mental state brought about by substances has been

thought to enhance creativity - to a certain extent.

But, she adds, "The danger of turning from creative messenger to addicted body is great, and many

writers have succumbed, especially to the siren song of alcohol."

She quotes poet Charles Baudelaire on using alcohol to enhance imagination: "Always be drunk. That is

all: it is the question. You want to stop Time crushing your shoulders, bending you double, so get drunk -

militantly. How? Use wine, poetry, or virtue, use your imagination. Just get drunk"

an unconscious strategy

Addiction psychologist Marc F. Kern, Ph.D., notes that altering one's state of consciousness is normal and

that a destructive habit or addiction is "mostly an unconscious strategy - which you started to develop at

a naive, much earlier stage of life - to enjoy the feelings it brought on or to help cope with uncomfortable

emotions or feelings. It is simply an adaptation that has gone awry."

Charles Baudelaire was an example of that. He wrote in Artificial Paradises [Les Paradis artificiels, 1860]:

"You know that hashish always evokes magnificent constructions of light, glorious and splendid visions,

cascades of liquid gold."

But he led a debauched, violent, and ultimately tragic life, dying an opium addict in 1867.

The cultural climate, the zeitgeist, can have a profound effect on how people think of addiction, and

what substances they use or abuse.

As described in the article Addiction: a Myth of Modernity? by William Pryor, Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a

medical herbalist, developed in the late 1880s his "Pemberton's French Wine Coca, which he copied from

Vin Mariani, a blend of Bordeaux and coca.. [which had testimonials from] Thomas Edison, Emile Zola,

Queen Victoria and no fewer than three Popes.

"In 1885 the good citizens of [Atlanta, Georgia] adopted strict temperance legislation forcing Dr

Pemberton to find a way of taking the alcohol out of his tonic.


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"After much experimentation he concocted a syrup made from cocaCoke logo leaves, kola nut (chewed

in many West African cultures for its high caffeine content) and damiana (a mild psychoactive South

American herb used to treat coughs, constipation and depression).

"The syrup was taken mixed with soda water. He called it Coca Cola."

Pryor notes that in that era, "The population as a whole held psychotropic substance use in a rather

different way from the febrile and contradictory attitudes we hold today, despite a few well-chronicled

exceptions like that of laudanum-crazed Coleridge.

"In the late 19th century the only mind-altering substance to be illegal, and that in small pockets, was

alcohol. The most-used medicines were opium and its derivative morphine."

Dr. Pemberton died in 1888 at age 56, from morphine addiction.

Pryor declares, "Addiction is a construct of modernity, one that knows no boundaries of class,

circumstance or intellect, a mythic construct that seems to explain what is nigh on inexplicable, our

strange response to the pain of being human."

That pain can have multiple dimensions, including existential aspects, and be especially poignant for

highly sensitive gifted and talented people.

Linda Kreger Silverman, Ph.D., director of the Institute for the Study of Advanced Development and the

Gifted Development Center in Denver, Colorado, notes in her article "Emotional Intensity" that intensity

"is one of the personality concomitants of giftedness. It is natural for the gifted to feel deeply and to

experience a broad range of emotions."

to dull sensitivity

Polish psychiatrist Kazimierz Dabrowski and psychologist Michael Piechowski have called this capacity for

feeling "emotional overexcitability," and found that five such areas of "excitability" are strongly

corelated with high intelligence.

Bill Tillier, a scholar of Dabrowski's work, noted in the Dabrowski Discussion Group newsletter that the

"use of intoxicating substances to dull sensitivity would be considered an unsatisfactory and low level

solution in Dabrowski's terms and would have to be seen as a negative disintegration... a maladaptive

response.

"Dabrowski would probably suggest that in the face of strong overexcitability one needs to relax and

"weather the storm" without resorting to distortions of reality or the use of intoxicating substances."

In their article "A Bioanthropological Overview of Addiction," Doris F. Jonas, Ph.D. and A. David Jonas,

M.D. consider that such a "nervous system so exquisitely adapted to perceiving the minutest changes in


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environmental signals clearly becomes overwhelmed and produces dysphoria when its carrier must exist

among the exponentially increased social stimuli of a modern environment."

Those with a less sensitive nervous systems are, they write, "better adapted to our more crowded living

conditions. The more sensitive can only attempt to ease their discomfort by blunting their perceptions

with alcohol or depressive drugs or, alternatively, by using consciousness-altering drugs to transporttheir senses from the dysphoric world in which they live to private worlds of their own."

In her article "Overexcitability and the gifted," Sharon Lind says that people with emotional excitability

are acutely aware of their own feelings, of how they are growing and changing, and often carry on

inner dialogs and practice self-judgment."

If they also experience psychomotor excitability, when feeling emotionally tense, they may "act

impulsively, misbehave and act out." Drug and alcohol abuse can be one form of this.

Heather King, a National Honor Society scholar, and a commentator for All Things Considered on NPR,

says in an article of hers (Quitting the Bar, Twice) that she made a decision to go to law school because itwould force herto study so hard I would naturally cut down on my drinking.

"Somewhere along the line I would be transformed from a person with a nervous system so sensitive

that, when sober, merely being addressed by a fellow human being almost caused me to hyperventilate,

into a bold, assertive, self-confident advocate for victims of racial oppression and gender discrimination."

Her addiction grew from her need to deal with her "sense of alienation and deficiency, this intuition that

I had missed some kind of essential truth available to everyone else... it was the very reason I so

ceaselessly craved the oblivion of alcohol.

"People sometimes ask me, How could you have gotten through law school drunk? My answer is thatthere is no way I could have gotten through law school if I hadn't been drunk."

A concept related to excitability is "CNS augmenters" who have central nervous systems which augment

or enhance the impact of sensory input. In his article Somatosensory Affectional Deprivation (SAD)

Theory of Drug and Alcohol Use, James W. Prescott, Ph.D. cites studies indicating that being an

"augmenter" is linked to substance abuse.

Stephanie S. Tolan, a well known author of young adult and children's fiction, as well as an author and

speaker on exceptionally gifted children, says in her article Discovering the gifted ex-child that gifted

people "frequently take their own capacities for granted, believing that it is people with different

abilities who are the really bright ones.

"Not understanding the source of their frustration or ways to alleviate it, they may opt to relieve the pain

through the use of alcohol, drugs, food or other addictive substances or behaviors. Or they may simply

hunker down and live their lives in survival mode."


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A push toward addiction often starts at a young age.

In the book Gifted Grownups: The Mixed Blessings of Extraordinary Potential, Lisa, 14, talks about being

given Valium by a doctor: "Taking pills or smoking a joint helped get me through the day."

She said gifted kids take drugs "To dull themselves... there is so much of the wrong kind of stimulation

going on around you."

Acclaimed writer and memoirist Anne Lamott [left] has been very candid about her years of drug and

alcohol abuse in her Salon.com column and elsewhere.

In a PBS profile, she commented about starting in eighth grade: "You're completely hormonally

challenged up the ying-yang and on top of all these feelings they make you go to dances. I stood around,

and no one asked me to dance, and then I had like a beer and a half. And boys asked me to dance and I

was home free.

"I think things started to work for me a little bit better when I started to take drugs and to drink

alcoholically. I started to drink pretty regularly by the time I was 13. I got very drunk on a nightly basis

from the time I was about 19 'til 32."

She now finds being sober a "grace" supported by her Christian faith.

Psychiatrist Leon Wurmser, M.D. comments in his article Drug Use as a Protective System that anxiety

"of an overwhelming nature and the emotional feelings of pain, injury, woundedness, and vulnerability

appear to be a feature common to all types of compulsive drug use."

In her memoir Looking for Gatsby: My Life, actor Faye Dunaway admits eating compulsively "to counter

the stress of filmmaking. I've never stopped guarding against a return to that kind of emotional reliance

on food, and as I grew into this sophisticated world, alcohol. I'm finally beyond that now, but it was the

pendulum I would swing on for years."

Many gifted people are also susceptible to mental health issues such as mood disorders, and may self-

medicate.

Writer and actor Carrie Fisher at times took 30 Percodan a day, and said in an article, "Drugs made me

feel more normal. They contained me."

At age 28 she overdosed, and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. "Maybe I was taking drugs to keep

the monster in the box," she said.

The use of substances, and the attitudes about that use or abuse, are very much tied to the social

climate of the times. Researcher Stanton Peele, J.D., Ph.D. notes that although definitions of addiction

are "putatively rational and scientific, they are actually historical and political.. not based on

pharmacological criteria, but in order to create a basis for disapproving of and proscribing drugs."


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One arena in which drugs are often prescribed is for the treatment of learning disorders such as ADD /

ADHD.

A report titled Substance Abuse and Learning Disabilities: Peas in a Pod or Apples and Oranges? says

there is an addiction or abuse risk with these disorders: "ADHD affected individuals have a high incidence

of substance abuse, and ADHD is further associated with an earlier onset of substance abuse and agreater difficulty shaking addiction.

"Studies show that as many as half of those suffering ADHD self-medicate with drugs and alcohol. An

individual with ADHD is twice as likely as one without ADHD to abuse substances."

Addiction may be a convenient term, but the concept is not simple, and there can be a wide spectrum of

behaviors and qualities of relationship with various substances.

Studies have reported that individuals exposed to stress are more likely to abuse alcohol and other

drugs. But there are, of course, healthier strategies to manage stress.

One of the crucial questions is how much does use of a substance or engaging in a behavior help us cope,

versus limit the expression of our unique selves and talents.

Dealing with addiction can be not only life-saving, but releasing.

As musician Elton John has commented, "A lot of good things have happened to me, and it's all because

of sobriety. I went into treatment [for drug and alcohol addiction], and I emerged with my eyes open.

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