giao trinh phan cung may tinh (in cho hv).doc

Chng 1 - Tng quan v my vi tnh

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MY VI TNH1. Lich s ca my tnh c nhn

S ra i ca my tnh c nhn

Nm 1975 cng ty MITS ( M ) gii thiu chic my tnh c nhn Altair u tin trn th gii, chic my ny s dng b vi x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led.

My tnh PC u tin trn th gii Altair

Nm 1977 cng ty Apple a ra th trng my tnh AppleII c mn hnh v bn phm

My tnh PC hng Apple sn xut nm 1977

Nm 1981 cng ty IBM sn xut my tnh PC c h thng m, tc l my c nhiu khe cm m rng c th cm thm cc th khc vo , sau ny thit k ny pht trin thnh tiu chun ca my tnh ngy nay. Cng ty IBM ( mt cng ty khng l lc ) tm n mt cng ty nh c tn l Microsoft thu vit phn mm cho my tnh PC ca mnh , l c hi ngn nm c mt cho Microsoft tr thnh cng ty phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay .

My tnh PC ca hng IBM sn xut nm 1981 thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh MSDOS Chic my ny c tc 5MHz

Sau khi pht minh ra chun PC m rng, IBM cho php cc nh sn xut PC trn th gii nhi theo chun ca IBM v chun my tnh IBM PC nhanh chng pht trin thnh h thng sn xut my PC khng l trn ton th gii .

IBM khng c tho thun c quyn vi MS DOS cho nn Microsoft c th bn phn mm MS DOS cho bt c ai, v vy m Microsoft nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ty ln mnh.

Billgate nm 1981 ng lm vic sut ngy hon thnh h iu hnh MS DOS cho cng ty IBM, hp ng ca ng ch ng gi bng 5 pht thu nhp hin nay, nhng ng mun c th gii bit n sn phm , ri mt ngy khng xa ng s lm ch th gii trong lnh vc phn mm, l tm nhn ca mt ...t ph .

Ai kim sot phn mm PC

Phn mm my tnh PC c Microsoft kim sot v thng tr trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh c nhn .

+ T nm 1981 n 1990 l h iu hnh MS DOS pht trin qua nhiu phin bn v c trn 80% my tnh PC trn th gii s dng h iu hnh ny .

+ Nm 1991 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 3.1 v c trn 90% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng .

+ Nm 1995 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 95 v c khong 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.

+ Nm 1998 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 98 v c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.

+ Nm 2000 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 2000

+ Nm 2002 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window XP vi khong 97% my tnh PC s dng .

Billgate ng hong trong th gii phn mm

Mt iu c bit quan trng l c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng cc sn phm Windows ca Microsoft, v vy cc cng ty sn xut thit b ngoi vi mun bn c ra th trng th phi c trnh iu khin do Microsoft cung cp hoc mt tho thun vi Microsoft sn phm y c Windows h tr.

+ Mt thit b my tnh m khng c Window h tr th coi nh khng bn cho ai c => l l do lm cho Microsoft tr thnh khng nhng l nh thng tr phn mm m cn ng vai tr iu khin s pht trin phn cng PC .

Ai kim sot phn cng PC

IBM l nh pht minh v pht trin h thng my tnh PC nhng h ch lm c quyn kim sot trong 7 nm t 1981 n 1987, sau quyn kim sot thuc v cng ty Intel . Intel c thnh lp nm 1968 vi mc tiu sn xut cc chip nh

+ Nm 1971 Intel pht minh ra Vi x l u tin c tn 4004 c tc l 0,1 MHz

CPU u tin do Intel sn xut nm1971 c tc 0,1MHz

+ Nm 1972 Intel gii thiu chp 8008 c tc 0,2 MHz

+ Nm 1979 Intel gii thiu chp 8088 c tc 5 MHz hng IBM s dng chp 8088 lp cho chic PC u tin ca mnh .

+ Nm 1988 Intel gii thiu chp 386 c tc 75 MHz

+ Nm 1990 Intel gii thiu chp 486 c tc 100 -133 MHz

+ Nm 1993 - 1996 Intel gii thiu chp 586 c tc 166 - 200MHz

+ Nm 1997-1998 Intel gii thiu chp Pentiun 2 c tc 233 - 450 MHz

+ Nm 1999 - 2000 Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 3 c tc 500- 1200 MHz

+ T nm 2001 - nay Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 4 c tc t 1500 MHz n 3800MHz (v cha c gii hn )

CPU Pentium 4 sn xut nm 2006 vi tc 3,2GHztc ny nhanh gp 32.000 ln tc CPU ban u

Intel khng nhng dn u trong lnh vc sn sut CPU m cn l nh cung cp hng u v Chipset v Mainboard k t nm 1994 n nay .

2. Cc thnh phn trong my vi tnh

S h thng my tnh

My tnh l mt h thng gm nhiu thit b c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt bo mch ch, s lin kt ny c iu khin bi CPU v h thng phn mm hng dn, mi thit b trong h thng c mt chc nng ring bit trong c ba thit b quan trng nht l CPU, Mainboard v b nh RAM .

3. Nhim v ca cc thit b trong h thng my tnh .

1) Mainboard ( Bo mch ch )

Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht

+ Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin .

2) CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) - Vi x l

CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh .

3) RAM ( Radom Access Memory ) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin

RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my .

4) Case v b ngun

Case : L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc a, cc Card m rng .

Ngun : Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng .

5) a cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu , tuy nhin cng l c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa .

6) a CD ROM ( Hard Disk Drive )

L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong 640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe nhc, xem phim v v...

7) a mm FDD

a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo lcc USB c nhiu u im vt tri .

8) Bn phm - Keyboard .

Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn Mainboard iu khin .

9) Chut - Mouse.

L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do h iu hnh Window nm gi .

10) Card Video

Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh, trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh .

+ Ram : Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn gii cng cao .

+ IC : DAC ( Digital Analog Conveter ) y l IC i tn hiu nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t .

+ IC gii m Video

+ BIOS : L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha khi ng .

Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard

11) Mn hnh Monitor

Monitor CRT Monitor LCD

Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gipcho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh, ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng.

Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh LCD

4. Khi nim v phn mm

Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no , khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c phn mm th n khng hot ng g c . c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp .

S dng ngn ng lp trnh iu khin my tnh

Th d : Bn hy lp trnh mt on m to dng ch chy nh sau

Bn khi ng Notepad

Vo Start / Programs / Accessories / Notepad

Nhp vo on m sau :

Toi da dieu khien duoc dong chu chay

Sau Save As vo mt file abc.html

Trong mc File name g abc.html Trong mc 'Save as Type' chn kiu 'All files' => Sau khi Save xong bn cho chy th File trn xem kt qu

5. Cc chng trnh phn mm

Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp

Chng trnh iu khin thit b ( Drive ) :

y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch

hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi ng .

Operation System - H iu hnh

L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n .

Chng trnh ng dng .

L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh .

Th d : Chng trnh Word : gip ta son tho vn bn

Chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta s l nh v v...

Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau

6. Vai tr ca phn mm trong my vi tnh

My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU - l mt thit b in t c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh , v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm triu lnh / giy , v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton ph thuc vo cc cu lnh .

Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao gm :

+ Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v kim tra thit b .

+ H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS DOS, h iu hnh Window

+ Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh .

Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc vic vi su : Th d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng . => Virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do nhng tin tc c su vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut .

7. K thut s trong my tnh :

Ngi ta c th ni rng : Th k 21 l k nguyn k thut s, k thut s n su vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t thit b nh nh chi tr em n nhng thit b ti tn u c s ho tng phn .

Vy k thu s l g ?

Cu hi ny xem ra kh c th gii thch trong mt vi dng nhng bn hy tm hiu :

=> K thut s l s dng h thng s nh phn biu din hay x l d liu, h thng s nh phn n rt n gin v n ch c hai mc 0 v 1 .

Nh vy k thut s chnh l k thut x l, lu tr hoc truyn d liu bng cc tn hiu ch c hai mc 0 v 1 ( hay khng c in v c in )

8. Tn hiu s ( Digital ) v tn hiu tng t ( Alalog )

Tn hiu s ( Digital )

L tn hiu ch c hai mc duy nht l Khng c in v C in , biu din hai trng thi ny ngi ta dng h thng s nh phn tc l ch c hai con s 0 v 1

0 Biu din cho trng thi : Khng c in

1 Biu din cho trng thi : C in

Tn hiu s ch c hai mc in p 0 v 1

Tn hiu tng t ( Analog )

Tn hiu tng t c trng thi bin i dn dn, tng dn hoc gim dn => v vy chng c dng hnh Sin. Hu ht cc tn hiu trong t nhin u l tn hiu tng t nh :

+ Tn hiu m tn ( L tn hiu m thanh i ra tn hiu in )

+ Tn hiu Video ( L tn hiu hnh nh i ra tn hiu in

Tn hiu Analog l tn hiu dng hnh Sin

+ Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) c v s cc mc in p khc nhau, v vy chng khng th biu din bng hai con s c m ta phi biu din chng bng c s 10 ( l c s ta ang dng )

9. Cc h thng s

H thp phn :

y l h c s 10 m ta vn quen s dng , h ny gm cc on s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Th d cc s 40 , 90, 115, 200 v v.. l cc s t nhin c iu din bng c s 10 .

Tn hiu Analog c rt nhiu mc in p nnphi s dng c s 10 mi biu din c n .

+ Gi s nu ta phi lu tr on tn hiu trn th ta phi lu li tt c cc gi tr ca chng ln lt theo cc im A,B,C,D,E l :Chng 2 - Case v Ngun

1. Case : Hp my

Case : Hp my - Sn xut nm 2006

Bn trong Case ch c b ngun v cc gi Mainboard, a

B ngun ATX trong Case ca my Pentium 4

2. Case ng b

Case ng b l cc my tnh bn sn ra th trng trong c y linh kin v thit b ngoi vi, Vit Nam Case ng b thng xut hin dng cc my tnh c nhp khu t M .

Case ng b IBM nhp khu t M .

IBM v Compac l hai nh sn xut my tnh c nhn ln nht th gii trong nhng nm 1981 n 1997, hai cng ty ny cung cp phn ln my tnh c nhn PC cho th trng th gii trong thp nin 90 ca th k trc, cc cng ty ny s dng b x l ca Intel v thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh.

3. La chn Case khi lp My vi tnh :

Khi lp mt b my vi tnh, bn cn phi la chn mt Case ( thng my) cho ph hp, v Case lun i km vi b ngun do bn cn la chn theo cc tiu chun sau :

Hnh dng Case hp vi Model mi khng b cho l li thi

Cng sut ca b ngun : Nu nh bn nh s dng cng nhiu a th bn cn phi s dng Case c ngun cho cng sut cng ln, nu bn s dng Case c ngun yu khi chy s b qu cng sut v d gy h hng ngun v Mainboard

B ngun phi c rc cm cn thit cho cu hnh my ca bn,

Th d : nu bn lp my Pen 4 s dng socket 478 th ngun phi c thm rc 4pin Nu bn lp my c s dng a cng theo chun ATA thrc ngun nn c rc h tr u ni ngun chun ATA

Cc qut gi lm Mass : My cng c lm mt tt th chy cng n nh v tui th cng cao .

Cc loi Case mi nht

4. B ngun my vi tnh

B ngun ATX dng cho cc my t Pentium2 n Pentium4

u dy ngun cp in cho Mainboard cc mu dy v in p, chc nng .

ngha ca cc chn v mu dy

Dy mu cam l chn cp ngun 3,3V

Dy mu l chn cp ngun 5V

Dy mu vng l chn cp ngun 12V

Dy mu xanh da tri l chn cp ngun -12V

Dy mu trng l chn cp ngun -5V

Dy mu tm l chn cp ngun 5VSB ( y l ngun cp trc )

Dy mu en l Mass

Dy mu xanh l cy l chn lnh m ngun chnh PS_ON ( Power Swich On ), khi in p PS_ON = 0V l m , PS_ON > 0V l tt

Dy mu xm l chn bo v Mainboard, dy ny bo cho Mainbord bit tnh trng ca ngun tt PWR_OK (Power OK), khi dy ny c in p >3V th Mainboard mi hot ng .

u cm ny ch c trn b ngun ginh cho Mainboard Pentium 4

u cm dy ngun rn Mainboard

5. Kim tra b ngun

kim tra mt b ngun c hot ng hay khng ta lm nh sau

Kim tra b ngun ATX

Bc 1 : Cp in cho b ngun

Bc 2 : u dy PS_ON ( mu xanh l cy ) vo Mass ( u vo mt dy mu en no ) => Quan st qut trn b ngun , nu qut quay tt l ngun

chy Nu qut khng quay l ngun b hng .

Trng hp ngun vn chy th h hng thng do Mainboard

6. Nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ATX .

S mch tng qut ca b ngun ATX

B ngun c 3 mch chnh l :

+ Mch chnh lu c nhim v i in p AC 220V u vo thnh DC 300V cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun chnh .

+ Ngun cp trc c nhim v cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC Chipset qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V nui IC to dao ng cho ngun chnh hot ng ( Ngun cp trc hot ng lin tc khi ta cm in .)

+ Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc in p cho Mainboard, cc a cng, a mm, a CD Rom .. ngun chnh ch hot ng kh c lnh PS_ON iu khin t Mainboard .

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX

1- Mch chnh lu

Nhim v ca mch chnh lu l i in p AC thnh in p DC cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun xung hot ng .

S mch nh sau :

Mch chnh lu trong b ngun ATX

Ngun ATX s dng mch chnh lu c 2 t lc mc ni tip to ra in p cn bng in gia.

+ Cng tc SW1 l cng tc chuyn in 110V/220V b tr ngoi khi ta gt sang nc 110V l khi cng tc ng => khi in p DC s c nhn 2, tc l ta vn thu c 300V DC

+ Trong trng hp ta cm 220V m ta gt sang nc 110V th ngun s nhn 2 in p 220V AC v kt qu l ta thu c 600V DC => khi cc t lc ngun s b n v cht cc n cng sut.

2. Ngun cp trc

+ Nhim v ca ngun cp trc l cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh .

+ S mch nh sau :

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX

R1 l in tr mi to dao ng

R2 v C3 l in tr v t hi tip duy tr dao ng

D5, C4 v Dz l mch hi tip n nh in p ra

Q1 l n cng sut

3. Ngun chnh

+ Nhim v : Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc mc in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng

+ S mch ca ngun chnh nh sau :

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX

Q1 v Q2 l hai n cng sut, hai n ny uc mc y ko, trong mt thi im ch c mt n dn n kia tt do s iu khin ca xung dao ng .

OSC l IC to dao ng, ngun Vcc cho IC ny l 12V do ngun cp trc cung cp, IC ny hot ng khi c lnh P.ON = 0V , khi IC hot ng s to ra dao ng dng xung hai chn 1, 2 v c khuch i qua hai n Q3 v Q4 sau ghp qua bin p o pha sang iu khin hai n cng sut hot ng .

Bin p chnh : Cun s cp c u t im gia hai n cng sut v im gia hai t lc ngun chnh => in p th cp c chnh lu thnh cc mc in p

+12V, +5V, +3,3V, -12V, -5V => cung cp cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng .

Chn PG l in p bo v Mainboard , khi ngun bnh thng th in p PG > 3V, khi ngun ra sai => in p PG c th b mt, => Mainboard s cn c vo in p PG iu khin cho php Mainboard hot ng hay khng, nu in p PG < 3V th Mainboard s khng hot ng mc d cc in p khc vn c

7. Cc bnh ca ngun

Bnh 1 : B ngun khng hot ng, th chp chn PS_ON xung Mass ( chp dy xanh l vo dy en ) nhng qut vn khng quay .

Th kim tra theo cc bc trn thy qut ngun khng quay => ngun b hng

Nguyn nhn h hng trn c th do :

Chp mt trong cc n cng sut => dn n n cu ch , mt ngun 300V u vo .

in p 300V u vo vn cn nhng ngun cp trc khng hot ng, khng c in p 5V STB

in p 300V c, ngun cp trc vn hot ng nhng ngun chnh khng hot ng .

Kim tra :

Cp in cho b ngun v kim tra in p 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm) xem c khng ? (o gi dy tm v dy en) => Nu c 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm ) => th sa cha nh sau:Trng hp 1 di

Nu o dy tm khng c in p 5V, bn cn tho v ngun ra ngoi kim tra .

o cc n cng sut xem c b chp khng ? o bng thang X1 => Nu cc n cng sut khng chp => th sa nh Trng hp 2 di .

=> Nu c mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp => th sa nh Trng hp 3 di

Sa cha :

Trng hp 1: Vn c in p 5V STB nhng khi u dy PS_ON xung Mass qut khng quay .

Phn tch : C in p 5V STB ngha l c in p 300V DC v thng thng cc n cng sut trn ngun chnh khng hng, v vy h hng y l do mt dao ng ca ngun chnh, bn cn kim tra nh sau :

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX

o in p Vcc 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh

o kim tra cc n Q3 v Q4 khuch i o pha .

Nu vn c Vcc th thay th IC dao ng

.

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX

Trng hp 2 : Cp in cho ngun v o khng c in p 5V STB trn dy mu tm , kim tra bn s cp cc n cng sut khng hng, cp ngun v o vn c 300V u vo.

Phn tch : Trng hp ny l do ngun cp trc khng hot ng, mc d c ngun 300V u vo, bn cn kim tra k cc linh kin sau ca ngun cp trc :

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX

Kim tra in tr mi R1

Kim tra R, C hi tip : R2, C3

Kim tra Dz

Trng hp 3 : Khng c in p 5V STB, khi tho v mch rakim tra thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp .

Phn tch : Nu pht hin thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp th ta cn phi tm hiu v t tr li c cu hi : V sao n cng sut b chp? bi v n cng sut t khi b hng m khng c l do .

Mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm n cng sut b chp l

1. Khch hng gt nhm sang in p 110V

2. Khch hng dng qu nhiu a => gy qu ti cho b ngun

3. Mt trong hai t lc ngun b hng => lm cho in p im gia hai n cng sut b lch .

Bn cn phi kim tra lm r mt trong cc nguyn nhn trn trc khi thay cc n cng sut .

Khi sa cha thay th, ta sa ngun cp trc chy trc => sau ta mi sa ngun chnh .

Cn ch cc t lc ngun chnh, nu mt trong hai t b hng s lm cho ngun cht cng sut, nu mt t hng th o in p trn hai t s b lch ( bnh thng st p trn mi t l 150V )

Cn ch cng tc 110V- 220V nu gt nhm sang 110V th in p DC s l 600V v cc n cng sut s hng ngay lp tc .

Bnh 2 : Mi khi bt cng tc ngun ca my tnh th qut quay vi vng ri thi

Phn tch nguyn nhn :

Khi bt cng tc ngun => qut quay c vi vng chng t

=> Ngun cp trc chy

=> Ngun chnh chy

=> Vy th nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l g ???

Hin tng trn l do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau :

Kh mt trong cc t lc u ra ca ngun chnh => lm in p ra b sai => dn n mch bo v ct dao ng sau khi chy c vi giy .

Kh mt hoc c hai t lc ngun chnh lc in p 300V u vo => lm cho ngun b st p khi c ti => mch bo v ct dao ng

Kim tra v sa cha :

o in p u vo sau cu i t nu < 300V l b kh cc t lc ngun.

o in p trn 2 t lc ngun nu lch nhau l b kh mt trong hai t lc ngun, hoc t cc in tr u song song vi hai t .

Cc t u ra ( nm cnh bi dy ) ta hy thay th t khc, v

cc t ny b kh ta rt kh pht hin bng phng php o c .Chng 3: Chc nng ca mainboard

1. Chc nng ca Mainboard

Mainboard my vi tnh .

Mainboard ca my tnh c cc chc nng sau y :

L bn mch chnh lin kt tt c cc linh kin v thit b ngoi vi thnh mt b my vi tnh thng nht .

iu khin tc v ng i ca lung d liu gia cc thit b trn .

iu khin in p cung cp cho cc linh kin gn cht hoc cm ri trn Mainboard .

2. S khi ca Mainboard .

S khi Mainboard Pentium 4

3 . Nguyn l hot ng ca Mainboard

Mainboard c 2 IC quan trng l Chipset cu bc v Chipset cu nam, chng c nhim v l cu ni gia cc thnh phn cm vo Mainboard nh ni gia CPU vi RAM, gia RAM vi cc khe m rng PCI v v...

Gia cc thit b ny thng thng c tc truyn qua li rt khc nhau cn gi l tc Bus. Th d trn mt Mainboard Pentium 4, tc d liu ra vo CPU l 533MHz nhng tc ra vo b nh RAM ch c 266MHz v tc ra vo Card Sound gn trn khe PCI li ch c 66MHz .

Gi s ta nghe mt bn nhc MP3, u tin d liu ca bn nhc c np t cng ln b nh RAM sau d liu c x l trn CPU ri li tm thi a kt qu xung b nh RAM trc khi ua qua Card Sound ra ngoi, ton b hnh trnh ca d liu di chuyn nh sau :

+ D liu c trn cng truyn qua cng IDE vi vn tc 33MHz i qua Chipset cu nam i vn tc thnh 133MHz i qua Chipset cu bc vo b nh RAM vi vn tc 266MHz, d liu t Ram c np ln CPU ban u i vo Chipset bc vi tc 266MHz sau i t Chipset bc ln CPU vi tc 533MHz , kt qa x l c np tr li RAM theo hng ngc li , sau d liu c gi ti Card Sound qua Bus 266MHz ca RAM, qua tip Bus 133MHz gia hai Chipset v qua Bus 66MHz ca khe

PCI => Nh vy ta thy rng 4 thit b c tc truyn rt khc nhau l:+ CPU c Bus (tc truyn qua chn) l 533MHz

+ RAM c Bus l 266MHz

+ Card Sound c Bus l 66MHz

+ cng c Bus l 33MHz

lm vic c vi nhau thng qua h thng Chipset iu khin tc Bus .

Xem chi tit v Mainboard my Pentium 4

CC THNH PHN TRN MAINBOARD

1. Chipset cu bc (North Bridge ) v Chipset cu nam ( Sourth Bridge )

Nhim v ca Chipset :

Kt ni cc thnh phn trn Mainbord v cc thit b ngoi vi li vi nhau

iu khin tc Bus cho ph hp gia cc thit b

Th d : CPU c tc Bus l 400MHz nhng Ram c tc Bus l 266MHz hai thnh phn ny c th giao tip vi nhau th chng phi thng qua Chipset thay i tc Bus

Chipset North Bridge

Khi nim v tc Bus :

y l tc tryn d liu gia thit b vi cc Chipset Th d : Tc truyn d liu gia CPU vi Chipset cu bc chnh l tc Bus ca CPU, tc truyn gia Ram vi Chipset cu bc gi l tc Bus ca Ram ( thng gi tt l Bus Ram ) v tc truyn gia khe AGP vi Chipset l Bus ca Card Video AGP

3 ng Bus l Bus ca CPU, Bus ca RAM v Bus ca Card AGP c vai tr c bit quan trng i vi mt Mainboard v n cho bit Mainboard thuc th h no v h tr loi CPU, loi RAM v loi Card Video no ?

S minh ho tc Bus ca cc thit b lin lc vi nhau qua Chipset h thng .

2. cm CPU

=> Ta c th cn c vo cc cm CPU phn bit chng loi Mainboard

Khe cm CPU kiu Slot - Cho cc my Pentium 2 :

Khe cm ny ch c cc mu Pentium 2 , CPU khng gn trc tip vo Mainboard m gn vo mt v mch sau v mch c gn xung Mainboard thng qua khe Slot nh hnh di y :

Mainboard ca my Pentium 2

cm CPU kiu Socket 370 - Cho cc my Pentium 3 :

y l cm trong cc my Pentium 3 , cm ny c 370 chn .

cm CPU - Socket370 trong cc my Pentium 3

cm CPU - Socket 423 - Cho cc my Pentium 4 :

y l kiu cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i u ginh cho CPU c 423 chn .

cm CPU - Socket 423 trong cc my Pentium 4 i u


y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i trung , chp loi ny c 478 chn .

cm CPU - Socket 478 trong cc my Pentium 4 i trung


y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi .

cm CPU - Socket 775 trongcc my Pentium 4 i mi

cm CPU - Socket 939 :

y l cm CPU trong cc my s dng chip AMD mi nht gn y.

cm CPU - Socket 939 trong cc my i mi dng chp AMD

3. Khe cm b nh RAM

Khe cm SDRam - Cho my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 :

SDRam (Synchronous Dynamic Ram) => Ram ng c kh nng ng b, tc Ram ny c kh nng theo kp tc ca h thng . SDRam c tc Bus t 66MHz n 133MHz

Khe cm SDRam trong my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3

Khe cm DDRam - Cho my Pentium 4 :

DDRam (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Ram) => Chnh l SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 . DDRam c tc Bus t 200MHz n 533MHz

Khe cm DDRam trong my Pentium 4

4. Khe cm m rng

1. ISA

ISA ( Industry Standar Architecture => Kin trc tiu chun cng ngh ) y l khe cm cho cc Card m rng theo tiu chun c, hin nay khe cm ny ch cn tn ti trn cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 , trn cc my Pentium 4 khe ny khng cn xut hin .

2. PCI

PCI ( Peripheral Component Interconnect => Lin kt thit b ngoi vi ) y l khe cm m rng thng dng nht c Bus l 33MHz, cho ti hin nay cc khe cm ny vn c s dng rng ri trong cc my Pentium 4

3. AGP

AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port ) Cng tng tc ho , y l cng ginh ring cho Card Video c h tr ho , tc Bus thp nht ca khe ny t 66MHz 1X,

1X = 66 MHZ ( Cho my Pentium 2 & Pentium 3 )

2X = 66 MHz x 2

= 133 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 3 )

4X = 66 MHz x 4


8X = 66 MHz x 8


16X = 66 MHz x 16 = 1066 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 4 )

5. Cc thnh phn khc

1. B nh Cache :

L b nh m nm gia b nh RAM v CPU nhm rt ngn thi gian ly d liu trong lc CPU x l, c hai loi Cache l Cache L1 v Cache L2.

Vi cc my Pentium 2 Cache L1 nm trong CPU cn Cache L2 nm ngoi CPU

T cc my Pentium 3 v 4 Cache L1 v L2 u c tch hp trong CPU

Khng nh b nh RAM, b nh Cache c lm t RAM tnh c tc nhanh v gi thnh t .

2. ROM BIOS

( Read Only Memory Basic Input/Output System => B nh ch c, lu tr cc chng trnh vo ra c s )

=> y l b nh ch c c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np sn cc chng trnh phc v cc cng vic :

** Khi ng my tnh v kim tra b nh Ram, kim tra Card Video, b iu khin a , bn phm ...

** Tm h iu hnh v np chng trnh khi ng h iu hnh .

** Cung cp chng trnh ci t cu hnh my ( CMOS Setup ) Khi bn vo chng trnh CMOS Setup, phin bn Default ca cu hnh my c khi ng t BIOS, sau khi bn thay i cc thng s v Save li th cc thng s mi c lu vo RAM CMOS v c nui bng ngun Pin 3V, RAM CMOS l mt b nh nh c tch hp trong Nourth Bridge

3. Cc cng giao tip

* u cm ngun

4. Jumper v Switch

Trong cc Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 c rt nhiu Jumper v Switch, l cc cng tc gip cho ta thit lp cc thng s nh :

+ Thit lp tc Bus cho CPU

+ Thit lp s nhn tc ca CPU

+ Clear ( Xo ) chng trnh trong CMOS ...

Cc Jumper trn Mainboard

Mt bng hng dn thit lp Jumper trn Mainboard

c imcc th h Mainboard

Lu : Cc Jumper ch cn xut hin trn cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 , trong cc Mainboard Pentium 4 rt t xut hin cc Jumper hay Switch l v my Pentium 4 cc tin trnh ny c t ng ho

1. Mainboard ca my Pentium 2

Mainboard my Pentium 2

c im :

CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu khe Slot H tr tc CPU t 233MHz n 450MHz

H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 66MHz v 100MHz

Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc .

S dng SDRam c Bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz

S dng Card Video AGP 1X

2. Mainboard my Pentium 3

Mainboard my Pentium 3 - Socket 370

c im :

CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 370

H tr tc CPU t 500MHz n 1,4GHz

H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 100MHz v 133MHz

Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc , cc i v sau khng c .

S dng SDRam c Bus 100MHz hoc 133MHz


3. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 423

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i u ) - Socket 423

c im :


H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n 2,5GHz


=> Mainboard ny c thi gian tn ti ngn v hin nay khng thy xut hin trn th trng na .

4. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 478

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i trung ) - Socket 478

c im :


H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n trn 3GHz

Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) t 400MHz tr ln

S dng Card Video AGP 4X, 8X

S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus Ram t 266MHz tr ln

=> Mainboard ny tn ti trong thi gian di v hin nay (2006) vn cn ph bin trn th trng .

5. Mainboard my Pentium 4 socket 775

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i mi ) - Socket 775

c im :


H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 3,8GHz


S dng Card Video AGP 16X hoc Card Video PCI Express 16X

S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln

=> Mainboard ny hin nay(2006) ang c a chung trn th trng .

6. Mainboard Socket 939 cho CPU hng AMD

Mainboard Socket 939 dng CPU hng AMD

c im :

S dng CPU ca hng AMD gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 939

H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 4GHz


S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln

7. Mainboard Socket 775 h tr Chip Intel Core 2 Duo Processor! v h tr Dual DDR2 .

Mainboard vi cng ngh mi nht h tr chip 2 nhn v Ram c tc Bus nhn i c 2 Card Video AGP v 2 ROM BIOS

Mainboard h tr Dual DDR RAM

y l cng ngh cho php nhn i tc RAM khi ta lp t RAM theo mt quy tc nht nh .

- Cc Mainboard h tr Dual DDR c hai cp khe cm nh hnh di, mi cp c 2 mu khc nhau v hai cp tng ng vi nhau

- Nu bn cm 2 thanh DDR RAM trn hai khe cng mu hai cp khc nhau th tc Ram Bus s c nhn i .

+ V d : Bn cm 2 thanh DDR c BUS 400MHz trn hai khe mu vng hoc hai khe mu th tc BUS s c nhn 2 tc l tng ng vi BUS 800MHz ( Dung lng MB vn bng tng hai thanh cng li )

- Nu bn cm 2 thanh trn hai khe c mu khc nhau th tc BUS ca DDR RAM khng thay i .

Mainboard mi c 2 ROM BIOS

+ Khi BIOS b li phn mm th s lm cho Mainboard t lit khng hot ng c v ton b cc lnh c s phc v cho qu trnh khi ng my u nm trong IC ny, gim thiu

s ri do cho khch hng v nng cao cht lng cng nh bn, trong cc Mainboard mi y c thm mt ROM BIOS d tr, khi ROM BIOS chnh b li th n t ng chuyn quyn

Cc mch in c bn trn Mainboard

iu khin cho BIOS d phng hot ng .

Mainboard mi c hai ROM BIOS

H tr 2 khe AGP

Hai khe AGP hai bn v hai khe PCI gia .

- Vi cng ngh ny c th cho php ngi s dng c th chy 2 ng dng ng thi trn cng mt my tnh v a ra hai mn hnh khc nhau . - Mi khe AGP s gn mt Card Video AGP v chy mt ng dng c lp hai ng dng chy trn cng mt h iu hnh

1. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 3

Mch iu khin ngun cp cho CPU trn Mainboard l mch in c tnh logic cht ch, gm mt IC to xung dao ng m cc n Mosfet cp ngun cho CPU, do tnh cht mt

Mainboard phi thch ng vi nhiu loi in p khc nhau v vy in p cung cp cho CPU khng c nh m thay i cho ph hp vi tng loi CPU gn trn n .

- V d : Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l 1,5V vo th mch t ng a ra 1,5V cp cho IC . Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l 1,75V th mch cng t ng a ra ng 1,75V cp cho CPU => l tnh cht ca mch n p ngun cho CPU trn cc loi Mainboard hin nay .

s trn l IC iu khin ngun iu khin 4 in p cp cho CPU, card AGP, Chipset bc, Chipset nam v cho b nh Cache

- VOUT1 l in p cp cho CPU , in p ny c th thay i t 1,3V n 3,5V

- VOUT2 l in p cp cho Card AGP, in p ny c hai nmc l 1,5 hoc 3,3V

- VOUT3 ra 1,5V

- VOUT4 ra 1,8V cp ngun cho Chipset bc, Chipset nam v b nh Cache .

Xem chi tit

Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU

2. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 4

Mch n p ngun cp cho CPU trn bao gm : IC dao ng => to xung iu khin cc cp Mosfet m ngun cp cho CPU

- ISL6565A l IC dao ng to ra 3 ng xung , dao ng ra cho i qua IC ISL6605 tch lm hai v to in p hi tip a v IC dao ng gip cho IC ny kim sot c in p ra .

- Dao ng c a n cc cp n Mosfet m ngun cp cho CPU , Cc cun dy L1, L2 v L3 kt hp vi t lc lc cho in p bng phng .

3. IC to xung nhp cho Mainboard ( to xung Clock cho Main )

ay l IC rt quan trng trn Mainboard, nu IC ny khng hot ng th Mainboard s khng hot ng g c, IC ny s quyt nh tc Bus ca CPU, ca RAM v cc khe m rng

nh AGP v PCI .

c im nhn bit ca IC ny l bn cnh lun lun c mt thch

anh to dao ng c tn s t 10MHz n 30MHz

Cc chn ca IC

Cc mch Logic trong IC

Ch thch cc chn :

- CPU_F : Chn to xung Clock cho CPU

- PCI 2, PCI3 .. : Cc chn tao xung Clock cho khe PCI

- 48MHz : chn iu khin tn s cho cc cng USB

- 24MHz : Chn iu khin tc Bus cho IC giao tip vi cc cng vo ra

- SDRAM_F : Chn iu khin Bus cho b nh RAM

- SCLK : Trao i xung Clock vi CPU

- SDATA : Trao i d liu vi CPU

- X1 v X2 : l hai chn thch anh

- VDDQ3 : in p nui 3,3V

- VDDQ2 : in p nui 2,5V

Bng cho bit tc Bus ca CPU v Bus PCI

khi thit lp cc chn FS0 n FS3

4. IC giao tip vi cng COM.

Hnh dng v cc chn IC giao tip cng COM

Bn trong IC l cc mch Triger v cc cng Logic

S giao tip gia IC v cng COM

6. Thit lp tc cho CPU trn Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3

( Mainboard Pentium 4 khng cn thit lp v chng t ng ho )

Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 i u th ta phi thit lp tc cho CPU thng qua cc Jumper, nu ta khng thit lp th my c th khng chy ( nh hng Mainboard ) hoc chy sai tc ca CPU .

Vy thit lp tc cho CPU nh th no ?

Bn hy trn Mainboard c mt bng hng dn v thit lp tc Bus cho CPU nh di y :

Jumper 1

BUS A

B

66 1 - 2

1 - 2

100 2 - 3

1 - 2

133 1 - 2

2 - 3

Bng ch dn thit lp tc BUS cho CPU trn cho thy

Mainboard ny h tr CPU c BUS 66, 100 v 133MHz

Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr Jumper 1

Jumper 1 trn Mainboard thit lp tc BUS cho CPU

V ch c mt bng hng dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU

Bng ch dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU

Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr SW1

SW 1

X 123

x 5,0 ONONONON

x 5,5 ONONOFF

x 6,0 ONOFFON

x 6,5 ONOFFOFF

x 7,0 OFFONON

x 7,5 OFFONOFF

x 8,0 OFFOFFON

x 8,5 OFFOFFOFF

SW1 trn Mainboard dng thit

lp s nhn tc cho CPU

Sau khi tm thy 2 bng hng dn v cc Jumper1, SW1 trn ta lm nh sau :

+ Thit lp tc BUS trn Jumper1 phi bng tc BUS ca CPU m bn nh lp, nu bn thit lp sai tc BUS => my s khng hot ng ( Nh hng Mainboard )

+ Thit lp s nhn cho CPU ( S nhn bng tc CPU chia cho tc BUS ca n ) nu thit lp sai s nhn th CPU vn chy nhng b sai tc .

Th d :

Nu bn lp CPU c tc l 733 MHz v c BUS l 100MHz th bn phi thit lp nh sau :

=> Thit lp Jumper 1 sao cho c BUS l 100

=> Thit lp SW1 sao cho c s nhn l 7,5

=> Khi tc CPU s l 100 x 7,5 = 750MHz ( Thc t n s chy tc 733MHz )

Nu bn thit lp Jumper 1 c BUS l 66 hoc 133 th My s khng chy ( Nh hng Mainboard)

Nu bn thit lp ng BUS nhng thit lp s nhn l 6,0 th CPU ca bn chy tc = 100 x 6,0 = 600MHz bn b thit v tc .

Nu bn thit lp s nhn l 8,5 th CPU ca bn cng ch chy tc 733MHz nhng CPU li b nng do bn p tc .

Bi tp :

C mt Mainboard c cc bng hng dn v cc v tr Jumper1, SW1 c thit lp sn nh sau :

Jumper 1

BUSAB

661 - 21 - 2

1002 - 31 2

1331 - 22 - 3

SW 1

X 1 23

x 5,0 ON ONON

x 5,5 ONONOFF

x 6,0 ONOFFON

x 6,5 ONOFFOFF

x 7,0 OFFONON

x 7,5 OFFONOFF

x 8,0 OFFOFFON

x 8,5 OFFOFFOFF

Bn hy cho bit CPU ang lp trn Mainboard trn c tc BUS l bao nhiu ?, tc hot ng l bao nhiu ?

Nhng biu hin h hng Mainbard

---------------------------------------------------------------

1. Nhng biu hin ca Mainboard hng

Biu hin 1 :

Bt cng tc ngun ca My tnh, my khng khi ng, qut ngun khng quay

Biu hin 2 :

Bt cng tc ngun, qut ngun quay nhng my khng khi ng, khng ln mn hnh .

Biu hin 3 :

My c biu hin tht thng, khi khi ng vo n Win th Reset li hoc khi ci t Win XP ngang chng th bo li lm bn khng th ci t .

Lu :

Cc biu hin khi hng Mainboard rt ging vi biu hin khi hng CPU hoc khi ngun b li , do vy khi gp cc biu hin trn bn cn kim tra ngun v CPU loi tr .

loi tr nguyn nhn do ngun bn hy dng mt b ngun tt th .

th CPU bn c th cm th sang mt my khc, nu l CPU ca my Pentium2 hoc Pentium3 th bn cn thit lp cho ng tc BUS ca CPU th n mi chy ( Xem li phn thit lp tc cho CPU )

Sau khi bn th v chc chn rng : Ngun v CPU vn tt nhng my vn b cc biu hin trn th chng t => Mainboard ca bn c vn !

2. Cc biu hin sau thng khng phi hng Mainboard

My vi tnh c nhiu bnh khc nhau v bn lu cc bnh sau thng l khng phi hng Mainboard .

a. Khi bt cng tc ngun, my khng ln mn hnh nhng c ting bp di .

( Trng hp ny thng do hng RAM hoc Card mn hnh )

b. My c bo phin bn BIOS khi khi ng trn mn hnh nhng khng vo c mn hnh Windows

( Trng hp ny thng do hng a )

c. My hay b treo khi ang s dng .

( Trng hp ny thng do li phn mm hoc a b bad )

d. My t ng chy mt s chng trnh khng theo mun ca ngi s dng .

( Trng hp ny thng do my b nhim Virut )

3. Phng php kim tra Mainboard

Bn hy thc hin theo cc bc nh sau :

Tho tt c cc a cng, CD Rom , cc Card m rng v thanh RAM ra khi Mainboard, ch li CPU trn Mainboard .

Cp ngun, bt cng tc v quan st cc biu hin sau :

Biu hin 1 : Qut ngun quay, qut CPU quay, c cc ting bip di loa => iu ny cho thy Mainboard vn hot ng, CPU vn hot ng, c ting bp di l biu hin Mainboard v CPU hot ng v a ra c thng bo li ca RAM ( V ta cha cm RAM )

Biu hin 2 : Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay ( m bo chc chn l cng tc CPU u ng ) => iu ny cho thy Chipset iu khin ngun trn Mainboard khng hot ng .

Biu hin 3 : Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay nhng khng c ting ku loa . => iu ny cho thy CPU cha hot ng hoc hng ROM BIOS nu bn thay th CPU tt vo th h hng l do ROM BIOS hoc Chipset trn Mainboard

trn l cc bc gip bn xc nh l h hng do Mainboard hay linh kin khc ca my nhng cha xc nh c l hng ci g trn Mainboard , lm c iu ny bn hy xem tip phn sau :

Phng php kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test

Card Test Mainboard

4. Cc bc kim tra Mainboard.

Kim tra li xc nh cho chnh xc h hng l thuc v Mainboard ch khng phi RAM, CPU hay cc Card m rng .

Cch xc nh ny lm theo cc bc phn kim tra Mainboard

Dng Card Test Main xc nh xem c th l hng ci g trn Mainboard .

Cc bc tin hnh sa cha Mainboard

Bc 1 : Kim tra xc nh h hng thuc v Mainboard :

Chun b Mainboard nghi hng kim tra ,Dng mt b ngun tt th, Dng CPU tt th .

Cha cm RAM v bt k mt th g khc ( tr CPU ) vo Mainboard

Cm zc cng tc ngun ca Case vo Mainboard

Cp in ngun v bt cng tc Power, quan st cc biu hin sau :

=> Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay, c ting bp di loa . => iu ny l biu hin Mainboard vn bnh thng .

=> Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay hoc cc qut quay nhng khng c ting bp loa . => Biu hin ny cho thy h hng thuc v Mainboard, xc nh r hn bn dng Card Test Main kim tra .

Bc 2 : Kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test Main

1 - Gii thiu Card Test Main

Card Test Main : Card Test Main ny bn c

th mua t cc Cng ty cung cp thit b tin hc

Bn c th cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI hoc ISA ( Main i c mi c khe ISA ) kim tra .

Kt qu kim tra s c hin th bi cc n Led hoc ng h bo s theo kiu s Hecxa ( h 16)

Dy n Led v ng h bo kt qu kim tra

* Ch thch cc n Led :

+ 5V : Bo c in p + 5V n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng sng th do chp ng ngun +5V trn Mainboard .

3,3V : Bo c in p 3,3V ( Tng t ng 5V )

- 12V : Bo c in p - 12V n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng sng th do chp ng ngun - 12V trn Mainboard .

+ 12V : Bo c in p + 12V ( Tng t ng - 12V )

RST : Bo tn hiu Reset : n ny ch chp sng ri tt khi ta bm nt Reset

OSC : Bo tn hiu dao ng ca CPU, nu n ny khng sng ngha l CPU khng hot ng .

BIOS : n bo BIOS : n ny khng sng ngha l CPU khng c d liu trn BIOS hoc BIOS hng .

CLK : n bo xung Clock ca Mainboard, n ny sng thng xuyn k c khi khng c RAM v CPU, nu n ny khng sng ngha l Chipset trn Mainboard khng hot ng .

2 - Cc bc thc hin kim tra Mainboard

Tho tt c cc thit b ra khi Mainboard k c RAM v CPU .

Cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI ( V khe ny c 2 mi nn ta khng th cm ngc )

Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI

Cp in ngun cho Mainboard v bt cng tc Power ( u dy Power vo ng v tr - xem ch dn trn Main )

Lc ny ch c dy n Led sng, da vo cc n Led cho ta bit tnh trng Mainboard nh sau :

* Trng thi bnh thng

Cc n ngun bo sng, n CLK bo sng cho thy cc ch

in p ca Mainboard c v Chipset hot ng

* Trng thi chp ngun hoc Chipset khng hot ng .

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 5V, nu l ngun tt th c th do chp ng 5V trn Mainboard

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 3,3V

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 12V, c th do chp ng 12V tren Mainboard

C cc in p nhng chipset khng hot ng, khng c xung CLK

---------------------------------------------

* Nu Mainboard kim tra trng thi bnh thng , ta lp

CPU v RAM vo v bt ngun kim tra li .

Tt c cc n bo sng, ng h dng li FF cho thy Mainboard v cc linh kin hot ng bnh thng

n BIOS v OSC khng sng cho thy CPU cha hot ng, nu thay CPU tt th h hng do mch n p ngun cho CPU, hoc thit lp sai tc BUS cho CPU

Cc n bo sng nhng ng h dng li C1 cho bit my b li b nh, c th li b nh RAM hoc li b nh Cache gn trn Mainboard.

SA CHA MAINBOARD ( Chng cui )Chng 4 - CPU

1 . Khi nim v CPU

CPU ( Center Processor Unit ) - n v x l trung tm : L mt linh kin quan trng ht ca my tnh, c v nh b lo ca con ngi, ton b qu trnh x l, tnh ton v iu khin u c thc hin ti y.

Trong cc CPU Pentium 4 hin nay c ti hng trm triu con Transistor c tch hp trong mt din tch rt nh khong 2 n 3cm2

CPU l linh kin quyt nh n tc ca my tnh, tc x l ca CPU c tnh bng MHz hoc GHz .

1MHz = 1000.000 Hz

1GHz = 1000.000.000 Hz

Hng sn xut CPU ln nht hin nay l Intel ( M ) hng ny chim n 90% th phn v CPU cho my tnh PC, ngoi ra cn c mt s hng cnh tranh nh AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Motorola .

2. Cc yu t tc ng n hiu sut ca CPU

rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch ( Data Bus v Add Bus )

Tc x l v tc Bus ( tc d liu ra vo chn ) cn gi l FSB

Dung lng b nh m Cache

Di y l chi tit v cc yu t trn

2.1 rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch (Data Bus v Add Bus)

rng Bus d liu l ni ti s lng ng truyn d liu bn trong v bn ngoi CPU

Nh v d hnh di y th CPU c 12 ng truyn d liu ( ta gi rng Data Bus l 12 bit ), hin nay trong cc CPU t Pentium 2 n Pentium 4 u c rng Data Bus l 64 bit .

Minh ho bn trong CPU c 12 ng truyn

d liu gi l Data Bus c 12 bit

Tng t nh vy th rng Bus a ch ( Add Bus ) cng l s ng dy truyn cc thng tin v a ch .

a ch y c th l cc a ch ca b nh RAM, a ch cc cng vo ra v cc thit b ngoi vi v v .. c th gi hoc nhn d liu t cc thit b ny th CPU phi c a ch ca n v a ch ny c truyn i qua cc Bus a ch.

Gi s : Nu s ng a ch l 8 ng th CPU s qun l c 28 = 256 a ch Hin nay trong cc CPU Pentium 4 c 64 bt a ch v nh vy chng qun l c 264 a ch nh .

2.2 Tc x l v tc Bus ca CPU

Tc x l ca CPU ( Speed ) :

L tc chy bn trong ca CPU, tc ny c tnh bng MHz hoc GHz

Th d mt CPU Pentium 3 c tc 800MHz tc l n dao ng tn s 800.000.000 Hz , CPU pentium 4 c tc l 2,4GHz tc l n dao ng tn s 2.400.000.000 Hz

Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) :

L tc d liu ra vo cc chn ca CPU - cn gi l Bus pha trc : Front Site Bus ( FSB )

Thng thng tc x l ca CPU thng nhanh gp nhiu ln tc Bus ca n, di y l th d minh ho v hai tc ny :

Minh ho v tc x l ( Speed CPU ) v tc Bus ( FSB ) ca CPU

2.3 B nh Cache ( B nh m )

B nh Cache l b nh nm bn trong ca CPU, n c tc truy cp d liu theo kp tc xa l ca CPU, iu ny khin cho CPU trong lc x l khng phi ch d liu t RAM v d liu t RAM phi i qua Bus ca h thng nn mt nhiu thi gian.

Mt d liu trc khi c x l , thng qua cc lnh gi ca ngn ng lp trnh, d liu c np sn ln b nh Cache, v vy khi x l n, CPU khng mt thi gian ch i . Khi x l xong trong lc ng truyn cn bn th CPU li a tm kt qu vo b nh Cache, nh vy CPU khng mt thi gian ch ng truyn c gii phng .

B nh Cache l gii php lm cho CPU c iu kin hot ng thng xuyn m khng phi ngt qung ch d liu, v vy nh c b nh Cache m hiu qu x l tng ln rt nhiu, tuy nhin b nh Cache c lm bng Ram tnh do vy gi thnh ca chng rt cao .

Tc x l nhanh

Tc x l nhanh

Tc Bus (FSB) chm hn

3. S cu to ca CPU

CPU c 3 khi chnh l

ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit ) : n v s hc lo gic : Khi ny thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic c bn trn c s cc d liu .

Control Unit : Khi ny chuyn to ra cc lnh iu khin nh iu khin ghi hay c vv..

Registers : Cc thanh ghi : Ni cha cc lnh trc v sau khi x l

S cu to bn trong ca CPU

Nguyn l hot ng ca CPU

CPU hot ng hon ton ph thuc vo cc m lnh , m lnh l tn hiu s dng 0,1 c dch ra t cc cu lnh lp trnh , nh vy CPU s khng lm g c nu khng c cc cu lnh hng dn .

Khi chng ta chy mt chng trnh th cc ch lnh ca chng trnh c np ln b nh Ram, cc ch lnh ny c dch thnh ngn ng my v thng tr trn cc ngn nh ca Ram dng 0,1

CPU s c v lm theo cc ch lnh mt cch ln lt. Trong qu trnh c v thc hin cc ch lnh, cc b gii m s gii m cc ch lnh ny thnh cc tn hiu iu khin .

K truyn : My tnh hot ng th no ?

C hai ngi bn, mt lm ngh in t, mt l chuyn gia my tnh, Ngi bn ngh in t hi : Ti sa Ti vi nhiu nm nhng sang n my vi tnh ti vn khng hiu n lm vic th no m li k diu th ?

Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh sau mt hi gii thch rng : My tnh lm vic nh c CPU, c b nh RAM, c cng , c h iu hnh v cc chng trnh phn mm ch dn, sau mt hi gii thch m ngi bn in t vn ngn ra chng hiu g . Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh lin k v von chic my tnh vi mt cu truyn di y :

C mt ng th rt cn c c th lm vic c ngy khng bit mt mi, nhng t bn thn ng ta khng bit l g c, ngc li ng ta c th lm c bt c vic g nu c s ch dn tng bc mt.

ng c bn giao mt ca hng c cc dng c lm vic, ng thi km theo quyn hng dn chi tit cch thc s dng cc dng c y, tt c nhng th ng ta ct n vo

trong t

Mt hm c mt chuyn gia in t vit ra mt quyn sch hng dn chi tit cc bc lm ra mt b n nhy ng thi km theo ton b linh kin cn thit ri gi ti ca hng, ng ta ct n vo trong t .

Mt ngy khc c mt ngi ho s chun b y giy mc, bt mu cng vi bn hng dn chi tit cc bc lm ra mt bc tranh gi ti cho ca hng, ng ta cng ct n vo

trong t.

Ni lm vic ca ng ta c mt ci bn ng ngh cch ch ngi khong 2m, mt ci khay ng ngh trc mt cn ci t th cch ch ng ta ngi chng 10m.

Bt u mt ngy lm vic mi, theo s ch dn ca t giy treo trn tng, ng ta i kim tra ton b cn phng, thy khng c vn g ng ta sai ngi vo t mang ton b s dng c lm vic ln bn v sn sng lm vic . Khch hng yu cu v mt bc tranh, ng th sai ngi vo t mang ton b dng c v tranh ra ln bn, theo yu cu ca khch v vi quyn ch dn bn cnh ng ta bt u v .

ang v tranh khch hng li yu cu ng th lp mch in t, ng th li sai ngi vo t mang ton b ngh lp mch trong t ra trn bn, thy chic bn ht ch ngi gip vic dng li cn ng th gi ln mt thng bo " bn ht ch " cho khch hng bit, lc ny ng ta khng chu lm g na .

ng ta lm vic rt nhanh nhng hon ton ph thuc vo quyn sch hng dn, thnh thong ng ta sai ngi gip vic mang nhng c trn bn t vo ci khay trc mt, sn phm lm xong ng th tm vo khay trc khi n c chuyn ra bn.

ng ta ang lm vic khch hng li yu cu ng ta dng li lm mt vic khc, ng ta hi " C ct sn phm ang lm d vo t hay khng " khch hng bo c ng ta sai ngi ct n vo t, nu khch hng bo khng th ng ta lin b i .

K n y ngi bn in t hi, cu truyn ca anh c lin quan g n chic my tnh ? anh bn chuyn gia my tnh lin gii thch. Cch thc lm vic ca ca hng ng th ny chnh l cch thc lm vic ca chic my tnh thi

- ng th chnh l CPU

- Chic bn cch ng ta 2m chnh l b nh RAM

- Ci khay trc mt ng ta chnh l b nh Cache

- Ci t cch ng ta 10m dng ng mi th chnh l ci cng - Ton b cng c v cc quyn sch hng dn ng ta lm vic chnh l h iu hnh

- Mt chuyn gia in t v mt ng ho s chnh l hai nh lp trnh vit ra chng trnh cho ng ta lm vic v s dng cc cng c c sn .

- Cc quyn sch hng dn chnh l cc cu lnh sai khin ng ta lm vic

- My ngi gip vic chnh l Chipset trn Mainboard

- T giy trn tng hng dn ng ta vo u mi phin lm vic chnh l BIOS .

- Khch hng chnh l ngi s dng my tnh .

Oh !! Tht l tuyt vi, n y th ti hiu .

4. CPU i my 586 ( trc i my Pentium2 )

CPU cho my Pentium Pro cn gi l my 586 , l th h my trc i Pentium 2

Cc thng s k thut :

Tc CPU t 150 MHz n 233 MHz

Tc Bus l 66MHz

B nh Cache 128K

Nm sn xut : 1995 - 1996

--------------------------------------------------

5. CPU cho cc my Pentium 2

CPU ca my Pentium 2 c hn trn mt v mch

Cc thng s k thut

Tc CPU t 233 MHz n 450 MHz

Tc Bus ( FSB ) l 66 v 100 MHz

B nh Cache 128K - 256K

Nm sn xut : 1997 - 1998

Mainboard h tr : s dng Mainboard c khe cm Slot

--------------------------------------------------------------


CPU ca my Pentium 3

Nhn CPU ghi 1000/256/133/1.7V ngha l:

Tc 1000MHz /Cache L1: 256K / Bus 133 / Vcc 1,7V

Cc thng s k thut

Tc CPU t 500 MHz n 1.300 MHz

Tc Bus ( FSB ) 100 MHz v 133 MHz

B nh Cache t 256K- 512K

Nm sn xut : 1999 -2000

cm trn Mainboard l Socket 370

cm CPU - Socket 370 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 3


7 -1 : CPU Socket 423

CPU Socket 423 sn xut vo u nm 2001

Tc t 1.400 MHz n 2.000 MHz

S dng Bus 100 MHz

Lai CPU ny c thi gian tn ti ngn

---------------------------------------------------------


CPU cho my Pentium 4 Socket 478

Cc thng s k thut :

Tc x l t 1.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c

gii hn cui .

Tc Bus ( FSB ) 266, 333, 400, 533, 666, 800 MHz

B nh Cache t 256 n 512K

Nm sn xut t 2002 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut .

S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 478

cm CPU my Pentium 4 - Socket 478

-----------------------------------------------------------


CPU cho cc my Pentium 4 Socket 775

phn bit bng hai khuyt hnh bn ngut cnh v khng c chn

Cc thng s k thut :

Tc x l t 2.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c

gii hn cui .

Tc Bus ( FSB ) 533, 666, 800 MHz

B nh Cache t 512K n 1MB

Nm sn xut t 2004 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut .

S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 775

cm CPU Socket 775

8. CPU hng AMD mi nht cnh tranh vi Intel

CPU hng AMD - Socket 939 ( ra i 2006 )

cm Socket 939 dng cho cc CPU AMD 939Chng 5 - B nh RAM

1. Khi nim v b nh

B nh l thnh phn quan trng th hai trong h thng my tnh, khng c b nh th my tnh khng th hot ng c, trong my tnh c hai loi b nh hay dng nht l RAM v

ROM

B nh RAM ( Random Access Memory - B nh truy cp ngu nhin ) : B nh ny lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho qu trnh x l ca CPU, b nh RAM ch lu tr d

liu tm thi v d liu s b xo khi mt in.

B nh ROM ( Read Olly Memory - B nh ch c ) : y l b nh c nh, d liu khng b mt khi mt in, b nh ny dng np cc chng trnh BIOS ( Basic Input Output System - Chng trnh vo ra c s ) y l chng trnh phc v cho qu trnh khi ng my tnh v chng trnh qun l cu hnh ca my.

2. ngha ca b nh RAM trong my tnh

B nh RAM l b nh khng th thiu trong bt k h thng my tnh no, CPU ch c th lm vic c vi d liu trn RAM v chng c tc truy cp nhanh, ton b d liu hin

th trn mn hnh cng c truy xut t RAM .

Khi ta khi ng my tnh bt u mt phin lm vic mi, h iu hnh cng vi cc trnh iu khin phn cng c np ln b nh RAM .

Khi ta chy mt chng trnh ng dng : Th d Photo Shop th cng c ca chng trnh ny cng c np ln b nh RAM => Tm li khi ta chy bt k mt chng trnh no, th cng c ca chng trnh u c np ln RAM trc khi c th s dng c chng.

Vi mt h thng chy ng tc th khong chng ca RAM phi cn khong 30% tr ln, nu ta s dng ht khong trng ca Ram th my s chy chm hoc b treo .

3. Dung lng b nh Ram

Dung lng b nh RAM c tnh bng MB ( Mega Byte ), dung lng RAM cng ln th cha c cng nhiu d liu v cho php ta chy c cng nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Dung lng b nh nhiu hay t khng ph thuc vo Mainboard v CPU m ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng ca ngi dng. Nu my tnh ci H iu hnh Win XP th dung lng RAM ti thiu phi t 128MB .

4. Tc ca b nh Ram ( RAM BUS )

Tc b nh RAM l tc truy cp d liu vo Ram . => Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 khi lp my ta chn RAM c tc bng tc Bus ca CPU, nu tc ca 2 linh kin ny khc nhau th my s chy tc ca linh kin c tc thp hn, v vy ta ln chn tc ca RAM >= Bus ca CPU => Trong cc my Pentium 4, khi lp my ta chn RAM c tc >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU { Vi my Pentium 4 , khi hot ng th tc Bus ca CPU nhanh gp 2 ln tc ca RAM v n s dng cng ngh (Quad Data Rate) nhn 4 tc Bus cho CPU v cng ngh (Double Data Rate) nhn 2 tc Bus cho RAM }

Khi gn mt thanh RAM vo my th phi m bo Mainboard c h tr tc ca RAM m ta nh s dng .

Di y l cc loi RAM v tc cng nh CPU tng thch vi n

Chng loi v tc RamLoi Bus CPU tng thchLoi Mainboard tng thchi my

SDRam 66MHz66MHzThit lp FSB = 66MHz Pentium 2

SDRam 100MHz100MHzThit lp FSB = 100MHzPentium 2 Pentium 3

SDRam 133MHz133MHzThit lp FSB = 133MHz Pentium 3

Lu : trong cc My Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 th tc SDRam khi lp vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn tc FSB ca CPUDDR

200MHz400MHzMainboard c h tr

DDR = 200MHzPentium 4

DDR

266MHz400MHz

533MHzMainboard c h tr


DDR

333MHz533MHz



DDR

400MHz667MHz



DDR2

533MHz800MHz


DDR2 = 533MHzPentium 4 ( New)

DDR2

667MHz1066MHz


DDR2 = 667MHzPentium 4

( New)

DDR2

800MHz1334MHz


DDR2 = 800MHzPentium 4

( New)

Lu : trong cc My Pentium 4 th tc DDRam khi lp vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn 50% tc Bus (FSB) ca CPU v tc DDRam ny phi c Mainboard h tr. (DDR2 v DDR c tc nhn 2

5. Cc loi b nh Ram

SDRam ( Synchonous Dynamic Ram - Ram ng theo kp tc ca h thng ) SDRam c s dng trong cc h thng my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3

SDRam s dng trong h thng my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 chng c hnh dng nh trn, khe cm c chia lm 3 mi v c cc tc 66MHz ,100MHz v 133Mhz

Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 3 mi

DDRam tn y l DDR SDRam ( Double Data Rate SDRam - SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 )

DDRam s dng trong cc my Pentium 4 Khe cm c chia lm 2 mi , c cc tc Bus l 266MHz, 333MHz v 400MHz

CPU v tc DDRam ny phi c Mainboard h tr

( DDR2 l DDR c tc nhn 2 )

Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 2 mi

DDRam 2 : y l thanh DDR c tc nhn 2 - h tr cho cc CPU i mi nht c tc Bus > 800MHz

DDRam2 s dng cho my Pentium 4 c cc loi tc 533MHz, 667MHz v 800MHz h tr cc CPU c tc Bus > 800MHz

6. Chn RAM cho cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 . Tnh tng thch ca h thng

Trong h thng my tnh th 3 linh kin l Mainboard , CPU v RAM lun lun c s rng buc ln nhau hay ni cch khc, khi lp vo h thng chng phi tng thch vi nhau th mi cho ta mt tc ti u.

Di y l mt s v d cc bn tham kho .

my Pentium 3, do mt s i my khng t ng nhn tc FSB ca CPU v vy ta phi thit lp tc FSB cho CPU thng qua cc Jumper

Hnh nh minh ho => Mainboard thit lp FSB l 133MHz trong khi lp CPU c Bus 100MHz

=> Trng hp ny my s khng hot ng .

Mainboard thit lp FSB l 133MHz bng vi tc Bus ca CPU v vy my c hot ng, nhng s dng RAM c Bus 100MHz do h thng s chy tc l 100MHz

Thit lp tc trn Mainboard l 100MHz b sai so vi tc Bus ca CPU l 133MHz nn my s khng chy

My c hot ng v thit lp ng tc Bus cho CPU Tuy my s dng RAM tc 133MHz nhng chng ch chy tc 100MHz theo CPU

Vi cc my Pentium2 v Pentium 3 m thit lp v s dng linh kin nh trn l chnh xc v s cho tc ti u .

7. Vn chn RAM, CPU v Mainboard cho my Pentium 4

Trong cc My Pentium 4 khng c Jumper thit lp tc Bus cho CPU m chng c t ng ho .

Mi loi Mainboard thng thng ch h tr 2 loi tc Bus cho CPU v 2 loi tc Bus cho RAM, do vy khi mua Mainboard, CPU v RAM ta phi ch iu ny .

C 3 yu t rng buc nh sau m ta phi tun th khi lp My Pentium 4 :

+ Bus ( FSB) ca CPU phi c Mainboard h tr

+ Tc Bus ca RAM phi c Mainboard h tr

+ Tc Bus ca RAM >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU ( khai thc c tc ti a ca CPU)

Lu : Nu hai RAM c Bus khc nhau chnh lch l 1USD, th hai CPU tng ng s chnh lch l 10USD, v vy ta c th chp nhn thit tc RAM khai thc ti a tc CPU

Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus ca CPU l 1 nc

Ta tham kho cc trng hp sau y

Lp CPU c Bus (FSB) 800MHz vo Mainboard ch h tr FSB 400 v 533MHz v vy my s khng chy .

Lp RAM c tc Bus 400 vo Mainboard ch h tr RAM tc 266 v 333MHz v vy my s khng nhn RAM

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 400MHz ( Trng hp ny hay dng v tc Bus RAM > 50% Bus CPU 1 nc )

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 533MHz

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng v tc RAM = 50% tc Bus ca CPU

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng v tc RAM >> 50% tc Bus ca CPU

Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus ca CPU l 1 nc

8. Khi nim v ROM BIOS

ROM BIOS ( Read Olly Memory Base Input Output System - B nh ch c Lu cc chng trnh vo ra c s )

+ ROM BIOS l mt IC c gn c nh trn Mainboard (thng gn nhng khng hn), v thng giao tip trc tip vi Sourth Bridge .

+ L b nh ch c nn ta khng th ghi d liu vo ROM c, tuy nhin khi np li ROM ta vn c th ghi vo ROM bng cc thit b c bit .

D liu trong ROM c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np sn, d liu ny khng b mt khi mt in, n bao gm :

+ Cc cu lnh hng dn cho CPU thc hin qu trnh POST my ( Power On Self Test - Bt ngun v kim tra )

+ Cc thng bo li bng ting bp hay bng k t trn mn hnh khi n kim tra v pht hin li .

+ Bn ( Default) thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS Setup

+ Trnh iu khin bn phm v cc cng vo ra .

ROM BIOS l IC c gn trn MainboardROM BIOS l IC vung chn cm gn chipset cu nam

9. iu g sy ra khi hng ROM BIOS

Khi hng ROM BIOS th CPU khng th ly c d liu thc hin qu trnh POST my v cng khng a ra c thng bo g v nh vy biu hin s l

=> My khng c ting bp cng khng ln mn hnh . Nu ta dng Card Test Main kim ta th thy n BOIS s khng sng .

Dng Card Test Main kim tra thy n BIOS

khng sng l biu hin ca hng BIOS

10. RAM CMOS

Khi nim v RAM CMOS

L mt chp rt nh nm tch hp trong Chipset cu nam, RAM CMOS c nui bng ngun Pin 3V v vy d liu trong RAM CMOS khng b mt khi tt my .

Nhim v ca RAM CMOS

+ Nhim v chnh ca RAM CMOS l lu bng thit lp cu hnh ca my, cung cp cho CPU trong qu trnh khi ng .

+ Khi ta bt my tnh, qu trnh POST my bt u, CPU s c v lm theo cc hng dn trong RAM CMOS, nu RAM CMOS b mt d liu ( v d khi ta tho Pin ra ) th CPU s c bn CMOS mc nh c ghi trn ROM BIOS

Qu trnh thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS SETUP

+ Thit lp cu hnh my l qu trnh bt buc khi ta thc hin lp rp 1 b my tnh ( s ni chi tit phn lp my )

+ vo chng trnh CMOS SETUP ta bm lin tc phm Delete hoc phm F2 hoc phm F10 ( Tu hiu my ) trong lc my ang khi ng .

+ Chng trnh CMOS s c v hin th ni dung c trong RAM CMOS cho ta thit lp li, trong trng hp l Mainboard hon ton mi (Cha c d liu trong RAM CMOS ) th chng trnh s c v hin th bn Default c ghi c nh trong ROM BIOS .

11. Biu hin khi hng RAM

Khi RAM hng thng c biu hin l :

Bt my tnh c 3 ting bt di , khng ln mn hnh

Lu : Li Card Video cng c cc ting bp nhng thng thng l mt ting bp di ba ting bp ngn .

Nguyn nhn :

RAM b hng

RAM cm vo Mainboard tip xc khng tt

RAM khng c Mainboard h tr v tc Bus

Kim tra RAM

Tho RAM ra ngoi , v sinh chn sch s bng xng sau lp li

Thay th mt thanh RAM mi ( lu phi thanh RAM c Bus c Main h tr )

Trng hp sau khi thay RAM m vn cn ting ku nhng ting ku khc i th ta cn kim tra Card Video hoc thay th Card Video khc .

Lu : Trong tt c cc trng hp my ln c phin bn BIOS trn mn hnh l RAM v Card Video bnh thng .Chng 6 - cng HDD

1. Gii thiu v cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

cng l mt thit b lu tr c dung lng ln dng lu tr ton b phn mm ca my tnh bao gm .

+ Cc h iu hnh

+ Cc chng trnh ng dng

+ Cc File vn bn v v ...

Cng vi s ra i ca my tnh c nhn nm 1981, nm 1982 hng IBM gii thiu chic cng u tin dnh cho my PC ch c 10MB nhng bn vi gi 1500USD, cho n nm 2000 th gii sn xut c cng c dung lng trn 40GB

( gp 4000 ln ) v gi th gim xung cn 75USD, v ngy nay (2006) xut hin trn 300GB , trong tng lai s xut hin nhng cng hng nghn GB .

Nu nh my tnh khng c cng th ta ch c th chy c h iu hnh MS DOS xa kia m thi .

Mt cng ngy nay ( 2006 ) c th lu tr

thng tin bng c hng trm hiu sch

2. Cu to ca cng

Cu to bn trong cng

a t : Bn trong a gm nhiu a t c lm bng nhm hoc hp cht gm thu tinh, a c ph mt lp t v lp bo v c 2 mt, cc a c xp chng v cng gn vi

mt trc m t quay nn tt c cc a u quay cng tc , cc a quay nhanh trong sut phin dng my .

Cu to a v cc u t

u t c - ghi : Mi mt a c mt u c & ghi v vy nu mt c 2 a th c 4 u c & ghi

M t hoc cun dy iu khin cc u t : gip cc u t dch chuyn ngang trn b mt a chng c th ghi hay c d liu .

Mch iu khin : L mch in nm pha sau cng , mch ny c cc chc nng :

+ iu khin tc quay a

+ iu khin dch chuyn cc u t

+ M ho v gii m cc tn hiu ghi v c

Mch iu khin nm pha sau cng

nh chp bn trong a cng

3. Cu trc b mt a :

a cng gm nhiu a quay vi vn tc 5400 n 7200vng / pht , trn cc b mt a l cc u t di chuyn c v ghi d liu.

Cc a ghi d liu v u t ghi - c

D liu c ghi trn cc ng trn ng tm gi l Track hoc Cylinder, mi Track li chia thnh nhiu cung - gi l Sector v mi cung ghi c 512 Byte d liu .

+ Track v Sector c c l do cc nh sn xut a cng s dng mt chng trnh c bit nh dng vt l hay nh dng cp thp cho a.

B mt ca a cng, tn hiu ghi trn cc ng trn ng

tm gi l Track, mi Track c chia lm nhiu Sector

Vi a cng khong 10G => c khong gn 7000 ng Track trn mi b mt a v mi Track c chia thnh khong 200 Sector .

tng dung lng ca a th trong cc a cng ngy nay, cc Track ngoi c chia thnh nhiu Sector hn v mi mt a cng c chia thnh nhiu Track hn v nh vy i hi thit b phi c chnh xc rt cao .

4. Nguyn tc lu tr t trn a cng

Trn b mt a ngi ta ph mt lp mng cht c t tnh, ban u cc ht t tnh khng c hng , khi chng b nh hng bi t trng ca u t lt qua , cc ht c t tnh c sp xp thnh cc ht c hng.

u t ghi - c c cu to bi mt li thp nh hnh ch U, mt cun dy qun trn li thp a dng in vo (khi ghi) hay ly ra (khi c), khe h gi l khe t lt trn b mt a vi khong cch rt gn, bng 1/10 si tc .

u t ghi - c v lp t tnh trn a

Trong qu trnh ghi, tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 c a vo u t ghi ln b mt a thnh cc nam chm rt nh v o chiu tu theo tn hiu a vo l 0 hay 1 .

Trong qu trnh pht, u t c lt qua b mt a dc theo cc ng Track c ghi tn hiu, ti im giao nhau ca cc nam chm c t trng bin i v cm ng ln cun dy

to thnh mt xung in, xung in ny rt yu c a vo khuch i ly ra tn hiu 0,1 ban u .

Ghi ch : Tn hiu 0 , 1 l tn hiu s ( Digital ) - Xem phn Tn hiu s .

Ch :

a cng c ghi theo nguyn tc cm ng t , v vy nu ta cc a cng gn cc vt c t tnh mnh nh Nam chm th c th d liu trong a cng s b hng !

u t

Cn mang u t v IC khuch i tn hiu u t

5. Khi nim v nh dng a :

Cc a cng khi xut xng th b mt a vn l lp t tnh ng nht, c th ghi d liu ln a ta phi thc hin qua ba bc :

nh dng vt l hay nh dng cp thp

Phn vng

nh dng cp cao

Trong nh dng cp thp l cng vic ca nh sn xut a cn phn vng v nh dng cp cao l cng vic ca K thut vin ci t my tnh .

6. nh dng vt l ( Hay nh dng cp thp )

y l cng vic ca nh sn xut a, qu trnh c thc hin nh sau :

+ S dng chng trnh nh dng to cc ng Track

+ Chia cc Track thnh cc Sector v in cc thng tin bt u v kt thc cho mi Sector

a cha nh dng cp thp a nh dng cp thp

do nh sn xut tin hnh

7. Phn vng a ( cn gi l chia ) - Cng vic ca cc k

thut vin lp rp my tnh

Phn vng l qu trnh chia a vt l thnh nhiu Logic khc nhau v trn mi logic ta c th ci mt h iu hnh, v vy mt cng ta c th ci c nhiu h iu hnh .

Nu my tnh c ci t h iu hnh Window 98 th phn vng l vic lm u tin trc khi ci t, trng hp ny ta s dng chng trnh FDISK phn vng cho a ( Chng trnh FDISK s c cp chi tit trong phn ci t Window 98 )

Trng hp my ci t H iu hnh Window2000 hoc WindowXP th ta c th thc hin to phn vng v chia trong lc ci t , Chng trnh ci t Win2000 hoc WinXP c h tr chng trnh chia .

Ngoi ra ta c th s dng chng trnh Partition Magic chia v to cc phn vng, trng hp ny thng s dng khi ta chia li trong khi ang c h iu hnh . a cha phn vng a c chia lm 2 phn vng

8. nh dng cp cao ( FORMAT )

Sau khi chia , trc khi ci t h iu hnh hay lu d liu vo th ta phi nh dng cp cao ( tc l Format )

Thc cht ca qu trnh FORMAT l nhm cc Sector li thnh cc Cluster sau nh a ch cho cc Cluster ny, mi Cluster c t 8 n 64 Sector ( tu theo la chn ) hay tng ng vi 4 n 32KB

Cc kiu nh dng FAT, FAT32 v NTFS .

FAT ( File Allocation Table - Bng phn phi File ) y l bng a ch gip cho h iu hnh qun l c cc File hoc th mc trn a, trng hng bng FAT th d liu trn coi nh b mt .

Trong qu trnh Format thng c cc la chn l Format vi FAT , FAT32 hay l NTFS

Vi la chn FAT th a s c nh a ch bi 16 bt nh phn v nh vy bng FAT ny s qun l c 216 a ch Cluster tng ng vi a ti a l 2GB

Vi la chn FAT32 th a s c nh a ch bi 32 bt nh phn v nh vy bng FAT32 s qun l c 232 a ch Cluster tng ng vi dung lng ti a l 2048GB

La chn NTFS ( Win NT File System ) y l h File ca WinNT h File ny h tr tn file di ti 256 k t, khi nh dng NTFS th cc File lu trong ny c th khng c c trn cc h iu hnh c .

9. My khng tm thy a

Biu hin : Khi ta khi ng my tnh, sau khi bo phin bn BIOS th qu trnh khi ng dng li dng ch :

Detecting IDE Secondary Slave ... None

ang d tm a trn khe IDE th nh ....bo None

Biu hin my tnh khng tm thy a khi khi ng.

Kim tra :

Kim tra li u cm dy cp ngun cho a

Nu c 2 a cm chung dy cp tn hiu th tm tho dy cp tn hiu ra khi a CD Rom hoc a cng cn li => sau th li => Lu : nu c 2 a cm chung mt dy cp tn hiu th ch Jumper ta phi thit lp mt l Master (MS) v mt l Slave (SL)

Jumper thit lp cho l Master (MS) hay Slave (SL)

nm gia Zc cm ngun v Zc tn hiu

Thay th dy cp tn hiu => sau th li.

Chiu u dy cp tn hiu gia v my

=> Nu lm cc thao tc trn m khng c th ta phi thay mt cng khc .

10. My khng tm thy h iu hnh

Biu hin : Trong qu trnh khi ng, my dng li v a ra thng bo li nh sau :

Invalid System Disk

Replace the disk, and then press any key

( H thng a b hng

Thay a khc, sau bm phm bt k )

Thng bo li trong qu trnh khi ng my

Nguyn nhn :

a b li h iu hnh

a b hng cc Sector khi ng trn track s 1(ngoi cng)

a b bad ( sc trn b mt a )

Invalid System Disk

Replace the disk, and then press any key

Sector khi ng trn Track s 1(ngoi cng) l ni lu on

chng trnh mi c nhim v tm v np h iu hnh

Kim tra v khc phc :

Vi my cn s dng Win 98 th Format li C sau ci t li (xem phn ci t Win 98 )

Vi my ci Win XP th dng a ci t li, trong qu trnh ci t ta chia li a v Format vi nh dng FAT32 ( Xem phn ci t Win XP )

Nu trong qu trnh ci t bo li v khng th ci t c th bn dng chng trnh SCANDISK ( Xem phn sau ) trong DOS kim tra b mt a xem c b Bad khng ?

11. Khi ci h iu hnh th bo li v qu trnh ci t b gin on

Nguyn nhn :

a cng b Bad

CD Rom mt c km hoc a ci t b sc .

Lp 2 thanh RAM khng cng chng loi , gy xung t .

Cc Card m rng cm thm gy xung t phn cng .

Khc phc :

Dng mt CD Rom tt v mt a CD mi ci t

Chy chng trnh SCANDISK ( nh cc bc phn sau ) kim tra b mt a .

Nu b mt a khng c vn th bn cn kim tra li RAM v cc Card m rng .

12. My chy thng xuyn b treo trong qu trnh s dng

Nguyn nhn

a cng b Bad

Do RAM hay cc Card m rng ho cp cng tip xc km

Do thit b phn cng b xung t nh lp 2 thanh RAM khc loi, lp thm Card Vdeo hi Mainboard c Card Onboard v v..

CPU b nng do qut hng hoc quay qu chm .

Khc phc

Cm li cc dy cp cho a, cm li thanh RAM v cc Card m rng ( nu c )

Kim tra qut CPU xem tc quay c bnh thng khng ?

Chy SCANDISK ( xem phn sau ) kim tra b mt a , nu a b Bad nng th thay a .

Cc bc chy SCANDISK kim tra b mt a

Bc 1 : Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cho CD Rom khi

ng trc

Bm lin tc phm Delete hoc F10 trong lc my ang khi ng mn hnh CMOS xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh CMOS SETUP

=> M trong mc c thit lp First Boot, Second Boot .... sau thit lp : First Boot l CD ROM

Thit lp First Boot l CD Rom

Bc 2 : Cho my khi ng t a Boot CD

t a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my , my khi ng t a Boot CD vi A o v du nhc :

A:\>_

Mn hnh khi ng t a Boot CD

Bc 3 : G lnh SCANDISK chy chng trnh kim tra a

A:\>SCANDISK C:

T du nhc g SCANDISK C: (Enter)

chy SCANDISK C

i cho mn hnh SCANDISK qut a xut hin nh di

Mn hnh SCANDISK kim tra b mt a

Nu xut hin cc ch BBB l a b Bad

( a b try sc mt kh nng ghi v c d liu )

Cc im b Bad BBB trn a c th gy ra cc hin

tng sau :

+ a khng khi ng c H iu hnh

+ Khi ci h iu hnh b bo li v qu trnh ci t b gin on

+ My ang chy hay b treo .

Khc phc khi a b Bad :

S dng chng trnh Partition Magic ( cp phn sau ) ct on Bad ( khng to phn vng trn on Bad ny na )

Nu nh im Bad nm di rc hoc a b Bad nng th bn cn thay a mi .Chng 7 - CD ROM

1. Tng qut v a CD Rom

a CD Rom l thit b c trong hu ht cc my tnh hin nay, n c u im lu tr c dung lng ln, gi thnh a CD r, c th di chuyn i ni khc d dng, CD Rom l a khng th thiu trong qu trnh ci t phn mm cho my tnh

Phn ny tc gi s trnh by cc nguyn tc ghi v c a CD Rom, cu to ca a CD Rom v cui cng l mt s bnh thng gp ca a CD Rom cng nh phng php sa cha khc phc

a CD Rom

CD ROM ( Compac Disk Read Olly Memory )

V tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca CD Rom da vo cc yu t

+ Chng loi CD Rom

+ Tc c d liu ca CD Rom :

Tc c d liu ca CD Rom c tnh bng s X

1X c tc truy cp d liu l 150KB

=> 10X s c tc truy cp l 10 x 150K = 1.500KB

=> 48X c tc truy cp l 48 x 150K = 7200KB

=> 52X c tc truy cp l 52 x 150K = 7800KB

2. Cu to ca a CD Rom

a CD Rom

a CD Rom trng c ph mt lp ho hc ln b mt sau ca a ( b mt dn giy ) , lp ho hc ny c tnh cht phn x nh sng nh lp bc a CD c tn hiu th tn hiu c ghi ln a thnh cc ng Track hnh xoy chn c, tn hiu ghi l cc im ho cht b t chy mt kh nng phn x, xen k vi cc im c kh nng phn x .

B mt a CD Rom, tn hiu c

ghi theo cc ng Track

Cc ng track ca a CD Rom c mt rt dy khong 6000 Track / 1cm v vy kch thc ca chng rt nh.

3. Nguyn l ghi d liu ln a CD Rom

D liu ghi ln a CD Rom l dng tn hiu s 0, 1 u ghi, ngi ta s dng sng Lazer ghi d liu ln a

a quay vi tc cao v sng Lazer s chiu tia lazer ln b mt a, tia lazer c iu khin tt sng theo tn hiu 0 hay 1 a vo .

=> ng vi tn hiu 0 => tia lazer tt

=> ng vi tn hiu 1 => tia lazer sng t chy b mt a thnh 1 im lm mt kh nng phn x .

Mch Servo s iu khin tc quay a cng nh iu khin cho tia lazer hi t trn a v ghi tn hiu thnh cc ng trc hnh son chn c .

4. Nguyn l c tn hiu t a CD Rom

a c d liu c quay vi tc cao, mt c s c d liu ghi trn a theo nguyn tc :

S dng tia lazer ( yu hn lc ghi ) chiu ln b mt a dc theo cc ng track c d liu , sau hng ly tia phn x quay li ri i chng thnh tn hiu in .

Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a b t chy s khng c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 0. Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a khng b

t chy s c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 1 Tia phn x s c Ma trn Diode i thnh tn hiu in, sau khi khuch i v x l ta thu c tn hiu ban u .

a quay v khi tia lazer chiu qua im b chy s mt

tia phn x => cho ta tn hiu 0, qua im bnh thng

c tia phn x cho ta tn hiu 1

Tn hiu khi c nu ngc vi khi ghi th ch vic cho qua cng o tn hiu s c o li .

101 => Cng o => 010

5. S khi ca a CD Rom

S khi ca a CD Rom

Lazer pickup : L mt c, c nhim v c d liu ghi trn a v i ra tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 .

Mch tch tn hiu : khuch i tn hiu t mt c sau tch ra hai thnh phn

=> Tn hiu iu khin : L cc tn hiu sai lch c cc tialazer ph pht hin cung cp cho mch to p iu khin

=> Tn hiu s : L tn hiu chnh ta cn thu c, tn hiu ny c ua sang IC s l tn hiu s trc khi chuyn v b nh my tnh

Mch to p iu khin : To in p iu khin iu khin mt c hng tia lazer c ng ng track v hi t ng trn b mt a, ngoi ra mch iu khin cn iu khin tc quay ca a .

Mch khuch i thc Moto : Khuch i tn hiu iu khin cung cp cho Moto v cc cun dy trn mt c .

IC x l tn hiu s : X l tn hiu thu c t mt c sau gi theo ng Bus v b nh chnh ca my .

Mch in trn CD Rom

6. Cu to ca mt c

Cm mt c ca a CD Rom

Cu to bn trong ca mt c

Cun Tracking : iu khin im hi t lch theo phng ngang c ng tm ng

Cun focus: iu khin im hi t ln xung theo phng ng hi t ng trn mt a A, B, C, D: L cc Diode i nh sng lazer thnh dng in, 4 diode ny c ra tn hiu chnh v pht hin sai lch hi t

E, F: L hai Diode pht hin sai lch tracking

LD ( Lazer Diode ) l Diode pht ra tia lazer MD (Monitor Diode ) l Diode gim st bo v cho mch t ng iu khin cng sut tia lazer Bin tr : Chnh kch mt khi tia lazer b yu

Mch nguyn l ca mt c7. B c

Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch

B c ca CD Rom

B c ca a CD Rom c cc b phn chnh nh sau :

B phn ra vo ca a - Bao gm :

+ M t Loading

+ Dy cu loa

+ H bnh rng truyn ng

+ Khay a

Mch nguyn l ca mt c track

Cun Focus : iu khin im hi t ln xung theo phng ng hi t ng trn mt a .

A,B,C,D L cc Diode i nh sng lazer thnh dng in, 4 diode ny c ra tn hiu chnh v pht hin sai lch hi t

E,F l hai Diode pht hin sai lch tracking

LD ( Lazer Diode ) l Diode pht ra tia lazer

MD (Monitor Diode ) l Diode gim st bo v cho mch t ng iu khin cng sut tia lazer

Bin tr : Chnh kch mt khi tia lazer b yu

B phn dch chuyn cm mt c - Bao gm + M t Sleed

+ H bnh rng

+ Thanh trt

M t quay a : M t Spind

Cm mt c : Lazer Pickup

Chng 8 - Thit b vo ra

1. Gii thiu bn phm

Bn phm l thit b nhp thng tin vo cho my tnh x l, thng tin t bn phm l cc k t, s v cc ln iu khin.

Bn phm

2. Cu to ca bn phm

S mch in ca bn phm

Mi phm bm trn bn phm tng ng vi mt cng tc uchp gia mt chn hng A v chn ct B , nh vy mi phm c mt a ch hng v ct duy nht, ngi ta lp trnh cho cc phm ny to ra cc m nh phn 11 bt gi v my tnh khi

phm c nhn .

Trong d liu 11 bit gi v c 8 bt mang thng tin nh phn (gi l m qut bn phm ) v 3 bit mang thng tin iu khin . 8 bt mang thng tin nh phn c quy c theo tiu chun quc t thng nht cho cc nh sn xut bn phm .

Bng sau l th d khi ta nhn mt s phm, bn phm s gi m qut dng nh phn v my tnh nh sau :

Tn phmM qut nh phnM ASCII tng ng

A0001 1110 0100 0001

S0001 1111 0101 0011

D0010 0000 0100 0100

F0010 0001 0100 0110

G0010 0010 0100 0111

H0010 0011 0100 1000

M qut bn phm c np vo b nh m trn RAM sau h iu hnh s dch cc m nh phn thnh k t theo bng m ASCII

Khi bm phm A => bn phm gi m nh phn cho b nh

m sau h iu hnh s i sang m ASC II v hiv

th k t trn mn hnh

3. Sa cha h hng ca bn phm

H hng thng gp ca bn phm l t dy tn hiu v kt phm

1. Bn phm b t dy tn hiu

Biu hin :

My khng nhn bn phm, hoc c cc thng bo li bn phm Keyboard Erro trn mn hnh khi khi ng

Kim tra :

Bn hy tho cc c pha sau bn phm v m lp sau bn phm ra

Tho lp sau bn phm kim tra

+ Dng ng h vn nng thang x 1 o cc si dy trong cp tn hiu t mi hn trn bn phm n cc chn u ni ,ta o t mt mi hn tt c cc chn phi c mt chn thng mch .

+ Nu pht hin thy cp tn hiu t th bn thay mt cp tn hiu khc .

2. Bn phm b chp phm

Biu hin :

My c ting bp lin tc khng dt .

Kim tra :

+ Kim tra cc phm xem c phm no b kt, bm xung nhng khng t ny ln c khng ?

+ Bo dng bn phm bng cch dng kh nn thi mnh vo cc khe ca bn phm cho bi bn bt ra

+ Trng hp cc phm hay b kt do bi bn ta c th tho bn phm ra, tch phn mch in ra khi cc phm bm, c th dng nc x phng ra sch cc phm bm sau phi kho ri lp li .

++ Ch : Trnh khng nc giy vo phn mch in .

3. thay bn phm mi nhng my vn khng dng c bn phm

Nguyn nhn :

Biu hin trn l do hng IC giao tip vi bn phm trn Mainboard

Khc phc :

+ Dng ng h vn nng d t chn cm PS/2 ca bn phm trn Mainboard xem thng mch vi IC no gn => IC thng mch vi u cm PS2 l IC giao tip bn phm .

IC giao tip nm gn khu vc cc cng giao tip

+ S dng m hn kh thay IC

MOUSE

Chut l thit b tr trn mn hnh, chut xut hin trong mn hnh Windows vi giao din hoa, Cc trnh iu khin chut thng c tch hp trong cc h iu hnh, hin nay th trng c 2 loi chut ph bin l chut bi v chut quang .

CHUT BI

1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca chut bi.

Cu to bn trong ca chut bi

Cu to :

Bn trong chut bi c mt vin bi cao su t vo hai trc bng nha c t vung gc vi nhau, khi ta di chut th vin bi quay => lm cho hai trc xoay theo, hai trc nha c gn vi bnh rng nha c c l, mi bnh rng c t lng vo trong mt cm bin bao gm mt Diode pht quang v mt n thu quang.

B cm bin trong chut bi

Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng hng ngoi chiu qua bnh rng nha c l chiu vo n thu quang, khi bnh rng xoay th nh sng chiu vo n thu quang b ngt qung , n thu quang i nh sng ny thnh tn hiu in a v IC gii m => to thnh tn hiu iu khin cho con tr dch chuyn trn mn hnh.

B cm bin i chuyn ng c hc

ca vin bi thnh tn hiu in

Trong chut bi c hai b cm bin , mt b iu khin cho chut dch chuyn theo phng ngang, mt b iu khin dch chuyn theo phng dc mn hnh .

Hai b cm bin a tn hiu v IC gii m ,

gii m thnh tn hiu nh phn a v my tnh

Bn cnh cc b cm bin l cc cng tc nhn phm chut tri hay phm chut phi

Cng tc nhn tri chui hai nhn phi chut

2. H hng thng gp ca chut bi

1. Khi di chuyn chut thy con tr di chuyn git cc v rt kh khn

Nguyn nhn :

Trng hp trn thng do hai trc ln p vo vin bi b bn v vy chng khng xoay c

Khc phc :

+ Tho vin bi ra , v sinh sch s vin bi v hai trc ln p vo vin bi , sau lp li .

2. Chut ch di chuyn theo mt hng ngang hoc dc

Nguyn nhn :

+ Do mt trc ln khng quay , c th do bi bn .

+ Do hng mt b cm bin

Khc phc :

+ V sinh cc trc ln bn trong

+ Tho vin bi ra v dng tay xoay th hai trc, khi xoay trc no m khng thy con tr dch chuyn l hng cm bin n vo trc

=> Ta c th s dng b cm bin t mt con chut khc lp sang thay th .

3. My khng nhn chut, di chut trn bn con tr khng dch chuyn

Nguyn nhn :

+ Trng hp ny thng do t cp tn hiu

+ Mt s trng hp l do hng IC gii m bn trong chut.

Khc phc :

+ Kim tra s thng mch ca cp tn hiu bng ng h vn nng thang x1 , nu c mt si dy t th cn thay dy cp .

+ Nu khng phi do cp th bn hy thay th IC trong chut.

4. Bm cng tc chut tri hoc chut phi mt tc dng .

Nguyn nhn :

+ Nguyn nhn thng do cng tc khng tip xc, bn tho chut ra v kim tra s tip xc ca cng tc khi bm, nu cngtc khng tip xc th thay cng tc

+ Nu cng tc vn tip xc tt th nguyn nhn l do hng IC, bn cn thay mt IC mi .

CHUT QUANG

1. Cu to ca chut quang

Chut quang hot ng theo nguyn tc quang hc, chut khng c bi m thay vo l mt l chiu v phn chiu nh sng .

Chut quang

Cu to bn trong chut quang

+ B phn quan trng nht ca chut quang l h thng pht quang v cm quang, Diode pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt bn, nh b mt s c thu knh hi t, hi t trn b phn cm quang .

+ Bn cnh b phn quang hc l bi xoay v cc cng tc nh chut thng thng .

Bn trong chut quang

Nguyn tc hot ng ca chut quang

B phn quang hc trong chut quang

Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt ca tm di chut , nh ca b mt tm di chut c thu knh hi t ln b mt ca b phn cm quang, b phn cm quang s phn tch s dch chuyn ca bc nh => to thnh tn hiu in gi v my tnh.

+ Diode pht quang c hai ch sng, ch sng yu Diode c cung cp khong 0,3V . Ch sng mnh Diode c cung cp khong 2,2V .

+ Khi ta khng di chuyn chut th sau khong 3 giy Diode s t chuyn sang ch ti gim cng pht x lm tng tui th ca Diode .

2. H hng thng gp ca chut quang

1. My khng nhn chut

Nguyn nhn

+ Trng hp ny thng do chut b t cp tn hiu

+ Mt s trng hp do hng IC giao tip trn chut

Khc phc

+ Dng ng h vn nng thang 1 o s thng mch ca cp tn hiu, nu thy t mt si th bn cn thay cp tn hiu khc .

+ Nu cp tn hiu bnh thng th cn thay th C giao tip ( l IC cnh gn bi dy cp tn hiu)

2. Chut khng pht ra nh sng , khng hot ng c .

Nguyn nhn

+ t cp tn hiu lm mt Vcc cho chut

+ Hng Diode pht quang

Khc phc

+ Kim tra v thay cp tn hiu nu t

+ Kim tra Diode pht quang ( o nh Diode thng) nu t th thay mt Diode khcChng 9 - Card m rng

1. Nhim v ca Card Video

Nhim v ca Card Video l i d liu s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu Analog cung cp cho mn hnh.

D liu trong my tnh c tn ti di dng nh phn 0,1 khi ta m mt chng trnh , d liu ca chng trnh c np ln b nh RAM CPU c th x l, n thi ni dung ca n cng c sao chp sang b nh RAM ca Card Video hin th ln mn hnh .

IC - DAC trn Card Video s i cc bt nh phn thnh tn hiu v cng sng ca cc im nh trn mn hnh .

Qu trnh a d liu ra mn hnh thng qua Card Video

B nh ROM trn Card Video lu trnh iu khin gip cho Card video c th hot ng c khi my cha np h iu hnh Window, trnh iu khin ny c np khi my khi ng, a s cc trng hp Card video b li l do chng khng np c trnh iu khin t ROM trn Card video .

Khi h iu hnh Windows c khi ng , my s tm v np trnh iu khin cho Card Video trong h iu hnh vi mt phin bn chi tit v y hn .

2. ngha ca b nh RAM trn Card Video .

Tn hiu a ra mn hnh phi l lin tc khng c ngt qung vi mt tc ln, v l IC i DAC khng th ly d liu trc tip t RAM ca my c (V tc ny chm)m chng phi ly d liu t RAM t ngay trn Card Video.

Mi im nh trn mn hnh cn phi c mt v tr nh trn RAM ca Card Video, mt im nh c t 4 bt n 32 bt lu thng tin v mu sc .

Th d : Trong Window nu ta chn phn gii cho mn hnh l 1024 x 768 cht lng mu l 32 bit th cn mt b nh nh sau :

+ Mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 ngha l c

1024 x 768 = 786.432 im nh

+ Cht lng mu 32 bit ngha l mi im nh cn 32 bit nh phn (tng ng 4 byte) lu tr mu sc .

+ Lng thng tin cho c mn hnh s l 786.432 x 4 byte = 3.145.728 byte 3 MB

=> 3 MB l dung lng cn thit lu tr mt mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 v cht lng mu l 32bit .

+ Ghi ch : mu 32 bit l biu din c 232 = 4.294.967.296 mu .

Trong qu trnh x l nh ng, mi giy c khong 30 bc nh c thay th, nu b nh RAM trn Card Video khng cha s bc nh cn thit th chng s phi i ng truyn, v vy hnh nh s b git cc khi pht .

Card Video thiu b nh RAM cho

hnh nh ng git cc nh trn

3. Tc Card Video

Tc ca Card Video c nh hng n cht lng ca hnh nh c bit l cc bc nh c phn gii cao, tc ca Card chnh l tc np d liu t RAM h thng ln RAM trn Card Video thng qua Chipset, tc ny tnh bng s xung nhp / giy

Card Video c tc 66MHz trong 1 giy n thc hin c 64 triu xung nhp .

Card Video h tr ho AGP c tc t 66MHz n 533MHz v tc c tnh theo bi s ca tc 66MHz

+ Card 1X c tc 66 MHz





4.Cc loi Card Video

1. Card Video PCI

Card PCI l Card theo chun c cm trn khe m rng PCI Tc Card PCI ch t 33MHz Card PCI c s dng trong cc th h my c trc my Pentium 2

2. Card Video AGP 1X

Card Video AGP 1X

Tc 1 x 66MHz = 66Mhz

S dng cho th h my Pentium 2


Card Video AGP 2X




Card Video AGP 4X




Card Video AGP 8X



6. Card Video PCI Express 16X

Card Video PCI Express 16X

Tc 16 x 66MHz = 1066 MHz

S dng trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi nht .

7. Card Video on board

L Card Video c tch hp trn Mainboard, thng thng cc loi card onboard khng c RAM m s dng mt phn RAM ca h thng do vy b nh dnh cho card on board thng gii hn khong 8MB n 16MB Card onboard l gii php nhm gim chi ph cho cc my t c nhu cu x l ho .

5. H hng Card Video

Cc my c Card onboard thng t b li Card

Cc my c Card video ri c t l hng cao hn, khi hng Card Video chng thng c biu hin :

=> Khi bt ngun, my ku mt ting bp di v ba ting bp ngn , khng ln mn hnh . ( Bp......................Bp.Bp.Bp. )

Kim tra :

+ Bn hy thay th mt thanh RAM loi tr , v hng RAM cng pht ra cc ting ku tng t loa , tuy nhin hng RAM thng c 3 ting Bp di .

+ Tho Card Video ra khi Mainboard, dng xng v sinh sch s chn cm, sau th li .

+ Nu hin tng khng i th bn cn thay mt Card Video khc

6 . Nguyn tc ghi hnh v pht hnh trong my tnh nh th no ?

Gi s bc nh ca bn gi c chp bng my nh s vi phn gii 200 x 300 Pixels Chp nh vy ngha l my nh chia nh bc hnh trn

Thnh 200 x 300 = 60.000 im nh

Trong mi im nh ( t 60.000 im trn ) li c ba cm bin rt nh (Sensor) o li cng sng ca 3 mu c bn l

- Mu ( R )

- Mu xanh l cy ( G )

- Mu xanh da tri ( B )

Cng sng thu c c gi tr t Min = 0 n Max = 255

Cng sng thu c t cc Sensor c a vo mch i ADC ( Analog - Digital Conveter ) y gi tr sng ca cc im mu c i thnh dy nh phn 0,1 ( gi l tn hiu s ca nh )

Tn hiu s ca bc nh c ghi vo th nh hoc c truyn v my tnh .

Khi ti cm th nh qua cng USB m bc nh ra => d liu s ca bc nh c np vo b nh RAM v hin th ln mn hnh m ti c th cm nhn c .

7. Ci trnh iu khin cho Card Video

V sao phi ci trnh iu khin ?

Gi s c hai ngi hai nc khc nhau, khng hiu ting ca nhau, khi ni chuyn h cn c phin dch :

=> Tng t nh vy th trnh iu khin chnh l phin dch cho hai i tng :

+ Mt l h iu hnh

+ Hai l thit b phn cng (c th l Card Video lp trn my ) Nu khng c trnh iu khin th thit b khng hiu v khng thc thi c cc lnh ca h iu hnh, do chng khng lm vic c vi nhau :

Trn Card Video thng c mt ROM c np sn trnh iu khin gip cho Card Video c th hot ng c trong mi trng DOS

Khi ta ci h iu hnh Windows th trnh iu khin trong ROM trn Card khng h tr, v vy ta phi ci trnh iu khin cho Card sau khi ci t h iu hnh Windows, trnh iu khin thng i km thit b bng mt a CD Rom .

+ Mt s loi Card c trnh iu khin c tch hp ngay trong h iu hnh Window XP , v vy khi ci Window XP chng t nhn c mt s loi Card trn .

Kim tra trnh iu khin cho cc thit b. kim tra xem mt thit b nh Card Video hay Card Sound c ci trnh iu khin hay cha bn lm nh sau :

* Kch phi chut vo My Computer / Chn Properties / Chn lp Hardware / kch vo Device Manager / Mn hnh Device Manager xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh Device Manager ( qun l thit b ), cc thit b c trong

danh sch ny tc l chng c ci t trnh iu khin

trn ta thy mc Display adapters c trong danh sch v c tn trnh iu khin => nh vy l my ci t Drive cho Card Video

Nu nh danh sch trn cha c mc Display adapters th trnh iu khin ca Card video cha c ci t .

8 . Cc bc ci t trnh iu khin cho Card Video

Chun b mt a CD Rom c trnh iu khin ca Card Video ang lp trong my . ( tm mua Drive cho Card theo nhn in trn Card hoc theo s hiu IC x l trn Card Video ), sau khi c a ta thc hin ci t nh sau :

Vo Start / Settings / Control panel => ra mn hnh

Kch p vo biu tng Add Hardware => ra mn hnh

Kch Next v i mt lt => ra mn hnh

Chn Yes, I have ... / Kch Next => ra mn hnh

Ko xung di cng v chn dng Add new hardware device / Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau vi hai la chn

=> Chn dng trn th my s t ng tm Drive v ci t cho thit b , trng hp khng tm thy th my yu cu ta tm thit b t danh sch ( Bn hy thc hin la chn ny trc nu khng c mi la chn theo dng di )

=> Chn dng di ch nh thit b cn ci t danh sch .

Chn dng Display adapters / Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau

Kch tip vo nt Have Disk => ra mn hnh sau:

Kch tip nt Browse => hp thoi sau xut hin

Tm trn CD Rom ni c th mc cha trnh iu khin ca Card Video ang ci ( tm ng tn th mc ) ri bm Open => ng dn n File cn tm hin th trn thanh trng thi hnh di .

Tip tc bm OK => qu trnh ci t s din ra / Chn tip Next thng bo sau xut hin

Tip tc kch Next i vi giy => hp thoai kt thc xut hin.

Chn Finish kt thc qu trnh ci t

Sau khi ci t xong, bn cn khi ng li my, sau vo mn hnh Device Manager kim tra li

Nu xut hin Card mn hnh nh trn

l qu trnh ci t thnh cngChng 10 - Lp rp my tnhChn thit b

Chn thit b l vic lm cn thit khi lp mt b my vi tnh, nu thit b chn khng ng cch c th lm cho my chy khng n inh, khng ti u v tc hoc khng p ng c cng vic .

Chn tc cn da trn cc yu t

Mc ch s dng my tnh

Tnh tng thch ca thit b

1. Chn thit b theo mc ch s dng

My tnh s dng cho

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