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Chng 6CU THANG

6.1. V TR, TC DNG V C IM

Cu thang l phng tin giao thng theo chiu ng, c tc dng lin h gia cc tng nh. Cuthang c t trong hoc ngoi cng trnh, ni d thy v ti v tr thun tin cho i li.

Khi thitk cu thang phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:

- S dng thun tin, dc v chiu rng v thang phi thch hp.

- Kinh t, thi cng nhanh v d dng.

- m bo an ton, c y nh sng, khng trn trt.

- C kh nng chu la ln.

- Bn vng, chu c ti trng khi vn chuyn nhng vt nng.

6.2. PHN LOI (hnh 6.01 - 6.02)

6.2.1. Theo v tr

- Cu thang ngoi nh.

- Cu thang trong nh.

6.2.2. Theo chc nng s dng

- Cu thang chnh.

- Cu thang ph.

- Cu thang thot him.

- Cu thang phc v.

6.2.3. Theo vt liu

- Cu thang g.

- Cu thang gch, .

- Cu thang thp.


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- Cu thang btng ct thp.

6.2.4. Theo hnh thc

- Cu thang thng, ngot, vung gc, kp ...

- Cu thang trn, trn c...

- Cu thang bt gic, lch tng...

6.2.5. Theo cu to

- Cu thang kiu ng dc khng bc.

- Cu thang c bc.

- Thang t hnh.

- Thang my.


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6.2.6. Theo bin php thi cng

Cu thang btng ct thp c u im bn lu, khng chy, tuy nhin nng n, kh sa cha.c dng rngri trong nh dn dng cng nh nh cng nghip.

Cu thang btng ct thp c hai loi: ton khi v lp ghp.


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- Cu thang btng ct thp ton khi c cng v n nh cao, khng b hn ch bi tiuchun ho, hnh thc a dng, tho mn mi yu cu thm m ca kin trc. Tuy nhin cu thangbtng ct thp ton khi tn cp pha, tc thi cng v a vo s dng chm. Cu thangbtng ct thp ton khi c th chia ra theo hnh thc kt cu: bn v bn dm.

- Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp gm cc cu kin c ch to sn cng xng hay cngtrng, sau khi cu kin chu lc th mang n v tr lp ghp. C u im tc thi cngnhanh, p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho xy dng, tit kim c vn khun, nng caocht lng sn phm. Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp c th chia ra theo trng lng cukin: cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin nh, cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cutrung bnh, cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin ln.

6.3. CC B PHN V QUY NH CA CU THANG

6.3.1. Cc b phn ca cu thang (hnh 6.03 - 6.04)

Dm mng chn thang; bn thang (an thang, t thang); chiu ngh; dm chiu ngh; chiu ti;dm chiu ti; bc thang; dm cn thang; lan can, tay vn.


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6.3.2. Nhng quy nh cu thang

6.3.2.1. Chiu rng bn thang (l) (hnh 6.05)

Chiu rng bn thang tnh t mp tng n mp lan can tay vn. Chiu rng ca bn thang tuthuc vo lu lng v s ngi s dng v cn c vo qui phm tnh ton.


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6.3.2.2. Chiu rng chiu ngh (c) (hnh 6.09)

m bo i li v vn chuyn cc dng ln c d dng, chiu rng chiu ngh phi lnhn hoc bng chiu rng bn thang. i vi cu thang thng, trnh hin tng dm phichn v l bc, chiu rng chiu ngh ti thiu bng 800 hoc bng 800 + n.500, trong : n ls bc i ti chiu ngh, 500 l chiu di mt bc chn.


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6.3.2.3. dc (hnh 6.10)

dc ca cu thang c quyt nh bi chiu cao bc thang (h) v chiu rng bc thang (b). Thngthng quan h gia chiu rng v chiu cao bc thang c ly theo cng thc: b+h=450. Thch hpnht l b=300 v h=150.

dc ca cu thang cn tng quan n cng nng ca cng trnh.

Nh

Trng hc


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Hi trng

Bnh vin

Nh tr

Chiu cao

150-175

140-160

130-150

150

120-150

Chiu rng

250-300

280-320

300-350

300

250-280


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Bc thang di cng thng rng hn 40-80 v thp hn t 20-40. Trong mt cu thang khng nn thayi dc.

6.3.2.4. Chiu cao lan can (hnh 6.11)

Chiu cao lan can c quan h ti dc ca cu thang, cu thang dc t th yu cu lan can cao v ngcli cu thang dc nhiu th yu cu lan can thp.

Chiu cao lan can c tnh tim gia mt bc n mt trn ca lan can, thng ly t 800-1000 ivi ngi ln v 500-600 i vi tr em.

6.3.2.5. Khong i lt

m bo vic i li c thoi mi v mang vc d dng, khong i lt cu thang xung tng hm,

ca i di chiu ngh cu thang ti thiu phi 1800 (hnh 6.12). Mt thang di ln trn thang trn,ti thiu phi 2000 (hnh 6.13).

Mt s cch gii quyt khong i lt cho ca i di chiu ngh cu thang:

- Nn nh cao: h nn nh ti cao cn thit gii quyt li i di chiu ngh.

- Nn nh thp: ko di t mt ca thang bng cch tng s bc t mt, ng ngha tng cao casn chiu ngh ti cao cn thit i lt.

- Nn nh thp chiu di bung thang khng ko di t thang: gii quyt bng cch lm cuthang ba t, khi ca i nn t di chiu ngh th hai.

- Chiu rng bung thang khng lm thang ba t: gii quyt bng cch cho dc ca cu thangln ln bng cch tng chiu cao bc v gim chiu rng bc. Ngoi ra c th cu to bc chia lm haihoc lm cu thang khng c chiu ngh.


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6.3.2.6. Khong cch phng ho

L khong cch thot ngi khi c ho hon, c tnh tni lm vic xa nht n cu thang.

Cp phng ho

Cu thang hai bn.

Cu thang gia.

I v II

40 m

25 m

III

30 m

20 m


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IV

25 m

15 m

V

20 m

10 m

6.3.2.7. S bc trong mt t thang (n)

S bc trong mt t thang nn: 4 n 18 bc, tr cu thang ph v xonc

6.3.2.8. Khong cch iu ho (s) (hnh 6.05)

C tc dng ngi i li khu cu thang v hnh lang khng va chm nhau. Khong cch iu hoc tnh t mp ngoi ca tng cho n mp ca bc thang u tin.

Nu chiu rng bn thang 1200 th khong cch iu ho 300. Nu chiu rng bn thang ln hn1200 th khong cch iu ho 600.

6.4. CU TO CU THANG BTNG CT THP TON KHI

6.4.1. Cu thang hnh thc bn

Bn thang l mt bn phng hoc bn gy, chu ton b ti trng tc ng ln cu thang, bn ta lntng hoc ta ln dm chiu ngh v dm chiu ti, lc ny thang khng c dm cn. Hnh thc kt cuny thch hp vi nhp cu thang nh v hp, chu ti trng nh, kch thc bung thang khong15004500 (hnh 6.14 - 6.16).


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6.4.2. Cu thang hnh thc bn dm

Bn thang c cu to vi dm cn, chu ton b ti trng tc ng ln cu thang, bn ta ln dmcn, hai u dm cn ta ln dm chiu ngh v dm chiu ti, nu l t thang u tin th dm cnmt u ta ln dm chiu ngh, u kia ta ln dm mng chn thang.

Thng thng bc thang c xy bng gch pha trn ca bn thang, nhng cng c th cu to bc


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thang v bn thang thnh mt khi btng ct thp, lc ny bc thang ging nh mt dm nh, cta ln dm cn, dm cn ta ln dm chiu ti, chiu ngh.

Lin kt gia bn thang v dm cn c cc trng hp sau:

- Bn thang nm pha trn dm cn (cn chm), kt cu chu lc hp l{, nhng dm quay xung di,trn khng phng, kh gi v sinh (hnh 6.17).

- Bn thang nm pha di dm cn (cn ni), trn phng p, d lm v sinh (hnh 6.18).

- Bn thang nm gia dm cn (cn na ni, na chm) (hnh 6.19).


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6.5. CU THANG BTNG LP GHP

Tuz thuc vo iu kin thi cng v phng thc vn chuyn m la chn loi cu thang.

6.5.1. Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin nh

Ch lp ghp cc bn bc thang, bn bc thang c chto theo mt s hnh thc: ch nht, ch L, bnbc tam gic (c hoc rng). Cc bn bc thang c k trc tip ln tng hay dm cn ti chhoc dm cn lp ghp. Loi ny c u im trng lng cu kin nh nn khng cn phng tin culp m ch cn dng thcng lp ghp. Nhng n c nhc im lp ghp chm v nhiu cu kin,ch nn p dng cho nh hai tng (hnh 6.20 - 6.21).


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6.5.2. Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin trung bnh

Trng lng cu kin cu thang lp ghp trung bnh vo khong 500kg, thng c hai loi: cu thanghnh thc bn, cu thang hnh thc bn dm (hnh 6.22).


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- Cu thang hnh thc bn c hai cu kin chnh: bn bc thang v chiu ngh. Bn bc thang gc trc

tip ln sn v chiu ngh. Tuz theo yu cu s dng m bn bc thang phn thnh mt hay nhiu gii,mi gii rng t 300-600. Chiu ngh ging nh kt cu sn gc, c th l panen ch U, panen hp hocbn sn, c k trc tip ln tng hoc dm..

- Cu thang hnh thc bn dm c ba cu kin chnh: bn bc thang, chiu ngh v dm cn. Cu to bnbc thang ging nh cu to bn bc thang cu kin nh (c ba hnh thc: ch nht, ch L v tam gicc hoc rng). Cc bn bc thang c th ta trn tng hoc trn dm cn, nhng tin thi cng bn


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bc thang c k hai u ln dm cn. Chiu ngh ging nh kt cu sn gc, c th l panen ch U,panen hp hoc bn sn, c k trc tip ln tng hoc dm. Dm chiu ngh, dm chiu ti c titdin hnh ch nht hoc ch L. Dm cn ta ln dm chiu ngh, chiu ti hoc ln dm mng chnthang ( tng di cng). Tit din dm cn c th l hnh ch nht, hnh rng ca. i vi dm cn

hnh ch nht th bn bc thang hnh tam, dm cn hnh rng ca th bn bc thang dng bn phng.

Mi bn bc thang c th c mt hoc hai dm cn, bn thang c hai dm cn thi cng thun tin, linkt n gin, bn thang c mt dm cn th nn b tr gia bn thang.

6.5.3. Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin ln

Cn c vo tnh cht chu lc, yu cu s dng, cu thang chia lm hai cu kin chnh: chiu ngh v bn

thang.

Chiu ngh c thl panen sn, panen khng sn, panen hp c k ln tng hoc dm.

Bn thang ta vo chiu ngh, chiu ti hoc dm mng chn thang ( tng di cng). Bn thang c thlm theo my loi sau:

- Bn thang c mt di phng, chto n gin, vsinh v p, nhng tn thp v btng (hnh 6.23).

- Bn thang c hnh thc mt sn nm gia chiu rng bn thang, tit kim vt liu nhng chtophc tp (hnh 6.24).

- Bn thang c hnh thc bn dm, bc mng, loi ny tit kim vt liu nhng thi cng phc tp.


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- Bn thang c hnh thc bn phng, bc thang xy bng gch, tit kim vt liu, tn dng vt liu aphng, chto n gin nhng thi gian thi cng chm (hnh 6.25).

6.5.4. Lin kt gia cc cu kin

cc cu kin ring r c th lm vic tt, m bo cng gia cc cu kin th yu cu lin kt chtch vi nhau. C th s dng lin kt ton khi hoc lin kt hn (hnh 6.26 - 6.28).

Lin kt ton khi: khi chto cha sn nhng thanh thp, khi lp cc cu kin cu thang th lin ktcc thanh thp ch vi nhau, sau btng. Kiu lin kt ny gia cc cu kin vng chc, bnlu, nhng thi cng chm.


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Lin kt hn: khi chto cu kin th ti nhng v tr s lin kt cu kin vi nhau, t sn thp bn trongcu kin, khi lp cc cu kin cu thang th hn cc thp bn vi nhau. Kiu lin kt ny thi cngnhanh, nhng khi hn nhit ln c th lm rn nt btng, do vic bo v ct thp khng tt sd b r st. Sau khi hn phi ph ln ch hn lin kt mt lp va ximng mc 75-100.

6.6. CU THANG BTNG CT THP 3 T (hnh 6.29)

Trong cc cng trnh c b rng bung thang ngn, khng lm hai t th c th m rng b ngangcu thang lm kiu cu thang ba t. Cu thang ba t c cu to khc cu thang hai t ch chiungh cn thang khng gc trc tip vo dm m cn ca t n gi vo t kia, lin kt ging gi vinhau.

Loi ny tnh ton v thi cng rt phc tp bi vy s dng rt hn ch. cn v lan can tay vn lnc u, i li thoi mi nn lm chiu ngh ln hn b rng cu thang mt bc.


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6.7. MT S CC CHI TIT C BN CA CU THANG (hnh 6.30 - 6.36)


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6.8. CU TO BC THANG V TAY VN, LAN CAN

6.8.1. Cu to mt bc v mi bc thang (hnh 6.37)

Mi bc dng va ximng hoc cc loi vt liu t b mi mn, c th lm vt hoc ln trn khi bckhi b vp.


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Mt bc cu to ging nh mt sn, c th lm bng cc loi vt liu nh va ximng, va granit, gchhoa, x, g, cht do

6.8.2. Cu to tay vn, lan can

m bo an ton khi i li trn cu thang phi lm lan can, pha trn lan can c tay vn lm ch da khi ln xung cu thang c thun tin.

6.8.2.1. Lan can (hnh 6.38)

Lan can c th chia lm hai loi: lan can c v lan can rng.


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Lan can c c lm bng btng ct thp hoc xy gch vi cc tr nh bng btng ct thp.

Lan can rng c th lm bng g, btng ct thp, kim loi. Loi lan can ny thong, nh c th trang tr

theo nhiu hnh thc, nhng phi m bo c an ton vi cc khong trng khng ln hn 150.

6.8.2.2. Tay vn (hnh 6.39 - 6.40)

Tay vn c lm bng nhiu loi vt liu nh g, thp, thp khng g, ng, btng ct thp, granit...nhng cn phi m bo nhn, khng bi.

Tay vn c lin kt vi lan can bng inh, inh vt, hn hoc lin kt ton khi.


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6.9. CCH THIT KCU THANG (hnh 6.41)

Da vo cc yu tnh: yu cu s dng, chiu cao tng nh, hng i li t xc nh c s bcthang, s bc trong mi t thang v kch thc ca bung thang.

- Chiu rng t thang: l.

- Chiu di t thang: d.


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- Khong cch iu ho: s, khi l 1200 th s 300, khi l > 1200 th s 600.

- B dy cn thang: e = 80-100.

- Khong cch mp hai cn thang: f = 160-250.

- B rng chiu ngh: c = l+e.

- Chiu rng bung thang: B = 2l+2e+f.

- Chiu di bung thang: L = c+d+s.

C c cc s liu B, L, l, c, d, s, e, f, ta s vc mt bng cu thang v ging ln mt ng.

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