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Gim st thi cng v nghim thu

lp t ng dy v Thit b

Trong cng trnh in

H ni, 5-2001

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Chng I

Nhng vn chung 1. Trang b tin nghi trong cng trnh dn dng ngy cng chim vai tr quan trng trong vic u t v xy dng cng trnh. 1.1 S pht trin cng ngh v nhng ng dng cng ngh phc v i sng con ngi. Trc y chng hn mt th k , hu ht dn c nc ta u thp n du , cha bit in l g . Ngay cch y hai mi nhm nm c cu chuyn chng ta m c c tht ln Ngh Tnh ct trong t lnh Nam H v ngy nay , tht ln ca chng ta tiu dng phi l tht nc. Hu nh mi nh thnh ph u c TV. Vido dn dn khng c chung na m phi dng u a compact ,VCD, DCD . S pht trin cng ngh v ng dng cng ngh mi phc v con ngi lm cho kin trc s v k s xy dng phi c thi nghim tc khi thit k v trang b nh v nh dn dng. 1.2 Ngi nh thng minh , phn nh su th thi i. u nhng nm 1980 trn th gii bt u ni n khi nim " ngi nh thng minh ". Nhiu nh l lun kin trc a ra nhng nh ngha v " ngi nh thng minh " t ch cha tho ng n ng dn . Lc u c ngi nu rng " ngi nh thng minh l ngi nh m mi th u thu ht". Hi tho quc t v " ngi nh thng minh " t chc vo hai ngy 28 v 29 thng Nm nm 1985 Toronto ( Canaa ) a ra khi nim " ngi nh thng minh kt hp s i mi theo cng ngh vi s qun l kho lo khin cho thu hi n ti a c vn u t b ra". Ngi nh khng ch l ni ngh ngi sau gi lao ng ti sn xut sc lao ng m ngi hin i phi lun lun tip cn c vi mi ngi , vi cng vic , vi th gii vo bt k lc no v bt k v tr no trong ngi nh. Ngi nh l s kt hp ti ho 4 nhn t c bn l : kt cu ti u , h thng ti u , dch v ti u , v qun l c ti u v quan h cht ch gia cc nhn t ny. Ngi nh thng minh phi l ni h tr c cho ch doanh nghip , nh qun l ti sn , nhng ngi s dng nh thc hin c mc tiu ca h trong lnh vc chi ph , tin nghi , thch hp , an ton , mm do lu di v c tnh cht th trng . Ngi nh thng minh l ngi nh gn lin vi cng ngh hin i. Yu t th hin s hin i l in t. Quan nim theo in t v s vt th hin qua 4 nhm : (i) s dng nng lng hiu qu , (ii) h thng an ton cho con ngi , (iii) h thng lin lc vin thng v (iv) t ng ho ni lm vic. C th ho trn 4 nhm ny thnh 2 l nhm ln l phng tin iu hnh ( nng lng v an ton ) v h thng thng tin ( thng tin v t ng ho ni lm vic ). Ph-ng tin iu hnh ni chung l vn kt cu vt cht v cch iu hnh kt cu vt cht ra sao. H thng thng tin lin quan n s iu khin c th bn trong ngi nh . Ngi Nht khi nhn nhn v ngi nh thng minh cho rng c 5 vn chnh l : (i) mng li khng gian ti ch , ( ii) s tng nh nng cao dn , (iii) phng ngang co li phng ng tng ln , (iv) h thng nghe nhn v (v) th thng minh . Tm li vn y l cuc sng cng ln cao, s phc v con ngi bng nhng thnh qu cng ngh hin i cng c gn b vi cng trnh. iu na l thi hin i , gi gic lao ng khng ch b hp trong khun gi hnh chnh v hnh thi lao ng kiu mi cng thay i v a im lao ng khng b gn trong c quan m nh , ni i chi gii tr cng l ni lao ng v nhng phng tin lin lc , phng tin ct cha thng tin khng hn ch ch trong c quan.

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2. Vai tr ca ngi k s t vn gim st xy dng trong vic lp t trang thit b tin nghi s dng cng trnh. 2.1 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung : T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng qua hp ng kinh t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht lng cng trnh. Nhim v ca gim st thi cng ca ch u t :

(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh ca thit k cng trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc tiu chun k thut , cc cam kt v cht lng theo hp ng giao nhn thu. Nu cc c quan t vn v thit k lm tt khu h s mi thu th cc iu kin k thut trong b h s mi thu l c s gim st k thut.

(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cn b t vn gim st phi kim tra vt t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt liu khng ng tnh nng s dng , phi a khi phm vi cng trng m khng c php lu gi trn cng trng . Nhng thit b khng ph hp vi cng ngh v cha qua kim nh khng c a vo s dng hay lp t. Khi thy cn thit , c th yu cu ly mu kim tra li cht lng vt liu , cu kin v ch phm xy dng .

(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn cng tc thi cng xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m bo cht lng , k hoch cht lng ca nh thu nhm m bo vic thi cng xy lp theo ng h s thit k c duyt.

Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an ton lao ng m nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng hon thnh , cht lng cng tc t c v tin thc hin cc cng tc . Lp bo co tnh hnh cht lng v tin phc v giao ban thng k ca ch u t . Phi hp cc bn thi cng v cc bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng . Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp . Lp bin bn nghim thu theo bng biu qui nh .

Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c nhng du hiu cht lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut nh trong tiu ch cht lng ca b h s mi thu hoc nhng tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi d kin nh ln qu qui nh , trc khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn nh gi tng th v s c xut ca n v thit k v ca cc c quan chuyn mn c php . (4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim st ca ch u t phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v ti liu v qun l cht lng . Lp danh mc h s , ti liu hon thnh cng trnh xy dng. Khi kim tra thy cng trnh hon thnh m bo cht l-ng , ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k v tiu chun v nghim thu cng trnh , ch u t t chc tng nghim thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin bn tng nghim thu l c s php l lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng v l c s quyt ton cng trnh. 2.2 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton :

(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng trng : Gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc lp t trang b tin nghi v an ton cho cng trnh nm trong nhim v chung ca gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh l nhim v ca bn ch u t. Di s ch o trc tip ca ch nhim d n i din cho ch u t c cc cn b gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh . Nhng ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v Thit k k hp ng vi ch u t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v ny. Thng thng ch c ngi chu trch nhim m bo cht lng

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xy lp ni chung , cn khi cn n chuyn mn no th Cng ty t vn iu ng ngi c chuyn mn theo ngnh hp n tham gia h tr cho ngi chu trch nhim chung .

S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng * * * * * * * (ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d n m ngi xut chnh

l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc khi bt u tin hnh cc cng tc xy lp cn lp tng tin . Tng tin ch cn vch ra nhng vic thuc bn thi cng no vo thi im no m mc chi tit c th tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin cho bit vo thi gian no cng tc no phi bt u cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng ton b cng trnh bit v phi hp . T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp v cung ng lp ra bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc ch n s phi hp ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn . (iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m bo cht lng.

Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn m bo cht lng cn thng qua bin php xy dng tng th ca cng trnh nh phng php o t ni chung , phng php xy dng phn thn ni chung , gii php chung v vn chuyn theo phng ng , gii php an ton lao ng chung , cc yu cu phi hp v iu kin phi hp chung . Nu n v thi cng thc hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t vn s gip Ch nhim d n tham gia xt duyt chnh

Ch u t

Nh thu chnh

Thu ph Hoc Nh my

*Ch nhim d n *T vn m bo cht lng *Cc t vn chuyn mn *Kim sot khi lng

Ch huy Cng trng

Gim st cht lng v Phng ban k thut

ca nh thu

i thi cng

i thi cng

i thi cng

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sch m bo cht lng ca Nh thu v duyt s tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi cng cp i . (iv) Ch tr kim tra cht lng , xem xt cc cng vic xy lp lm tng ngy . Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh thu cn thng bo t vn m bo cht lng kim tra vic chun b . Qu trnh thi cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng . Khi thi cng xong cn tin hnh nghim thu cht lng v s lng cng tc xy lp hon thnh. 3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng : Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay mt ch u t chp nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp thc hin trn cng trng m kim tra cht lng l mt bin php gip cho s khng nh chp nhn hay t chi . Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l : ngi c tin b ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm , c sn phm p ng yu cu ca mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng tc xy dng kh khn , phc tp nn ch u t phi thu t vn m bo cht lng. C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s p ng cc Yu cu cht l-ng ghi trong b H s mi thu . Hin nay chng ta vit cc yu cu cht lng trong b H s mi thu cn chung chung v cc c quan t vn cha quen vi cch lm mi ny ca kinh t th trng . Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng trng l : 3.1 Ngi cung ng hng ho l ngi phi chu trch nhim v cht lng sn phm trc ht . y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u t v nh thu . T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo cng trnh phi c cc ch tiu cht lng p ng vi yu cu ca cng tc. Trc khi a vt t , thit b vo to nn sn phm xy dng nh thu phi a mu v cc ch tiu cho Ch nhim d n duyt v mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi lu tr ti ni lm vic ca Ch u t cng trng. Ch tiu k thut (tnh nng ) cn c in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng ca nh cung ng v thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng . Khi dng bn sao th i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du ng xc nhn mu v c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn bn. Mi s thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cn c Ch u t duyt li trn c s xem xt ca t vn bo m cht lng nghin cu xut ng . Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v s tng thch ca hng ho m mnh cung cp vi cc ch tiu yu cu v phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v cht lng v s ph hp ca sn phm ny. Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim duy nht gip Ch nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh thu cung ng l ph hp vi cc ch tiu cht lng ca cng trnh . Cn b t vn gim st bo m cht lng c Ch u t u nhim cho nhim v m bo cht lng cng trnh v thay mt Ch u t trong vic xut chp nhn ny . 3.2 Kim tra ca t vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c n gin c ngay ti hin tr-ng :

Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh th ng vi n c mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng. Nh thu tin hnh thc hin mt cng tc th yu cu gii trnh ng thi l dng phng php no bit c ch tiu cht lng t bao nhiu v dng dng c hay phng tin g cho bit ch tiu y . Bin php thi cng cng nh bin php

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kim tra cht lng y c t vn trnh Ch nhim d n duyt trc khi thi cng . Qu trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim tra cht lng ca sn phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng phi c cc dng c kim tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d : ngi cung cp b tng thng phm phi chu trch nhim kim tra cng chu nn mu khi mu t 7 ngy tui . Nu kt qu bnh thng th nh thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy . Nu kt qu ca 7 ngy c nghi vn th nh thu phi th cng nn 14 ngy v 28 ngy xc nh cht lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28 c kt qu gy ra nghi vn th t vn kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b sung khng nh cht lng cui cng. Khi thi cng cc nhi, nht thit ti ni lm vic phi c t trng k bit dung trng ca bentonite , phi c phu March v ng h bm giy kim tra nht ca dung dch khoan , phi c ng nghim o tc phn tch nc ca dung dch . . . Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu trnh thi cng v qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh qua hiu bit ca mnh thng qua quan st bng mt vi sn phm lm ra . Khi no qui trnh bt buc hay c nghi ng th t vn yu cu nh thu thu phng th nghim kim tra v phng th nghim c ngha v bo s liu t c qua kim tra cho t vn t vn kt lun vic t hay khng t yu cu cht lng. trnh tranh chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m ch nn chng kin s kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt nh chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi ng , t vn s ch nh ngi kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu ny . 3.3 Kim tra bng dng c ti ch : Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi thng xuyn kim tra cht l-ng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra sau mi cng on hay gia cng on khi thy cn thit . Nhng ln kim tra ny cn c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi cng khng c s bo trc v yu cu t vn m bo cht lng chng kin , ngi t vn c quyn t chi vic thanh ton khi lng hon thnh ny . Kim tra kch thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh thc tm , thc cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao , thng ng thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v . Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s b cng b tng . Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze , ng nghim , t trng k , cn tiu ly , l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn c trang b . Ni chung trn cng trng phi c y cc dng c kim tra cc vic thng thng . Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim chun theo ng nh k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin tin trnh nhng sai s v nghi ng xy ra qua qu trnh nh gi cht lng. Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t vn bo m cht lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca nh thu . Khi no nghi ng kt qu kim tra th nh thu c quyn yu cu nh thu thu n v kim tra khc . Khi tht cn thit , t vn bo m cht lng c quyn ch nh n v kim tra v nh thu phi p ng yu cu ny . 3.4 Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim : Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s ch tiu nh gi cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo qui nh ca tiu chun k thut v khi ti cng trng c s khng nht tr v s nh gi ch tiu cht lng m bn thn nh thu tin hnh . Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn m bo rng n v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin hnh th cc ch tiu c th c ch nh. Cn khi nghi

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ng hay cn m bo tin cy cn thit th t vn m bo cht lng dnh quyn ch nh n v th nghim . Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu cu ny phi c Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng kim tra v ngh thng qua bng vn bn . n v th nghim phi m bo tnh b mt ca cc s liu th nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm lm ra phi l ch nhim d n qua tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng . Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh hp php ca cng c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai lch do dng c th nghim cha c kim chun , yu cu mi cng c th nghim s dng phi nm trong phm vi cho php ca vn bn xc nhn kim chun . n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc ch tiu c yu cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t yu cu hay c ph hp vi cht lng sn phm yu cu phi do t vn m bo cht lng pht biu v ghi thnh vn bn trong t nghim thu khi lng v cht lng hon thnh. 3.5 Kt lun v lp h s cht lng (i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun tng cng tc , tng kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc hin l c cht lng ph hp vi yu cu hay cha ph hp vi yu cu . nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn phm cho tng kt cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn bn xc nhn tng chi tit , tng vt liu cu thnh sn phm v h s kim tra cht lng cc qu trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc vn bn xc nhn cht lng vt liu , cht lng thi cng ghi rt chung chung . Cn lu rng mi bn xc nhn phi c a ch kt cu s dng , khng th ghi cht lng m bo chung chung. Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng khi tra cu thun tin. (ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn cht lng kt cu l nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp nhng d kin c bn xy ra trong tng ngy nh thi tit , din bin cng tc tng v tr, nhn xt qua s chng kin cng tc v tnh hnh cht lng cng trnh.

kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi h chng kin vic thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu trnh thi cng v kin gii quyt ca t vn m bo cht lng v kin ca gim st ca nh thu . . .

(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh c lp theo ng qui nh. Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi lng hon thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu , bn giao cng trnh cho s dng.

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Chng II

Nhng vn chung

cho cng tc t vn bo m cht lng

cng trnh in 2.1. Ni dung cng tc cn gim st trong cng tc xy lp in :

Cc cng vic cn c t chc gim st trong qu trnh xy lp in bao gm : * Cc thit b phn phi v trm bin p trong nh , ngoi tri in p n 220 KV. * Cc b chnh lu * Cc my in , thit b khi ng , iu chnh v bo v * Thit b in ca my trc * Cc h thng thanh ci * Cc thit tr in phn * Cc thit b chiu sng * ng dy in 1 chiu v xoay chiu in p n 1000V * ng cp in lc n 35 KV * ng dy dn in trn khng.

Bi ging ny i vo chuyn mn kh su nn phi nghin cu tht t m qua qu trnh kim tra.

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2.2 . Cc cn c v php l khi kim tra cht lng cng tc xy lp in: * Cc yu cu cht lng k thut nh thu phi p ng trong B H s mi thu. * Nu ch no cha ghi trong b h s mi thu c th cn c vo nhng ch dn trong ti liu ny yu cu nh thu phi p ng. * Cc tiu chun xy dng hin hnh lin quan n cc cng tc c ghi trong hp ng giao nhn thu xy lp in m t vn m bo cht lng c nhim v phi thc hin kim tra . * Cc tiu chun v An ton lao ng , phng chng chy , n , bo v mi trng , nhng qui nh trong Qui chun Xy dng Vit nam . * Cc yu cu k thut ghi trong cc bn v thit k c thm nh v c cp c thm quyn ph duyt. * Cc ch dn ca nh ch to thit b , nh cung ng vt t ghi thnh vn bn trong catalogue in chnh thc. Khi s dng thit b ngoi nhp c c tnh k thut ca thit b c iu g khng thng nht vi ch dn ti liu ny , phi cn c vo catalogue ca nh ch to , lp phng n kim tra v thng qua t vn m bo cht lng trnh Ch nhim d n duyt . Th d nh khe h trong cc trc , khng ng u ca cc khe h khng kh trong cc my in , cc tr s lc nn ca cc tip im v.v. . . Trc khi khi cng cc cng tc xy lp in phi kim tra : * Cc ti liu k thut , h s thit k , d ton . Thit k , d ton c kim nh cha ? C quan kim nh c khng ngh iu g khng v bn thit k sa cha nhng ch khng ngh cha ? Nu c nhng iu khng tho thun c gia c quan kim nh v c quan thit k , cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn xin kin ca ch nhim d n v gip ch u t t chc nhng cuc hp cn thit t vn cho ch u t quyt nh cui cng . * Nh thu trnh bn v cng ngh lp rp , c h s gii trnh bin php thi cng cha v cn b t vn m bo cht lng xem xt v t vn cho ch nhim d n duyt cha . Nu bin php thi cng cha c ch nhim d n ph duyt th cha c khi cng cng tc . * i vi cc loi cng vic nh : Lp t cc chnh lu thu ngn , cc bnh acquy , cng tc hn . cng tc neo buc , chng buc , cng tc xy lp c s dng ba hi , ba sng hoc cc dng c lp t khc , cc cng tc o kim bng my trc c , nhng cn b , cng nhn thc hin cng tc u phi qua lp hun luyn v c cp chng ch , vn bng hp php . Trc khi thi cng , nh thu mt ln na phi ph bin qui trnh thao tc , trnh t thao tc , cc yu cu k thut , cc ch dn ca qui phm , ca bn thit k v ca cc tiu chun lin quan . Mi vic hun luyn phi c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng chng kin . * Trc khi thi cng cn c bn qui ch an ton lao ng c nh thu son tho cho cng tc phi tin hnh v qui ch ny phi c ph bin n tng cng nhn v c s xc nhn ca chnh tng ngi cng nhn. * Nu nh thu thc hin vic xy lp in theo phng thc cng nghip ho , s dng cc thit b in hp khi thnh tng cm th cn kim tra k v c bin bn xc nhn cht lng ca tng cm . Khi giao n cng trng phi c xc nhn cht lng v h s y ca cm hp khi . Khi tun theo phng php ny th ngay bn v cng phi tch thnh tng cm v chuyn giao cng vi hin vt c kim tra cht lng . * Nhng cng tc xy dng cn hon thnh trc khi lp t thit b . Phi kim tra v lp bin bn nghim thu , chng nhn phn xy lin quan m bo cht lng mi c lp thit b . * Khi xy dng kiu lp ghp th trong kt cu lp ghp phi chun b trc cc khe rnh , hc bt cc hp u dy v rnh , khe t dy ph hp vi thit k .

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* Trong vic lp t dy dn in thnh b , thnh cm , cn kim tra v s lng si , tit din tng loi si , s thng mch ca tng si . Qu trnh la chn dy, cn ch la chn mu sc v dy khi ni d dng kim tra s thng mch cho tng dy ni nhiu on . * Nhng thit b o m lp trong mng in cn c kim tra , kim nh v hiu chnh trc khi a vo lp t . * Cc cc cng nh ph kin ni t nn ch sn ti xng v n hin trng ch thc hin khu lin kt . 2.3 Cng tc chun b thi cng cng tc xy lp in : 2.3.1 Kim tra h s v ti liu : * Thit k phi ph hp vi qui nh hin hnh v lp thit k v d ton cc cng trnh xy dng cng nghip . Bn v thi cng phi trnh ch u t ph duyt . Thit k phi c c quan thit k khc thm nh . Phi s l xong cc kin ngh ca c quan thm nh . * H s k thut bn ch d n phi giao cho nh thu phi bao gm : # L lch , h chiu thit b phi lp v cc ng h thuc thit b trn b . # Bn v lp rp cc thit b in v thit b trn b , cc s nguyn l v s lp. # Ton b cc bn lit k gi km theo hng. # S nh du nhng cm v chi tit c chuyn n theo hnh thc tho ri. # Ch dn ca nh ch to thit b trong ghi r cch lp t v khi ng cc thit b . # Cc bin bn th nghim xut xng ca nh ch to , nht l v lp rp , kim tra cn bng , chy r trn th nghim v bin bn kim nhn ca bn ch u t vi nh cung cp. Nu nh thu c giao c phn mua sm th l bin bn m nh thu nghim thu vi bn bn thiet b , c s chng kin ca ch u t . # Kim tra vic ghi cc dung sai thc t v dung sai ch to t c khi nh ch to lp rp kim tra v th nghim trn bn th . # Ti liu bng ting nc ngoi phi c dch ra ting Vit . Bn dch ny phi c c quan chuyn mn thm nh chnh xc v thut ng v ni dung . 2.3.2 V cc yu cu i vi s cung ng thit b : * Thit b in c kch thc ph thng c th c giao hng di hnh thc lp hon chnh cn thit b c kch thc ln phi giao hng di hnh thc tho ri thnh nhiu khi . Kch c cc khi ri c nu trong B H s mi thu vi iu kin khi lp rp hp khi khng i hi phi tin hnh cc ng tc tu chnh khc . * Mi thit b in phi km theo s liu chy th , th nghim ca nh ch to . * Thit b giao nhn phi trong tnh trng bao gi cn thn , c thng cha chc chn , chng m , bao nh cha trong thng ln phi bc nylon v ming c hn kn , khng c du hiu b m trc khi n cng trng . * Nhn mc hng ho phi y , bn ngoi bao b cn nguyn tiu , s nh du , Logo v bng ghi ca nh sn xut , ngi giao hng phi cn nguyn . Cc du hiu chng ma , ch nh du v tr mc cp phi cn nguyn v thng hng khng c lt ngc vi chiu t bt buc v phi c che ma, nng . Cc gi ti liu i theo hng phi c bao ring v cn ang trong tnh trng tt , khng c biu hin b tho m v b tro phn cha bn trong.

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2.3.3 Kim tra trong qu trnh tip nhn thit b in * Trnh t tip nhn thit b , iu kin tip nhn v phng php bo qun cc thit b in , cc ph kin v cp v vt t cn cha ct trong kho , phi theo ch dn ca nh ch to . Lu rng thit b in c th chia ra thnh 4 nhm vi nhng mc yu cu bo qun khc nhau . Nhm 1: Thit b khng i hi phi che ma nng , c php ngoi tri nhng phi t trn gi k , b k. Nhng nu tht tt, nn c nhng tm tn di ng ph chng ma nng. Nhm 2 : Thit b chu c s thay i nhit nhng phi chng ma , chng nng trnh cc tc ng trc tip ca bc x mt tri . Nhm 3 : Thit b i hi chng ma nng v chng m , t chu nh hng ca nhit nhng i hi ct gi bo qun trong kho kn , ch yu chng va p c hc v mt mt . Nhm 4 : Cc ng h , trang b v c cu quan trng khng chu c tc ng ca nhit , bc x , ma nng nn bo qun trong kho kn v c trang b xy kh chng cc tc ng ca hi nc . Trc khi ct cha thit b vo kho , cht bi , cn kim tra h , rnh thot nc , h ca , chc chn ca mi , v h thng gi , h thng xy hay ht m , thm ch h iu ho kh hu nu c yu cu . Cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn chng kin qu trnh giao nhn thit b in , nhc nh th tc v chng kin cc qu trnh kim tra v ch m bo : * S ng b ca thit b in : * M hiu ca cc thit b phi ph hp vi phiu giao hng ca nh ch to , bn k i lin vi hm hng ho , thit b , v nht l c im v iu kin k thut khi giao hng. * Tnh trng ca thit b , hng ho : mi , nguyn vn khng gy , khng h hng , tnh trng khuyt tt , tnh trng nc sn bn ngoi , bao ph ca du , m chng g . * Cht lng tng cm chi tit nhn mt ngoi v phi xem xt k bng mt thng hoc i khi dng knh lp kim tra . Qua kim tra , nu thy sai st hoc khng ng vi h s giao th khiu ni vi bn giao hng iu chnh cho ng s cam kt trong hp ng v ph lc hp ng mua bn v giao nhn thu mua sm thit b . Khi kim tra xong li phi bao gi cn thn v nim phong , c s chng kin ca cc bn . Thit b in ct cha trong kho phi c sp xp theo khoa hc , d tm , d kim tra v d giao nhn khi ly ra lp t . Cn c bng k , bng hiu ti v tr tng mn hng nhm d theo di . Thit b nng cn ghi thm trng lng tin iu ng phng tin nng ct , di chuyn . Kho ngoi tri cng c bng treo tn vt liu , chi tit . Mi thit b ngoi tri u phi c b , gi k . Khng c trc tip ln t . Nu thy c hin tng t ng nc cn khi thot nc ti ni ct cha thit b ngoi tri . Cch sp xp sao cho chi tit v b phn thit b khng b cong vnh hoc vt nng ln lm bin dng. Cc im k phi chc chn , khng bp bnh hay c su hng nho gy nguy him cho bn thn thit b v ngi i li kim tra , bo qun. Thit b , chi tit ct cha trong nh phi c bo qun sch s , kh ro v thng thong gi . Ht sc trnh bi ph tng tng , lp lp . Nhng c trc , st thp khng sn l u

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phi bi m bo qun hoc bi vadlin cng nghip . Bi ph bo v bng loi m hay vadlin no phi theo ch dn ca catalogue , tuyt i khng bi ph tu tin . Nu catalogue khng c ch nh c bit , phi tra trong s tay s dng du , m m quyt nh bi ph loi du m no. Quyt nh loi du , m bi ph phi do k s chu trch nhim ca kho bi ct cha ra lnh bng vn bn . Nhng chi tit ca my in c giao di hnh thc tho ri nh li thp t , cun dy , c trc , c gp hay vnh chi than , bc trc phi c cch bo qun ring , khng han g , h hng do va chm . My mc m nh ch to hoc nh cung ng gi n di dng lp rp trn b , tuyt i khng tho ri trong qu trnh bo qun , ct cha . Khi nghi ng c s h hng bn trong hay chi tit trong khi lp rp tng th thnh cm th nh du bng vn bn gn km lu kim tra trong qu trnh lp rp . Vn bn ny c s chng kin ca bn giao hng v t vn m bo cht lng. Khi tht cn thit phi tho my kim tra th phi lp bin bn c s chng kin ca bn giao hng , nh thu v t vn m bo cht lng sau khi ch nhim d n cho php , phi theo ng ch dn ca nh ch to , v nht thit phi lp vn bn . Chnh lu thu ngn v cc chi tit phi c bo qun trong nh . Ch ct cha phi kh ro , thng thong . Qu trnh vn chuyn , chuyn dch v tr ca nhng chnh lu thu ngn v cc b phn trao i nhit phi ht sc cn thn.. Phi gi nguyn bao gi . Ch c tho bao gi khi tin hnh lp t . Chnh lu Gcmani v Silic phi bo qun trong phng c thng gi cng bc v phi t trong mi trng m do sy , si . My bin p vn chuyn a n hin trng phi tun theo " Qui trnh vn chuyn v lp t my bin p " hoc theo ch dn ca nh ch to . Cch in c du phi tho khi bao gi v t ng trn cc gi chuyn dng v bo qun ti ni kh ro . H thng dn lm mt phi ct cha ti nh c mi che , cc l v mt bch phi nt kn trnh han g , ng phng n cng cn bt kn trong qu trnh bo qun . Nt trn bnh dn n phi kn v c vn cht . Trc khi lp t my bin p , nhng chi tit h hng phi c thay th hoc sa cha , x l cho tht tt mi c lp t. Cc loi thit b loi trong nh phi c bo qun ni kh ro , khng c hi m v bi . Cc loi ng h v thit b tng t cng cn c bo v ht sc cn thn v phi c sy . Cc t phn phi v bng in phi ph hp vi cc thit b lp trong nhng t . Cc t in tnh v t in giy tm du phi bo qun trong nh kh ro , nhit khng qu +35oC . Khng c bo qun t in trong cc gian bung cha chu chn ng nh gn cc my mc ang chy . Bo qun t in trong nh c sy phi trnh vic chng gn ngun pht nhit v khng cho nh sng , d l nh sng n ri vo t in trc tip . Cc t in t ng , s cch in phi quay ln trn v khng c xp chng ci n ln ci kia . Cc bn cc ca acquy ch phi bo qun trong bao gi , t trong nh kh ro . Cc acquy kim phi bo qun trong nh kh ro v thng gi tt , khng nn trong nh c s thay i nhit qu nhiu trong thi gian ca mt ngy m. Cm acquy ch chung vi acquy kim . Qu trnh chuyn dch hng in nu thy m bo qun b kh , b mt mt phi b sung hoc thay lp m mi .

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Khi cn ct cha kh lu , phi nh k kim tra xem xt , bi li m bo qun . Nu khng c ch nh ca nh ch to th ti a 9 thng phi kim tra mt ln . Khi kim tra , khng bi v m lm nh hng cht lng hng ang bo qun . Nu thy trn mt bao b hoc trn mt thit b b m , c ng sng th phi kim tra bt thng . Cn ht sc ch khu th tc kim tra . Khng th kho kim tra t tin m phi c nhm kim tra y cc bn hu quan v lp h s , bin bn cn thn ca tng ln kim tra . Khi hng ho giao khng trn b v h hng pht hin c , bn giao hng cn s l nghim tc theo ng trch nhim ca mnh . Cc rul cun dy cp phi bo qun cn thn chng b va p , u cp phi hn kn . Khi cn bo qun rul trn 1 nm , cc rul ang cun cp phi bo qun trong nh c mi che . Phi gi cho vn g bc cc rul cp nguyn vn . Mt rul phi ghi m hiu , qui cch . Khng cho rul mt kh nng quay . Cc kt cu kim loi ca ct dy in i trn khng kh , ct thp , ct b tng phi phn loi v sp xp thnh khu ring , k trn gi , trnh m t . Ct g v ct b tng khng xp ng cao trn 2 mt , phi c thanh chng kp gi nhng chng ct , ct chng cch nhau xa nht l 3 mt. Gia cc ng phi c khe i li kim tra cht lng trong qu trnh bo qun . Gi k , nu ct ngn hn 22 mt , k hai m , ct di trn 22 mt s c 3 gi . V tr tnh sao cho khng gy mmen qu ln lm nt ct . Mi chi tit khng m bo cht lng phi a ra khi cng trng trnh cp pht cho lp t b nhm ln . Dy in cn bo qun trong nh v phn loi theo ng knh dy , chng loi dy v c bin hiu , ghi r cht lng . Vi nhng vt liu xy dng khc nh xi mng , vi th bo qun theo cc qui nh ca vt liu xy dng . Vt liu n nh thuc n , n dng cho sng thi cng th bo qun theo cch bo qun vt liu n . 2.3.4 Cc yu cu ca cng trnh xy dng lp t thit b in : Trc khi bt u lp t thit b in trn cc cng trnh xy dng phi tin hnh cc cng tc chun b trn tng mt bng nh sau: (i) Lm ng thi cng m bo vn chuyn thit b in ( k c thit b qu kh ). (ii) Xy dng xong cc cng trnh , ln tri cn thit cho vic lp in . (iii) t h thng in nc , kh nn c nh hay tm thi cn thit cho vic lp in k c thit b dng u ni vi my mc thi cng . (iv) t in chiu sng cho cc khu vc c cc hng mc cng trnh phi lp t in. (v) Lm ng cho xe cha chy , t ng nc cha chy v t cc phng tin phng chng chy cn thit .

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(vi) Lm thang v dn gio nhng ch my trc khng hot ng c . (vii) m bo trang b bo h cho cng nhn , m bo nc ung cho cng nhn. V trnh t xy dng , cn b t vn m bo cht lng cn xut vi ch nhim d n , yu cu cc cng trnh cung cp in nh trm bin p , hm cp v cc my trc phi thi cng trc khi lm cc cng trnh khc. Nhng cng trnh phc v cho vic lp in phi c nghim thu m bo s ph hp vi cc tit chun xut trong b H s mi thu v cc tiu chun xy dng v cc yu cu phc v lp thit b in. Nhng tiu ch sau y phi kim tra cht ch trong qu trnh nghim thu phn xy phc v tt cho phn lp : * Phi i chiu vi bn thit k m bo tun th ng thit k. * Mi ch thay i khc vi thit k , cn lp h s v bn v sa i km theo ng qui nh v th tc chnh sa bn thit k cho ph hp vi thc t . Bn thit k phi lp bn v sa i v tun th cch ghi s v nh du ch sa cha ng qui nh mi ca ISO. H s khi hon thnh phi lp Dessin de recollement ( bn v hon cng ) theo ng qui nh . * Cn chun b y cng c s dng trong qu trnh kim tra nh thc o, thc l , thanh kim chiu dy , cc loi ng h o v nhng dng c o khc. Nhng dng c o ny phi c kim tra v hiu chnh cn thn. C quan kim tra v hiu chnh nhng dng c ny phi l c quan chuyn trch c cp php hnh ngh hp php. * Ht sc lu kim tra kch thc hnh hc v kch thc hnh hc s nh hng ln n vic c lp t c hay kh khn i vi cc thit b in. Ch cc kch thc ca mng t my , v tr bulng neo cho cc bulng neo thit b xung mng my. * Ch gabarit ca gian lp my , m bo tho mn khng gian lp my . Ch c ly t my n cc rnh cp , n cc v tr c nh dy cp , thanh qut dn in. * Ch cht lng cc cu kin v kt cu phn xy nh h s kim tra cht lng vt liu xy , h s kim tra , th nghim b tng , thp . . . Trc ht phi nhn tng th bng mt , sau cn i chiu h s th nghim i chng . Khi thy nghi ng v cht lng cng trnh cn b cu kp thi trc khi lp t. * Cng tc xy dng phi m bo gii phng c a bn cng tc giao cho bn lp. Khng c tin hnh xen k va xy , va lp trn cung mt a bn thi cng. * Thit b cn lp mang n hin trng cn c sp xp gn theo th t lp , phi che y trnh ma nng lm hng , trnh va p v gy cc tc ng h hng do c hc , do nguyn nhn vt l cng nh nguyn nhn ho hc . Cn ch m bo mi trng ct cha tm thit b ch lp , khng cho bi v m gy mc , ru v cc tc nhn sinh hc lm gim cht lng hoc h hng . * Ch kim tra kch thc ca b tr trong cc gian s lp t my mc v in.

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* Trong gian nh lp thit b in c lp cc my mc khc cn phi hp tin lp t ph hp nht , khng cc cng tc lp t chng cho nhau , cn tr nhau trong qu trnh thi cng lp my. * Phi kim tra cc hp t ng , cc h , hc cha sn sau ny lp t cc , cc bng iu khin , cc my thng tin lin lc thm ch c camera , u c hin s hay v tuyn truyn hnh nu c trong thit k th bn xy phi chun b xong. * Nu ng dy dn in chiu sng i ni th cc vic v phn xy nhm hon chnh cng trnh nh cng tc trt , lng , lt , p cng phi xong hon chnh . * Nu nhng ng dy i ngm , phi lp t xong cc ng dy ri bn xy tip tc hon thin mt ngoi trc khi bn giao cu cng. * Cn kim tra cc l chui vo hm cp , ging cp v kch thc , bn l np y v phi c kho . Khi lao ng ch ngi c trch nhim mi c gi cha kho v ng m ng theo qui nh v an ton v v bo qun. * Phi kim tra li ln , xung hm cp , ging cp , sng chiu vo ni ln xung . Phi lu n tay vn cho ngi ln xung m bo tin dng , chc chn , sch s . Bc ln xung phi sch s , khng trn , khng dy du m . Nu bng gch , phi c mt chng trt , chng trn . Nu bng kim loi , tm lt bc phi l thp dp c mt chng trn ni g . * y hm , y ging phi c li thot ht nc khi c nc. * Trc khi lp cc thit b in , bn giao thu phi giao cho nh thu cc bin bn nghim thu ca cc phn vic tin hnh trc nh bin bn nghim thu vic lp t ng , bin bn nghim thu cch ni ng , bin bn nghim thu cc cng tc chng thm . Cc mng t ng cp phi kh ro v sch s. * Nu tin hnh t cc cu kin ca trm bin p ngoi tri phi tho g cp pha mng v mng cp , san xong mt bng , lm hng ro quy quanh khu vc dnh ring cho trm . Khi mi vic xong v n nh mi tin hnh lp. * Nu c cng trc rt rut my bin p , cc thng du , h thng dn du ca trm bin p phi hon thnh xy lp hon chnh trc khi kim tra my bin p v lp my ct in. * Thit b in s lp trong phn xng , khu vc s lp my phi che chn chng ma , bi . Cc b phn ph nh thang ca my trc , sn thao tc , phi lp t xong trc khi lp my in . * Mi cng vic v phn xy gian acqui k c h thng gi v si m cng vi cc vic kim tra nhng phn vic ny phi lm xong trc khi lp acqui. Ring vic sn ph lp sn chng axit hay chu kim tng , trn v nn nh phi lm sau khi t xong cc kt cu c nh thanh dn v dy in chiu sng. Khi thi cng trong gian acqui cn c my iu ho khng kh v cho chy my ny m bo nhit ti gian t acqui khng di 15oC.

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* Mi cng vic xy lp gian chnh lu thu ngn phi hon chnh trc khi lp chnh lu. Nhit trong gian t chnh lu khng thp hn 15oC. Mng my t cc b chnh lu phi r cp pha xong , sa sang ht cc vt r , tho ht cc nt cc l , ty cho mt b tng ht g gh . Mt trn ca mong my phi phng v thng bng. Mng cc my ln v trung bnh phi c bn v v cc ng tm , cao trnh phi c xc nh v tr trn bn v v c bn giao ghi thnh vn bn do cn b o c lp thnh ph lc trong b h s bn giao sau ny. Mi sai lch v mt bng mng my phi c ghi chp y . Ch chp nhn khi g gh nh hn 10 mm v sai s v nghing nh hn 1/100 . * Trc khi s my in chun b cho lp t , mi vic chun b phi lm xong . My phi c v sinh sch s. H thng thng gi phi c kim tra k cng , phi sn v ch kh sn . Ca h thng thng gi lp y v vn hnh nh nhng . * Nhng mng kim tra , t tiu chun a vo lp t phi lp h s nghim thu gia bn thi cng v ch u t , c s c mt ca bn lp my v coi nh tin hnh nghim thu , bn giao tay ba cho bn lp. * Mi cng c phc v cho cng tc lp phi a ti hin trng v chun b t th thi cng c theo phng n lp nh thu lp trnh vi ch u t xem xt v duyt . * Lnh khi cng lp phi do ch u t giao cho bn lp bng vn bn sau khi kim tra cc i kin chun b nh phn trn.

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Chng III

kim tra vic lp t cc thit tr phn phi

v trm bin p 3.1 Cc thit tr phn phi . 3.1.1. Yu cu chung trong lp t. Phi quan st trong qu trnh thi cng cc thit tr c c nh chc chn vo v tr . Khi cc thit tr chu rung hay chn ng trong qu trnh khai thc phi s dng ai c hn hay vng m vnh , vng m hm. Ren bulng ca cc thit tr ca trm bin p ngoi tri phi bi m xlidn . Du cha trong thit b c du phi n mc ch dn ca nh ch to. Khng du r r qua mi hn , qua mt bch , ng ni van , vi , giong , ng ch bo mc du . Nhng b phn khng dn in v cc l xo phi bi m vadlin cng nghip theo ch dn ca nh che to thit b . Cn kim tra cc v tr t ni t di ng , c gi l ni t an ton , trn cc b phn mang in ca 3 pha . Cn bo m sao cho cc phn c ct d sa cha , u nm pha c ni t di ng ( i vi ngun cung cp in ) hay nm gia cc ni t di ng . Nhng v tr t ni t di ng trn cc thit b u c co sch , bi vadlin c hai mt tip xc , phi k 2 vch sn en pha ngoi . Bng sau s hng dn cc v tr t ni t di ng : Cc phn c ct ra sa cha V tr t ni t - T thit b phn phi - Cc my in trn 1000V

- Di dao cch ly thanh ci, dao cch ly cp hay ng dy . Ti thit b phn phi kiu nhiu tng th t t my ct in kiu c du. - Ti cc u ra.

18

- Cc my bin p - Phn on hay mt trong cc h thng thanh ci - Thit tr phn phi kiu nhiu tng

- Ti thanh ci hay cp pha in p cao v in p thp -Trn cc thanh ci ca phn on hay ca h thng - C hai pha ca thit b mi tng

3.1.2 Lp thanh ci cc thit tr phn phi trong nh : * Cc thanh ci c nn thng tp , khng c c ch cong vnh . Vi cc thanh ci c tit din ch nht th bn knh cong ch un khng ng nh hn hai ln chiu dy thanh nu un theo phng mt : R 2 m = chiu dy thanh ci . Nu un theo cnh th R 2 b m b = chiu rng ca cnh. Nhng ch un thanh ci khng c c vt ra , nt . Chiu di ch un thanh ci khng b hn 2 ln chiu rng ca n . Ch thanh ci b un phi xa ch thanh ci b ni ( nu c ) t nht l 10 mm k t mp mt tip xc . Ht sc lu rng khi thay i nhit , thanh ci s co dn theo chiu dc nn chi c c nh thanh ci vo vt cch in im gia thanh ci . Khi thanh ci c nhng b phn b dn n th v tr c nh thanh ci nn c nh thanh ci nm gia hai ci b . Khi ni thanh ci vo thit b phi o , un chnh xc , khng pht sinh ng sut cng v phi t cho cc mt ni p st vo nhau. * Thanh ci c ni bng bulng phi kim tra v tr ni v cht xit ni . V tr ni phi cch xa cc u vt cch in , ch u phn nhnh t nht 50 mm. * Sau khi lp xong thanh ci , cc l ca vt cch in phi c bt bng cc bn c bit . Thanh ci ghp h ch vo v ra khi vt cch in phi c kp cht li vi nhau. * Khi dng in ln hn 5000A th trn nhng kt cu bng thp c nh cc vt cch in thanh ci t h , phi t cc vng ni tt bng kim loi dn in gim bt s pht nng cc kt cu do nh hng ca t trng. iu ny phi tm k trong ch dn ca thit k. Nu trong ch dn ca thit k thy st, khng ghi , yu cu thit k ghi b sung. * Khi dng in ln hn 600 A th cc vt c nh thanh ci v cc b phn kp thanh ci khng c to nn mch t khp kn chung quanh thanh ci. Mun t c iu ny , 1 trong cc tm p hay tt c cc bulng b tr cng mt pha ca thanh ci phi lm bng vt liu khng nhim

19

t nh ng thau , nhm v cc hp kim ca n. C th p dng kiu kt cu c nh thanh ci khng to nn mch t kn. * Ni chung nhng ch ni c nh ca thanh ci c tit din ch nht u nn hn in hay hn hi , v nu c iu kin nn hn p lc . Nhng ch ni c yu cu tho khi cn thit th ni bng bulng hay bng tm kp. * Phi kim tra rt k nhng u thanh ci nhm ni vo u cc ng ca cc my mc , thit b , phi tun theo cc qui nh di y: + Nu u cc ni loi dt , c ni trc tip , khng k tr s dng in l bao nhiu. + Nu u cc trn cho php ni trc tip khi dng in di 400 A. + Vi dng in trn 400 A v nhng thit b ngoi tri th ni phi qua tm tip xc ng - nhm. Khi dng in di 200A , thanh ci bng thp c th ni trc tip vo u cc ng ca thit b . Trong nh kh ro , mt tip xc ca thanh ci bng thp phi nh sch v bi vadlin. Trong nh m t hoc c kh n mn , mt tip xc phi m km , m cadmi , m ng hay trng thic. Mt tip xc ca thanh ci dp phi phng khi ni bng bulng , bng tm p hay ni vo u cc b mt ca thanh ci nhm , hay thp phi bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip. Cc ch ni tip xc bng bulng c th tho m c cc thit b phn phi trong nh phi dng bulng v ai c m km. Cc bulng v ai c b tr sao cho khi khai thc d kim tra. Khi ni cc thanh ci bng ng v bng thp th bulng phi c vng m bng thp. Khi u ni cc thanh ci v cc u ct bng nhm vo cc u ct thit b cn kim tra m bo vic s dng ng vng m theo bng di y: n v : mm

Bulng c ren

ng knh trong ca vng m

ng knh ngoi ca vng m

Chiu dy vng m

M8 8,5 18 3

M10

10,5

24+

4

28

M12

12,5

28+ 4

32

6

M16 16,5 40 6 M20 21 46 6

Ghi ch : Du + dng cho nhng khong cch gia cc l bulng b gim nh i. i vi cc cc thanh trn phi dng ai c c bit do nh sn xut thit b cung cp ng b vi thit b. ng knh ngoi ca vng m l xo kiu a tnh trng p khng c ln hn ng knh ngoi ca vng m nm di l xo cho bng trn.

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Nn dng vng m vnh hm cc ch ni bng bulng ca thanh ci ng v thp cn thanh ci nhm th khng nn dng vng m ny. Tr mt tip xc , ch ni thanh ci trong cc gian nh t thit b m t phi qut 2-3 lp sn. Trong mi trng c kh n mn , phi qut 3 lp sn chng n mn , tr ngay ti mt tip xc. Cc ch ni thanh ci b hn th vt hn khng c c so , r hay nt rn , vnh v chy . Sau khi hn phi ty ht x hn v thuc hn. Trc khi tin hnh hn thanh ci cn kim tra trnh ngh nghip ca th hn . Ngi c php hn thanh ci phi qua st hch v c Gim c Cng ty Xy lp in cp chng ch kim tra tay ngh v cho php c hn thanh ci. c hn p lc nhng thanh ci c kch thc di 100 x 10 mm nhng thit b t 1000 V tr ln t mi trng kh ro tr my pht in , thit b in t dng ca cc nh my in my bin p t 20.000 KVA tr ln v cc thit b chu rung ng. Vic ni thanh ci ng vi nhm bng phng php hn p lc ch c tin hnh vi cc thit b ng cp III. Trc khi ni , cc mt tip xc thanh ci phi nh sch cc lp xyt v lau ra sch du m . S lng v cch b tr cc mi t dng phi chn la cho thch hp vi kch thc v vt liu thanh ci. Cng nhn tin hnh cc thao tc ny phi qua hun luyn chuyn mn mi c thi cng. Vic kim tra s lng ch ni phi tin hnh ngu nhin vi s lng trn 10% ch ni. Cch kim tra l o vi sai s nh hn 0,01 mm thng s chiu dy lp kim loi b p hoc c th o in tr tip xc ca on ni , in tr ny khng c ln hn in tr ca mt on thanh ci nguyn c cng di. Ch ni thanh ci sn cng mu vi thanh ci. Cc tm tip xc ng-nhm phi c nh ch to kim tra v cp chng ch kim tra. 3.1.3 Lp thanh ci ca thit tr phn phi ngoi tri : Kim tra sai s vng ca thanh ci mm , so vi sai s cho php ca thit k c x dch trong phm vi 5 %. Trn ton b chiu di ca thanh ci mm , khng c c ch vn , ch xon hoc t ra hay c mt s si ring b hng. Phi b tr h thng thanh ci c ch r nhnh v s mi ni l t nht. Cn ht sc lu tm n s dn n nhit khi ni thanh ci vo u thit b khng gy ra lc tc ng thm vo u cc ngoi trng lng bn thn thanh ci v p lc gi. Khi ni thanh ci nhm vi thanh ci ng ngoi tri phi dng cc tm tip xc ng nhm. Ch ni thanh ci thit b ngopi tri phi qut sn chng r. Bulng , ai c v vng m phi m km. Cc thit b t trong nh, vt liu cch in v xuyn t trn cng mt mt phng phi c c nh sao cho b mt cc m chp ca chng khng nghing qu 2 mm. ng tim ca cc vt cch in xuyn hoc t trong cng mt dy khng c lch qu 5 mm v m pha. Khi c nh cc vt cch in phi m bo c th thay th m khng cn ca ct thanh ci. m lt di mt bch ca vt cch in khng c li ra ngoi mt bch. ng knh ca l trn tm hay vch ngn lun vt cch in xuyn qua phi ln hn ng knh chn vt cch in 5 ~ 10 mm. i vi vt cch in xuyn t 1000V tr ln phi c bin php loi tr kh nng to nn cc machj vng dn t kn trong tm bng thp. Cc tm ny phi lm bng hai na ghp v khng

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c ni vi nhau qua vt ni bng thp. Ct thp ca tm v ca vch ngn bng b tng ct thp khng c to nn mch vng kn xung quanh 1 pha. Vic lp t cc chui cch in thit b phn phi ngoi tri phi p ng cc yu cu : Ph kin ca chui nh ti , mc , kp phi ph hp vi kch thc ca vt cch in v dy dn. Cc tai mc v khu trung gian u phi c cht ch bng thp. Khi treo cc chui cch in ln vt treo bng g thit b phn phi ngoi tri phi lu tm kim tra m bo : ai c ca mc treo phi c hm li. Kch thc cc vng m t di cc u bulng v cc ai c khng c b hn 70x70 mm v chi dy khng di 5 mm. Khng c khoan , o x g sau khi x l chng mc. 3.1.4 Cc my ct in trn 1000V v cc b phn truyn ng ca my ct ny: Cng nh qui trnh chung, vic lp rp v hiu chnh nhng my ny phi cn c vo ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to , nh cung ng my v qui trnh lp my. Cn xc nh v tr cn lp t bng cch i chiu v tr trong bn v vi thc a cn c vo cc ng trc qui nh. S dng my kinh v v t ra l s dng dy di cn chnh nghim chnh v kch thc hnh hc v thng bng. Vi cc my ct du c ba bnh , phi ch ht sc n cc ng trc. Cc my pht in phi c nh vo b chu sc rung khi vn hnh. Chn thng cha du hay cc v tr cn c nh vo b vi cc thit b b tr ngoi tri , khng c trt ph va xi mng bay b tng. Cc b phn truyn ng ca my ct in v cc c cu b truyn ng phi th thy s vn hnh nh nhng, khng vng hay b cng bc do mc kt v sai lch khi lp. Khi my ct in v tr ng hon ton th b truyn ng cng v tr tng ng. Cc lin kt bulng ca b truyn ng , c cu truyn ng ca cc tip im ng v tnh phi c xit cht m bo hm chc chn. Khi ng cc b phn truyn ng phi trong tnh trng lm vic, chc chn d vi in p lm vic gim thp hoc tng cao. Cc b phn lm vic bng kh nn cng lm vic tt. Cc tip im ca my ct in v b phn dp h quang phi hiu chnh tht chnh xc v kim tra cht ch. Qu trnh kim tra b phn ny phi t cc yu cu sau y:

* p lc tip xc , hnh trnh ca h tip im ng, s ng trc ca cc tip im ng hay tnh cng phi ph hp vi ch dn ca nh ch to. * B mt tip xc ca h tip im ng kiu nm, cc tip im chi hay cht khng c b hn 70% ton b b mt tip xc. Cng c kim tra l s dng l cn 0,5 mm la kim tra. Nhng mt tip xc ny phi nhn v sch trc khi lp rp. * Cc tip im dp h quang v cc tip im chnh phi iu chnh m bo tnh ng thi khi ng v m. * Khi ng, m cc tip im chnh, tip im dp h quang, tip im ng, tip im trung gian v tip im tnh phi lm vic ng trnh t. * Khi ng, tip im ng khng c ngp su qu mc qui nh do nh ch to qui nh trnh s dp mnh vo y hoa th. * Cc c cu truyn ng phi c kim tra khi my ct in v tr ng v ct. Vi cc my ct khng kh , khi kim tra phi t cc yu cu sau y: * Mt trong , tip xc vi kh nn phi lm v sinh sch s trc khi lp rp.

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* Khi xit cc bulng mt bch ni cc tng cch in phi s dng cl mmen xit u , khng nn xit qu gng hay cn lng. * Lp ng ng chnh dn kh nn phi dt dc 2/1000 v phi hng gp nc ng. Cc chi tit cch in trong cc bnh ca my ct in b m , nht l trong iu kin thi tit nc ta, nht thit phi sy. nh gi mc m bng cch kim tra in tr cch in , phi m bo tnh ph hp vi qui phm trang b in. Cc np y cc on ng x phi cht. 3.1.5 Dao cch ly v b phn truyn ng ca chng: B truyn ng ca dao cch ly v ton b h thng truyn dn cn hot ng nh nhng chng xc. Cc gi phi c c nh chc chn vo , tay cm phi lp t chc chn vo trc, cc chc khuu phi lp cht vo cn ko. Mi sai lch hay khe h v bin dng n hi ca h thng truyn dn k t tay quay ca b truynf ng n li dao khng c lm cho hnh trnh khng ti ca tr quay vt qu 5o. Cn a tay quay li tin nh nhng bng tay quan st li dao khi tip xc vi hm cu dao. Gi khng c php rung lc khi ng ct dao cch ly. Cn ko ca dao cch ly loi dng trong nh phi lun qua vng bo him cn khng b chm vo cc b phn ca mng in. Khi ng dao cch ly , cc li dao phi cch hm dao khong 3 ~ 5 mm v li dao phi ri vo gia hm tip xc c nh v khng p mnh vo hm lm cho hm b vnh. m ca dao cch ly v gc quay ca li dao khi ct phi trong gii hn c nh ch to qui nh. Mc khng ng thi ca cc li dao khi ng dao cch ly 2 pha v 3 pha , khong cch gia li dao v hm tip xc c nh khng c vt qu 3 mm. Cc tip im kiu tip xc mt phi c t nht 3 im tip xc khng cng nm trn mt ng thng . Nu ch l cc im tip xc im th t nht phi c hai im tip xc. Dng cn dy 0,05 mm , rng 10 mm kim tra cc im tip xc ny. L cn khng lt su 5 mm bn trong mt tip xc hay dc theo ng tip xc. Mt tip xc gia li dao v hm tip xc c nh phi lm sch bng bn chi st hay da c sch v bi mt lp vadlin cng nghip. Nu mt tip xc bng bc th khng cn mi , da. Khng c p cng l xo tip xc ca cc m dao cch ly. Cc vng l xo phi c h ti thiu l 0,5 mm khi li dao t th ng. Gc cm tip im ca b truyn ng dng bo tn hiu v kho lin ng, v tr dao cch ly, phi m bo tn hiu "ct" khi li dao i c 75% hnh trnh v ch pht tn hiu "ng" khi li dao chm vo hm tip xc c nh. Dao cch ly ngoi tri, sng di ng ch c trt trn mt sng c nh vi lc ma st nh. Cn kim tra cc chi tit kho lin ng c kh gia my ct in vo dao cch ly, cc chi tit ny phi c hiu chnh tht khp vi cc thit b. S lin ng gia dao cch ly vi my ct in cng nh gia li chnh vi li tip t ca dao cch ly phi hot ng chnh xc. Khoa lin ng khng cho php quay c cn truyn ng dao ch ly khi my ct in ang v tr ng. 3.1.6 Cc my bin in o lng:

23

Nhng u dy cha s dng ca cc cun dy th cp my bin dng in phi c u tt. Trong mi trng hp, tr ra nhng trng hp ghi trc trong thit k,, mt trong cc u cun dy th cp my bin ng in t trong mch c in p t 500 V tr ln v ca my bin in p u phi c tip t. Cn kim tra m bo rng cc kt cu thp t my bin dng in kiu xuyn t 1000A tr ln khng c to nn cc mch t kn chung quanh 1 hay 2 pha. Cn kim tra sao cho cc my bin p c b tr khi khai thc, du c th n c nt x du. Cc nt x du phi thng cc l thng hi. Trc khi my a vo khai thc, cn kim tra xem ming m bo qun ca nh ch to c ly i cha. Nu cha, cn ly i. 3.1.7 Cc khng in: Cn kim tra cc cun khng b tng khng c c vt rn nt hay v cnh v bong sn trn cc tr b tng. Khng c c ch hng trn cc cch in v trn cch in cc vng dy. Trng hp cc pha cun khng t chng ln nhau phi tun theo ng k hiu. Nu k hiu theo ting Nga th ch H ( ) l pha di, C () l pha gia, B (x ) l pha trn ng thi chiu ca cun dy pha gia phi ngc vi chiu ca cc cun trn v di. Mi pha cun khng phi ta ln qua ton b cc s. Di cc u cch in v cc mt bch ca chng phi t m. Cc cun khng b tng phi cun bng dy bc cch in nu lu ngoi tri hoc lp sn trn mt b tng b hng nng. Khi sa tr b tng phi sy nhng cun khng ny. Vic sy coi nh t nu in tr cch in ca cun khng t 1 M. 3.2 Cc my bin p in lc.

3.2.1. Kim tra my:

Cn kim tra m bo cc quy nh trong mc ny khi lp t cc my bin p ( k c my bin p t ngu v cun khng c du ) in p n 220 KV.

Cn kim tra rut my bin p nu ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to quy nh. Trong khi vn chuyn v bo qun nu thy hin tng c kh nng gy ra h hng bn trong my th phi kim tra rut my. Vic kim tra rut my v tnh trng trc khi lp phi thc hin theo quy nh ca nh ch to.

Sau khi kim tra nu thy rut my bin p b bn th phi dng du sch v kh ra vi p sut nh ( khng qu 1,15 kg/cm2 ).

kim tra cc b phn trn cao ca my bin p t c IV tr ln phi lp cc thanh c nh.

Khi kim tra, nu thy giong np my b hng, cho php thay cc giong np my v b chuyn ng ca b i nc in p b hng, bng nhng giong c cng chiu dy vi giong ca nh ch to.

Vic c phi sy my hay khng, phi cn c vo quy nh ca nh ch to v tiu chun cch in ca my bin p v phi lp thnh bin bn c i din c quan lp v giao thu tham gia.

Cc ch ni mt bch ca my bin p phi m bng giong chu du hoc bng lie ( in in ). Trng hp khng c th cho php dng giong lm bng vt liu chu du khc nh paraphp tm sn baklit.

Cc b phn lm mt phi dng du bin p ra sch v phi th nghim theo ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to, kt qu phi ghi vo bin bn.

24

Ring cc cch in trc khi lp vo my bin p, phi c th nghim theo ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to, hoc theo quy trnh k thut hin hnh.

Cc cch in c du khng c h hng, v cch in v bnh dn n bng thu tinh, khng c r r du. Cc cch in phi c du vo n gia bnh gin n ng vi nhit 15-20 0C. Cc bu gin n bng thu tinh ca cc cch in phi sn trng v phi cha li mt vch khng sn rng 15 -20 mm quan st mc du.

Trc khi t bnh gin n ln my bin p phi ra bng du bin p sch. ng dn du ni thng bin p vi bnh dn n phi c dc t nht 2% v pha my bin p, khng c

dc ngc li. ng thu tinh ch mc du bnh dn n t v pha d quan st v phi c 2 vch nh du mc du tng ng vi nhit + 35 0 v + 15 0 ca mi trng. 3.2.2 Kim tra b phn iu khin :

R le hi phi c kim tra phng th nghim trc khi lp t. R le hi phi t ngang ca (l ) quan st phi t v pha d nhn. Thn rle hi h thng phao v np rle hi phi t trn my bin p sao cho mi tn ch v pha bnh dn n.

ng phng n ca my bin p phi c lau sch bi bn v ra bng du bin p sch. Ming knh mt bn trn ca ng phng n v ht x khng kh, phi c m giong cao su chu du hay bng li-e ( in in ). Phi t ng phng n sao cho cc u cp, thanh dn v cc thit b gn, khng b phun vo khi s c du pht ra.

Khi lp cm bin nhit ca cc nhit k kiu p k thu ngn hay nhit k o xa, phi

dng chn kn. Cc m ny l nhng vng m ch, hoc dy aming tm sn baklt hay sn gliptan. Cc ui lp nhit k thu ngn hay nhit k tip im thu ngn phi y du my bin p v phi y kn trnh hi m lt vo. Nhit k phi b tr ch d quan st v an ton. Cc nhit k ( thu ngn, kiu tip im thu ngn, kiu p k v kiu o xa ) phi c kim tra phng th nghim, trc khi lp vo my bin p v phi c bin bn th nghim.

Du vo my bin p phi t cc yu cu quy nh ca nh ch to. in p nh thng v mu du khng c thp hn c tr s ghi trong bng sau y:

Tr s in p xuyn thng nh nht cho php ca cc mu du my bin p.

Cp in p cun dy cao p in p xuyn thng ca du trong khe h phng in tiu chun ( KV )

n 15 KV 25 T 15 - 35 KV 30 T 60 - 220 KV 40

Nhit ca du b sung khng c khc vi du trong my bin p qu 50C. Khi b

xung phi b sung loi c mu du ph hp. H thng lm mt ( b lm mt du, cc ng du phi c th nghim theo hng dn ca

nh ch to ). Cn thit phi kim tra cch in cu ch nh thng ca my bin p c trung tnh

cch in khi in p nh mc pha h p n 660V.

25

Cc my bin p c r le hi, phi t cao sao cho np my c dc cao hn t nht 1=2,5% v pha r le hi. on ng dn du gia bnh gin n ca my bin p v r le hi phi t van.

Cc bnh xe ca my bin p phi c chn chc v mi pha.

Trn cc thng my bin p mt pha phi sn mu phn bit pha. Trn thng my bin p 3 pha v trn thng pha gia ca t my bin p 1 pha, phi ghi r

s hiu myv ghi c s hiu theo quy nh ca iu . Trn ca trm v bung my bin p phi ghi r s hiu my v phi treo bin bo nh

nu trn . Ca trm v bung my bin p phi c kho. Cc my bin p ngoi tri phi sn mu xm sng.

3.3. Cc thit b chnh lu.

Cc iu quy nh v kim tra , gim st v phi tun th trong mc ny p dng lp rp

cc trm i in p c cc chnh lu in lc loi kim loi, thu ngn, c hc v bn dn.

3.3.1 Cc chnh lu thu ngn khng hn lin ( kiu tho ri ).

Cc chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri phi c lp rp li. Vic m ra v lp rp li cc chnh lu thu ngn phi tin hnh trong cc gian nh ring cch ly vi cc gian nh khc. Phi thng bo cho mi ngi nhn ra a bn tin hnh cng tc ny. Vic tho lp phi tun theo cc ti liu hng dn ca nh ch to v phi tun theo cc iu quy nh di y: (i). Ch tin hnh lp rp li sau khi lp v th nghim h thng lm mt v h thng ht gi. (ii). Khi lp rp li phi dng cc dng c chuyn dng c lau ra sch du m bng xng. (iii). Tt c chi tit sau khi rt ra khi v chn khng phi ly giy bc li v vo t c ht gi. (iv). Nhng chi tit thng xuyn lm vic trong chn khng cn phi clp rp li vi thi gian ngn nht. (v). Nhng ngi lm cng vic lp rp li chnh lu phi mc o khoc ngoi, i m chp v mang gng tay si trng. (vi). Khi m cc van ca chnh lu loi axt sau khi lp rp li phi rt ngay chn khng. Rt chn khng ti tr s chnh lu lm vic lu di.

Khi tin hnh cng vic, nhit trong gian nh kim tra v lp rp li chnh lu thu ngn phi t 250C .

Bm ht chn khng th phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

(1). Thng bm phi y du, tuc bin loi thch hp du phi kh v sch n mc vch du trn knh quan st thy cc b phn lm vic ca blc bm v van ht nm hon ton trong du.

26

(2). Du khng c chy hoc d qua vng chn du ca thng bm. (3). Chiu quay ca trc bm phi ph hp vi chiu quay quy nh ca nh ch to. Cm cho trc quay ngc. (4). Np van phi c r chnh xc v hon ton p kht vo van. (5). Van t ng phi c iu chnh thi gian ng v m khng qu 30 giy. (6). Trong thi gian khng qu 40 pht, bm phi to c mt p sut 40 mmHg trung bnh chn khng th trong dung tch khong 5 lt.

(7). p sut trong h thng " chn khng th " khng c qu 40 mm Hg.

Bm thu ngn ht " chn khng cao " phi c kim tra cc phn sau: (i). Lng thu ngn cha trong bu cha thu ngn. (ii). Tnh trng vi phun. (iii). S nguyn vn ca m t. (iv). Gii hn ht ( p sut d khng c qu 0,1 mm Hg ) chn khng k thu ngn phi c kim tra cc phn sau:

(a). S nguyn vn ca b phn bng thu tinh.

(b). Thanh o phi tht ng.

(c). Lng thu ngn cn thit. Khi vn chuyn v lp khng c lm h on ng nh my ch to hn sn ht

chn khng. Trc khi lp rp cc chnh lu phi c thng ng trong nh kn. Trc khi t van

vo t thit b chnh lu chn b phn kim tra tnh trng thit b v vic lp t t, vic vn cht cc bu lng v lau sch lp m chng r bng vi tm xng.

Trng hp cc van c bo qun lu, trc khi lp t vo t thit b trn b phi c kim tra bo dng li. 3.3.2. H thng lm mt bng nc.

Khi cc chnh lu thu ngn c lm mt bng nc trc lu hay tun hon, th cc ng dn nc u phi cch in vi h thng c lm mt ca chnh lu mang in p ca chnh lu.

Thng thng cch in, phi ni vo nhng on ng cch in. on ng cch in gia chnh lu v b trao i nhit phi di t nht l 4 mt v c ng knh 50 mm, cn on ng cch in lm mt bm thu ngn phi di 2,5 m v ng knh 18 mm.

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Mi ch ni ng u phi hn, ch dng mt bch ni ngvo thit b v ph kin. Cc

van nc iu chnh dng nc lm mt phi t trn ct bn cnh chnh lu thu ngn, ct phi trong t g c ca i din vi van. Mt trong v ngoi t phi qut sn du.

Cc ng dn nc phi cch xa v chnh lu thu ngn 1,5m hay phi bc cch in ( cao su hay vi nha ).

H thng lm mt bng nc ca chnh lu thu ngn 1 Ant phi theo ng hng dn ca

nh ch to khi khng c hng dn phi thc hin cc iu sau:

(i) i vi chu trnh lm mt kn ca chnh lu thu ngn c b trao i nhit ch c dng ci khng cho php lm mt bng nc trc lu ( trong thi gian ngn ). (ii) Nhit nc lm mt i vo chnh lu c lm mt theo chu k trnh kn phi t 350C- 47 oC. chnh nhit gia nc vo v nc ra khi v chnh lu ca chu trnh kn khng c qu 5oC. Lu lng nc ca chu trnh kn phi lun lun gi khng i. Khng cho php iu chnh lu lng trong chu trnh kn. (iii) Nc trc lu lm mt b trao i nhit v bm thu ngn phi l nc sch khng c tp cht c hc. (iv) Nhit nc lm mt bm thy ngn khng c qu 25oC gii hn khng di mc quy nh.

Nc ca h thng lm mt kiu trc lu ca chnh lu thy ngn nhiu Ant, phi theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu khng c hng dn ring phi theo cc yu cu sau: (1). cng khng qu 10o theo thang cng, in tr khng c di 2000 cm , cc cn khng ho tan khng c ln hn 0,5 mg/lit.

(2). p sut nc ng dn nc phi nm trong quy nh ca nh ch to. (3). Nhit nc lm mt i vo chnh lu phi nm trong gii hn 15-55oC. chnh nhit gia nc vo v nc ra khi chnh lu khng c qu 15oC. 3.3.3. To hnh cc chnh lu thu ngn.

Cc chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri sau khi lp li xong phi to c hnh dng thch hp. Vic to hnh phi c tin hnh vi in p thp, vi dng in to hnh n 120% dng in nh mc ca chnh lu thu ngn v bt buc dng in phi phn b u gia cc Ant.

Vic to hnh chnh lu thu ngn kiu kt cu tho ri phi tin hnh theo hng dn ca nh ch to vi nhng iu kin sau: (i). Phi kim tra khi iu chnh bo v my bin p chnh cho thch hp vi cc dng in ngn mch ca ch to hnh.

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(ii). Trong qu trnh to hnh phi duy tr chn khng trong gii hn 3 - 4 micr ct thu ngn. Khi to hnh t ng, cho php nng p sut d n 15 micr ct thu ngn. (iii). Vic to hnh xem nh kt thc nu ng vi ph ti cc i v bm ht chn khng th ct, trong vng 3 gi, p sut trong v chnh lu thu ngn t 0,1 micr ct thu ngn c nng ln khng qu p sut cho php khi khai thc l 0,5 micr ct thu ngn .

Vic to hnh b sung cc van ca chnh lu thu ngn kiu hn sn: Trong trng hp chng bo qun t lu th tin hnh nh sau: ng in vo chnh lu trong 2 gi v cho mang ti bng 50% dng in nh mc vi in p Ant c gim xung t 50 - 100 V.

Cc chi tit c kh ca my in t ng tc ng nhanh phi c lau chi ht bi bn, phi c th theo hng dn ca nh ch to.

B mt ca cc tip im phi c nh sch g, bi bn bng bn chi. Khng c php dng da, hoc dng giy nhp nh cc mt m bc. Cc mt thng xuyn tip xc nhau trong qu trnh ng ct ca cc li nam chm in ( cun in t ) bn trong my ct phi c lau bng r tm xng sch.

Phi dng p k kim tra p lc ca cc tip im. Cc thanh dn khi b nng khng c gy ra ng lc c hc ln cc b phn ca my ct

in. Vi cc chnh lu bn dn:

Cc chnh lu gic-ma-ni v xi-lc phi hon ton kn khi lp, mi b phn kim loi bn ngoi chnh lu phi c bi mt lp mng vadlin cng nghip. Cch sn v ghi k hiu:

Cc thit b trong thit ch chnh lu thu ngn v b trao i nhit phi sn bng men hay sn du mu sng. Trn cc cnh tn nhit Ant nn sn mu en c k vch . Cc kt cu c nh trn thit b sn mu en.

Trn v chnh lu thu ngn phi v mi tn v ghi cc ch ch r tr s in p chnh lu ln nht. Trn cc thit b phi ghi ch nh trong thit k quy nh. 3.4. Cc bng v t in.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny c p dng kim tra khi lp cc t v bng in cng nh cc chi tit km theo. 3.4.1. Lp cc kt cu, ng h, thit b v h thng thanh ci.

Cc t in v bng in phi c cn chnh cho c cng ng tm v phi c c nh chc chn.

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Mi chi tit kim loi khng ct in vi t ( bng ) dng c nh cc thit b v thanh ci

u phi bt cho dn in vi v t.

Cc ptmt, cc ng h t ghi v cc r le c nhy cao nn t trn cc m n hi nh cao su dy 3 - 4mm.

Phi kim tra b truyn ng ca cc thit b phi lm vic nh nhng, khng b kt v khng c tu tin ct. Cc thit b b phn bo v tr lm vic ca cc b truyn ng phi hot ng chnh xc, chiu quay ca b truyn ng cu dao, ptmt cn t bn cnh cu dao tng ng vi quy nh sau: - Khi quay ln ng vi v tr ng ca thit b. - Khi quay xung ng vi v tr ct ca thit b, v tr t cu dao ptmt phi t sao cho h quang pht sinh khi ct khng th lm h hng cc thit b v cc ng h khc.

Cc hm cu dao v cu chy ng phi t sao cho cc li dao cm vo c nh nhng v kht cht, khng c cc khe h, khng b vnh b kt.

Lp cc thit b c tip im trt ( cc kho chuyn mch bin tr v.v... ) phi bo m cho cc tip im ng p cht ln cc tip im c nh.

Khi cc thit b in, cc kp u dy v cc dy dn in in p 380/220V c b tr trn cc ngn gn cc trang thit b c in p di 220 V th cc b phn mang in phi c bo v trnh trng hp ngi vn hnh hay thao tc v chm phi m gy tai nn. Nhng ni phi c bin bo v phi sn mu khc nhau.

Vic lp t cc cng tc, cc trang b khi ng, t thanh dn ca mch nh th v ni t cc t, bng in phi theo ng thit k.

Cc cu ch t trn cc t in phi c ng kn. Vic ni cc thit b vi thanh ci ca t phi dng bulng hay cht. Vic ni thanh ghp chnh vi thanh dn r nhnh cng nh gia chng vi nhau trong mt

bng in phi hn hay p ( tr nhng ch ni c lc cn tho ra ) th ni bng bulng.

Cc bulng, ai c v vng m bng thp dng ni cc thanh ci vi nhau hay ni thanh ci vi cc thit b u phi m km.

Ch tip xc ca thit b, ch ni thanh gp bng bulng v cc kp u dy mch o lng, tn hiu u phi b tr ch d n gn kim tra. Cc bulng v cht ch c nh cc thit b ng ct cc ngn t u phi c bin php ngn nga t ni lng.

Khong cch d in theo b mt khng c b hn 20mm, cc khe h in khng c b hn 12mm. 3.4 2. Cch sn v ghi k hiu.

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Mt trong v mt ngoi ca t v cc chi tit bng kim loi dng c nh cc thit b, ng h, thanh ci, dy dn v cp khng m km hay m bng kim loi, th phi sn mt lp sn lt sau phi sn ph ln mt lp sn du, sn men mitr mu xm ( sn khng c vt m hay chy ) mun sn mu khc phi c s ng ca c quan giao thu.

Ti cc b phn truyn ng ca thit b phi c bin nh pha chnh din, bin ny c ghi k hiu ch r tn ng dy. Mt sau ca t in cng phi ghi k hiu tng ng.

Pha sau t c t cc thit b ng ct, mi mch u phi c bin nh c ghi k hiu ch r tn mch dn.

Cc kho, nt n v cn iu chnh phi ghi k hiu ch r tn gi theo s v ni dung thao tc chng. V d: " ng ", " Ct ", " Tng ", " Gim" v.v... bin bo hiu v cc dng c bo hiu khc u phi ghi r c tnh ca tn hiu. V d:" mc du thp ", " qu nng " v.v... cc b truyn ng ca thit b ng ct c hp bc kn, hoc t phn sau t nhng c iu khin pha trc t, u phi ghi r v tr ng, ct v trn cc cu ch phi c ghi dng in thuc loi in p khc nhau, hay loi in khc nhau u phi ghi k hiu tng ng v d " T in 380 ", " bng in ca b c quy". 3.5. Cc mch th cp.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny p dng rng ri kim tra v hng dn lp t cc dy dn ca mch iu khin, o lng, bo v, lin ng v tn hiu, ngha l cho tt c cc mch th cp t trong cc ngn thit b phn phi, cc t, bng iu khin, v cc t, bng iu khin truyn ng cc t, bng iu khin v cc t, bng iu khin truyn ng cc t my cng ngh. 3.5.1. Cc dy dn in.

Khi t dn dn in ca cc mch th cp trong cc ngn thit tr phn phi, t v bng in th cho php: (i). t trc tip ln mt kim loi hay cch in hoc ln tm hay cng xn. Trong phm vi tng ngn, t in cc gian nh kh ro cho php t trc tip cc dy dn ln b mt kim loi c chng g v cc dy dn ny c th t st nhau. (ii). Khi xp thnh nhiu chm hay b theo phng ng hoc ngang khng cn c nh cht dy dn vo cc ngn trn sut ton b chiu di ca dy ( bin php ny khng p dng cho cc t in trn 1000 V ). Cc chm v b dy phi c kp gi bng cc ai cch in v cch nhau 150 - 200 mm. Phi ghp chung cc si thuc 1 mch dy, mt t my thnh tng chm. (iii). t kn trong cc hp hoc trong cc ng c lp m hay lp sn chng g. Trng hp ny khng phi lt thm cch in cho hp v khng cn c nh dy dn trong hp. (iv). Khi t dy dn pha sau t, bng in, cho php ko dy theo ng ngn nht t u kp ny n u kp kia, khng cn c nh dy dn vo mt ca bng in v ghi k hiu cc u dy theo cch thng thng.

Cc dy dn ni vi cc thit b v ng h t trong mt ngn t, c th ni qua hng kp u dy hoc ni trc tip t thit b ny sang mt thit b khc.

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Ch cho php ni u dy dn cc kp u dy hay u cc dn ca ng h v thit b. on dy gia cc kp u dy khng c ni bng cch hn. Ch cho php ni rut cp kim tra, nu chiu di ch to ca cp ngn hn chiu di thit k.

Cc dy in thoi trn cc bng in k, iu khin t xa v thng tin lin lc phi t

thnh chm, vic ni dy in thoi v ni chng vo thit b cho php ni bng cch hn. Khong cch gia cc im c nh cp v dy dn t h c cc kiu kp cng phi thc

hin ng vi cc s liu quy nh trong bng sau y: Khong cch gia cc im c nh cp v dy dn.

M hiu cp v dy dn Khong cch ( cm ) Theo hng ng Theo hng ngang

- Cc cp c cch in bng cao su c v bc bng ch, bng cao su hay bng vinyl v khng c v gai. - Dy dn cch in cao su, ngoi bc vi hay bc nha vinyl

300 - 400 250 - 300

250 - 300 175 - 200

Khi t cc dy dn v cp xuyn quy nh nh sau: (i). Khi xuyn qua tng b tng v tng phi lun trong ng thp hay ng cch in hoc qua cc l c hp st. (ii). Cc ngn t bng kim loi phi t trong cc ng cch in hoc qua cc l c hp st. (iii). Cc ngn t bng vt liu cch in th cho php t trc tip.

Cc dy dn ni vo thit b c du ( nh n r le hi ) phi c lp cch in chu du v c s bo v trnh cc h hng v c hc.

Cc dy dn v cp rut ng nhiu si ni vo cc hng kp u dy v thit b u phi c cc u ct hay cc vng khuyn c p cht. Cho php un cc u cp thnh hnh vng khuyn v hn li.

Cc rut dy dn v cp ni vo cc kp u dy phi c mt di d tr cn thit khi b t c th ni li vo cc u kp dy .

Cc dy dn, cp nhiu rut c cch in bng cao su c tch ra nn bo v cho lp cch in bng cao su khi b lo ho bng cch lun chng vo cc ng nha plyvinyl chu nhit, chu nh sng.

Cc dy dn ca mch th cp c s dng cc ng nha bng nha plyclovinyl chu nhit, chu nh sng hoc bng si vi qut sn cch in. trong cc gian nh m t th qut sn chng m.

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Cc rut ca cp nhiu rut ch ra khi v bc phi dng bng nha pliclovinyl, sau bng bng si vi, hay qun bng si bn ri qut sn cch in.

Vic un cc dy dn bng nhm phi dng cc dng chuyn dng cn ch : bn knh un gp 3 ln ng knh ngoi ca dy dn. Phi dng km c m bng un cc dy dn v rut ra bng nhm, khng cho php un i un li nhiu ln.

Khi phi ko dy dn qua cnh ca hay cc b phn thng phi ng m ( ca t bng in... ) phi l loi dy c rut ng mm. Trng hp ny ch c ni rut ng vi rut nhm bng cc kp u dy, nhng phi ni qua bng hai vt ring.

i vi dy dn ( hay rut cp ) c mt ct 2,5 n 4 mm2 nn dng dng c chuyn dng bc v cch in, cho php dng dao bc lp cch in. Nn dng cc dng c chuyn dng un rut mt si dy ca dy dn ng v nhm thnh vnh khuyn khng cho php un bng km loi c m bng.

Khi nh sch rut dy nhm phi dng giy nhp nh nh mt lp sau nh sch bng bt vadlin thch anh hay vadlin cng nghip. Cm dng dao co rut nhm. Sau khi nh sch v lau sch phi bi mt lp bt nho vadlin thch anh hay vadlin ch nguyn cht ri un thnh vng khuyn.

Khi ni dy dn ( hay cp ) rut nhm 1 si vo cc kp u dy ca ng h v thit b, hoc vo cc hng kp u dy v.v... phi lm nh sau: (i). t thm vng m rng ca hoc vng m vnh ln cc u dy un thnh vng khuyn.

(ii). p rut dy c nh sch v c bi bt nho vadlin thch anh hay vadlin cng nghip vo u ct v t thm vng m vnh ln cc u ct. Phng php "(i)" nn dng cho trng hp kp u dy ca thit b hay ca chi tit vi b mt phng c lp m v c vt tip xc ( cc r le trung gian, my bin dng, hng kp u dy v.v... ). Phng php "(ii)" nn dng ni vo cc ng h v thit b c kp u dy kiu guging vn ai c ( cc ng h o lng t bng, cc r le v thit b kiu t mt sau t, bng in )

Cc vng m vnh, l ca cc vng m rng ca phi ph hp vi ng knh ca vt kp u dy.

p rut dy nhm vo u ct, nn dng km chuyn dng km theo b khun dp tng t nh b khun dng cho rut ng nhng c kch thc ph hp vi mt ct rut nhm v ng knh ca vt tip xc. 3.5.2. Cc hng kp u dy.

Kiu hng kp u dy phi ph hp vi in p ca mch in. Cc kp u dy thuc nhng i tng khc nhau phi chia thnh tng nhm ring. Khi t chung cc kp u dy c in p khc nhau th cc kp u dy ca mch in t 380/220V tr ln phi c tch ring, phi c np y v phi c ch ch r s tr in p.

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Cc kp u dy ca mch ct hay mt rle tc ng ct i qua khng c t gn nhng kp u dy c cc tnh hay pha khc tn ca ngun in thao tc Gia cc kp u dy c cc tnh hay tn pha khc nhau nn 1 s kp trng ( khng u dy vo ).

Cc kp u dy trong thit tr phn phi trn 1000V, cc cm tip im ca my ct in v dao cch ly phi b tr khi kim tra hoc x l chng, vn khng phi ct in mch s cp.

Cc kp u dy khng c h hng, cu bn v phi c c nh chc chn. Cc hng kp u dy t trn cc ngn t thit tr phn phi phi c cc hp che y chc chn. Khong cch gia thnh hp dn cc kp u dy khng c nh hn 40mm. Cc mp hp phi cch cc dy dn t nht 15mm.

Cc hng kp u dy c th t ng hoc t ngang, cho php t nging cc kp u dy ( so vi mt t hoc bng ). Khi t ngang th hng kp u dy di cng nn t cao hn nn t nht l 30mm.

Khi t t hai hng kp u dy tr ln th khong cch gia cc hng khng c nh hn 150mm.

Cho php t hai vng khuyn ca cc rut ng vo mt vt ca kp u dy. Khng cho php t hai rut nhm vo mt vt nu ch ni khng c nhng kp u dy c cu to c bit.

i vi cc kp u dy c kiu cm ch cho php t vo mt rut ng hay mt rut nhm v mt pha. 3.5.3. Cc k hiu.

Cc dy dn ca mch th cp c ni vo hng kp u dy, cc tip im ca ng h, thit b v bn thn cc hng kp u dy u phi c k hiu bn chc v r rng ( bng sn, bng mc sn... ) theo ng ch dn ca thit k.

Cc bin nh cui u dy ghi k hiu v cc ng ghen bc cc u dy phi lm bng vt liu cch in. Ch cho php lm bng kim loi nu nh chng khng chm vo rut mng in cc u ct. Cc bin nh ny khng cho php lp vo u dy hoc rut cp di hnh thc treo.

cho cc k hiu trn cc biu nh v trn cc kp dy khng b m, b bm bn. Phi dng loi vt liu trong sut bo v chng, hoc qut ln mt lp sn trong sut. 3.6. H thng c qui t c nh.

Cc quy nh trong mc ny c p dng kim tra v hng dn lp cc t c quy axt v kim t c nh. 3.6.1. H thng thanh dn.

Nn dng cc thanh dn trn bng thp, ng, nhm.

Cc Puli hay cch in c nh thanh dn phi c lp chc chn vo cc chn cch in hay mc cch in c trn thm dy gai hay dy ay tm du sn.

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Nu buc thanh dn trn vo Puli phi dng: - Dy thp m km dng knh 2 - 3 mm ( dng cho thanh dy bng thp ). - Dy ng ng knh nh nht l 2,5mm ( dng cho thanh dn bng ng ).

Vic ni thanh dn v u r nhnh phi thc hin bng cch hn. Ni thanh dn vi cc guging ca tm xuyn phi thc hin bng ren c.

Cc u thanh dn ni vo c qui axt phi m thic v phi hn vo u ct ch trn cc bn ni ca c qui.

Cc u thanh dn ni vo c qui kim phi c u ct hn sn v c c nh vo cc u kp dy bng ai c.

Cc ch ni thanh dn thng phi tho phi bi mt lp vadlin mng.

Tm xuyn phi c lp theo cc iu kin sau: (i). Tm phi lm bng vt liu cch in khng chy, khng thm nc, chu c tc ng ca cht in phn bc hi ( aming, xi mng tm nha, cht do vinyl, bxt ) khng cho php lm bng g dn, cm thch, hoc cc vt liu cha bit c tnh cht chu cht in phn bc hi d chy, d thm nc v.v... ). (ii). Cc guging xuyn hay cc u c ren ca thanh dn trn mi pha ca bn, phi c 2 vng m ch v thp l accu axt v bng cao su v thp nu l accu kim cc bu lng m xuyn cng phi m cht theo cc cch ni trn. (iii) Khong cch gia thanh dn dng v thanh ci m gn nht phi gp i khong cch gia cc thanh dn m. Trong trng hp khong cch trn khng m bo th dn ra cc thanh ci dng phi tng cng thm cch in (dng ng lt cch in hay s nguyn).

Cc kt cu v thanh dn bng thp khng nn t pha trn cc bnh accu trnh cc hi ng v nc r vo accu. 3.6.2. Lp cc b accu.

Cc gi phi m bo cc yu cu: - Cc gi nn lm bng g thng x loi I, kh, m khng qu 15% v phi dng matt trt phng, cch hai lp du sn sng v sau phi sn chn axit (vi loi accu axit) hay sn chn kim (vi accu kim).

Cho php s dng cc gi bng b tng ct thp lp ghp cho c accu axt v accu kim.

Mi gi khng c di qu 6m. B mt ca cc phin g phi gia cng tinh, cho php dung sai v chiu dy v chiu rng l 2mm v dung sai v chiu di l 30mm. Cc phin dc ca gi c ni vi nhau bng mng c hai cht g, mi mng ni c t trn trc cc gi phi t cho tht bng phng.

Cc accu phi t ln vt, cch in hnh cn cn cc m cn bng t gia cc vt cch in v y bnh accu bng cht do, bng ch. y ln ca vt cch in phi quay v pha trong,

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ni tip gip y bnh accu cc vt cch in t trong khong 2 trc v c gng t gn thanh ng ca cc bnh accu. Phi dng niv v qu di kim tra vic t accu cho ngang bng thng ng.

Cc bnh thu tinh ca accu axt khng c dt rn. Cc bnh phi c knh y, kch thc ca tm knh y phi ln hn kch thc trong ca ming bnh 5,7 mm.

Khi lp accu axt phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i) Cc bn cc phi t song song vi nhau v khng c c cc vt nt rn. (ii) Khng cho php cm bn cc t nghing trong bnh v khng ni bn cc trong cm bi cong. (iii) Ch hn ui bn cc vo tm ni khng c b v, b bavia v khng c cho ch chy theo bn cc. (iv) Mi bnh thu tinh phi c 2 l xo bng cht nha clo vinhin p cc bn cc cn pha i din vi bn cc phi m a cao su to nn khe h gia bn cc v thanh bnh.

Khi lp accu kim phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i) Accu phi c th t trn cc vt cch in hay cc ng thu tinh. Trng hp ny trn phim g ca gi x rnh t ng, rnh phi sn bng loi sn chu kim. (ii) Gia y mi bnh accu v vt cch in hay ng thu tinh phi c m lt bng cht do. Cho php dng tm lt bng tn c sn nha ng. i vi accu nh khng nht nhit phi c m lt. (iii) Khong cch gia cc bnh accu phi bng 50 mm. Nu c m lt gia cc bnh th vn phi m bo khong cch trn. (iv) Khi ni cc bnh accu phi vn cht cc ai c.

Khi rt cht in phn vo accu axt phi tun theo cc yu cu sau: (i) Dung dch nc ct v axitsunfua - rc dng lm cht in phn phi m bo theo tiu chun hin hnh. (ii) Mc ca cht in phn phi cao hn mp trn ca cc bn cc t nht l 10 mm.

Khi rt cht in phn vo accu kim phi tun theo cc yu cu sau: (i) Cht in phn phi l dung dch hyrxyt kali hau hyrxyt natri c pha thm mnhyrat hyroxtliti, dng nc ct iu ch dung dch in phn. (ii) Khi rt cht in phn vo accu mc cht in phn theo bng II- 6. Phi mt lp du vadlin ln trn mt cht in phn ca accu, nu khng c vadlin th dng du ho vi s lng qui nh theo bng sau y: Mc cht in phn tr4n cc bn cc accu kim.

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Kim accu Mc cht in phn phi cao hn bn cc (mm)

10-12 12-15

40 25 30 30 60

Lng du vadlin phi ln trn mt cht in phn ca accu kim.

Kim accu Lng du vadlin (cm3)

5 8 10 15 18 20

Cc bnh accu axt sau 2 n 4 gi k t khi xong cht in phn vo accu, mi c np

in. Phi np ng qui nh ca nh ch to, sau ln np u tin phi t c dung lng t nht bng dung lng ca ch phng 10 gi.

Vic np in c xem nhu kt thc khi: (i) in p ca mi bnh accu trong lc np in gi nguyn khng i mc 2,75 V trong 1 gi lin. (ii) Nng cht in phn ngng tng trong 1 gi lin. (iii) Cht in phn si mnh thnh nhng bt kh ln. (iv) in p ca mi bnh accu sau khi ngng np l 2,05 - 2,1V. (v) Khi phng in trong 10 gi lin tc dng in phng qui nh, in p ca mi bnh accu cui thi k phng khng c nh hn 1,8V v in p chnh lch gia cc bnh khng c qu 0,1V. Vic np accu kim c xem nh kt thc khi: (i) in p ca mi bnh accu trong lc np in gi nguyn khng i mc 1,8 - 2V trong 1 gi lin. (ii) Khi phng in trong 8 gi lin tc vi dng in phng qui nh in p trn mi bnh accu khng c gim xung di 1 vn.

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3.6.3. Thit b ph.

Vic lp b chuyn mnh phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i) Cc chi in phi trt theo cc phn tip xc v p cht vo chng khi chuyn tip t phin ny sang phin khc, chi khng c gy gin on mch in. (ii) C cu ca b chuyn mnh phi lm vic mt cch nh nhng, u n v dt khot. (iii) S lng bnh accu phng in khng c vt qu s lng bnh accu c np in ng thi. (iv) S lng bnh accu c phng hoc c np phi tng dn ln, i vi b chuyn mch truyn ng bng tay th tng s lng bnh bng cch quay tay quay phng hoc tay quay np, theo chiu kim ng h, cn i vi b chuyn mnh kiu phng c xec-v-mt-t th khi tng s bnh th thanh ngang di chuyn ln trn. 3.6.4. Cch sn v k hiu:

Cc kt cu c nh cc Pu-li hay vt cch in v thanh dn phi sn tht cn thn bng sn chu axt hoc chu kim. C th dng sn men mu xm sng loi chu axt.

Cc accu axt hay accu kim t trong cc t ht, mt trong ca t phi sn bng sn chu axt hay chu kim cho tng loi accu.

Cc bnh accu phi c nh s th t, s th t phi ghi tn cc bin nh bng nha v

gn vo phn gi accu. i vi accu axt cho php dng bin chi cn vi accu kim cho php dng bin thp c

sn bng sn chu kim. 3.7- Cc thit tr t nhin nng cao h s cng sut.

Cc qui nh trong mc ny c p dng lp cc b t in hoc tng bnh t in loi cch in giy tm du nng cao h s cng sut ca thit tr in xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz v in p n 10 KV. 3.7.1.Cc t in.

Khi lp cc t in phi tun theo cc qui nh: (i). Cc t in mt pha phi b tr trn khung mi pha ca b t hoc mi nhnh trong mi pha u c dao cch ly ring. Tng dung lng danh nh khng c sai khc vi dung lng trung bnh ca 1 pha ca b t in, hay dung lng trung bnh ca 1 nhnh tng ng qu 5%. (ii) iu chnh cc t in t theo hng ng v hng ngang, cho php dng cc m cn chnh bng thp, cc m ny phi hn lin vo khung.

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(iii) Cc t in phi t sao cho cc nhn ghi thng s ca chng phi quay v pha hnh lang phc v. (iv) Khe h gia y ca cc t in hng di cng vi nn nh hay vi y h gom du, khng c b hn 100mm.

Vic b tr cc thanh dn v phng php ni chng vo t in phi m bo vic thanh t in c thun tin trong qu trnh khai thc, mun vy cc t in phi c ni vo thanh ci chung ca b t theo kiu phn nhnh bng cc u ni kiu cht cm.

H thng thanh dn khng c to nn lc un trn cc cch in u ra ca t in.

Vic ni t t in phi lm theo cc yu cu trong mc ni t. c bit mi v bnh t phi c ni bng cch: ni v vi khung t b t in hoc vi ng trc ni t.

Dy dn ni t phi oc b tr khng cn tr vic thay cc t in trong khi khai thc. 3.7.2. Cch sn v k hiu.

S th t ca cc bnh t in phi k bng sn chu du ln thnh bnh ca mi t in, v quay v pha hnh lang.

Cc cch in u ra ca cc t in phi nh s (1 v 2 i vi cc t in 1 pha v 1,2,3, i vi cc t in 3 pha) bng sn chu du ln np bnh, cnh nhng cch in u ra tng ng.

Th t cc s phi ging nhau i vi tt c mi bnh t in (v d bt u t cch in tm nhn ghi thng s ca nh ch to). S hiu ca mi nhnh phi ghi:

(1). cnh b truyn ng dao cch ly ca nhnh. (2). Trn khung ca b t in hay trn tng gn nhnh. (3). Trn cc ca trong trng hp nhnh c b tr trong tng thi gian.

Chng IV

Cc thit b in lc

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4.1 - Cc my in.

Nhng qui nh trong mc ny p dng kim tra vic lp t cc my in thuc loi cng sut v in p dng truyn ng cc my mc (c cu) v bin i in nng. Khi a n ni lp t my in, c th c lp t trn b hoc gm nhiu b phn tho ri.

Nhng qui nh ny khng p dng lp t my pht in tua bin hi, my pht in tua

bin nc, tua bin kh, izen, my b ng b, ng c in ca u ko, tu thu v cc my in chuyn dng khc.

Vic ng in, cc my in xoay chiu khng cn sy phi cn c vo cc kt qu kim

tra s b cch in cc cun dy, kim tra phi tin hnh theo qui trnh xc nh kh nng ng in vo cc my in xoay chiu khng cn sy.

Khi cch in ca cc cun dy my in khng m bo, nht thit phi sy v x l trc khi ng in. 4.1.1. Cc mng, gi trt v bulng.

B mt ca cc mng cha c cn chnh, ch c php c cc ch lm nh hn 10 mm, v nghing nh hn 1/100.

Cc m cn chnh my lm bng thp dt dy 10 - 20mm. Trng hp my hay khung my t cao hn mt mng 50 mm th cc ming m cn chnh c lm bng gang hay bng thp vung.

Chiu di ca ming m cn chnh phi ln hn chiu rng mt ca my t 50 - 75 mm v phi li ra ngoi mp my c mi pha. Chiu rng ca m cn chnh phi bng 1/ 4 chiu di ca n nhng khng c nh hn 50 mm.

Khi cn chnh ln cui cng t c ngang ca my, c th dng cc m cn ph bng thp mng c dy cn thit. Cc m cn ph ny c chiu rng, chiu di nh cc m cn chnh chnh, cc m cn chnh phi thng u v cc mt phi p kht vi nhau v p kht vo mt mng v mng.

Cm dng cc m cn chnh c hnh dng tu tin v vi s lng qu 5 (khng k cc m cn chnh ph). Khi my l hp th cc m cn chnh phi t mi pha bulng mng v nhng ch ti trng tp trung (tc di cc tr trc, di cc chn b my v.v...) khi my khng c chn phi t cc m cn chnh di tt c mi cnh ngang cng.

i vi cc my c a n ni lp t di hnh thc tho ri, khi t cn chnh phi theo cc trc chnh v cc ct chun my.

my phi nng cao hn mt mng t nht l 30 - 40 mm chn va b tng. Khi cn chnh cao t cc tr trc (Pu-li) v cc stato ca my, nn dng cc m cn chnh c chiu dy trong gii hn l 3 - 7 mm.

Cc ai c c vn bng tay vo bulng mng, nhng khng c lng. Bulng mng phi nh ln khi ai c hay ai c hm t nht l 21/2 ren. Di cc my ( khong gia ca my v mt mng) phi b tng ng mc thit k. Trc khi b tng phi lm sm mt mng, qut ht rc bn v dng nc ra sch mt mng c tip sc c tt.

Chiu dy lp b tng di my phi theo ng qui nh ca thit k, trng hp thit

k khng qui nh th lp b tng ny n mc thp hn mt trn ca my l 2 - 3 cm. Ring

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phn trong lng ca my, th lp b tng ny phi n mc ngang mt trn ca my, tr nhng ch cha ra sit cht bulng. Nu lp b tng ny c chiu dy ln hn 100 mm th phi c ct thp v ct thp ny phi c lin kt vi ct thp chnh ca mng.

Khi mt mng qu thp so vi ct thp thit k cho php t my khi my hoc t my

c trng lng n 20 tn trn cc dm ch I c chiu cao khng qu 160 mm th khi cm dng cc m cn chnh chnh v ph (ch c m cc ming cn chnh mng iu chnh thng bng).

Khi lp t cc tr ca cc my m cc my c a n di hnh thc tho ri,

th phi tun theo nhng yu cu sau: (i) Khi t cc tr thng ng phi m bo cho trc t my ngang bng. Trng hp ny cho php t m cn chnh di tr . (ii) Cc tr ca trt phi t tr s khe h ca rto (phn ng) ph hp vi s liu ca nh my ch to. Trng hp khng c ch dn ca nh ch to th: - Khe h ca rto l 2 - 4 mm vi ng knh tr nh hn 200 mm. - Khe h ca rto bng 2% ng knh trc vi ng knh trn 200 mm. Khi quay rto trc khng c va p vo cc trc. (iii) Mi tr phi c c nh ln b mng bng 2 cht kim tra. (iii). Mt cc h du ca cc t my phi m bo sch s (khng r, khng bm t bn).

Khi t cc , ln cc tm m cch in (do nh ch to quy

nh) c cc quy nh sau: (1) Cc bu lng c nh, cc cht kim tra, cc ng ng du, cc ng ng nc v v kim loi ca cp phi c cch in chc chn vi cc tr cc trc. (2) Cc tm cch in phi lm bng tcxtolt, fibrlt hay cc vt liu p tng t. Cc tm m cch in phi nh ra ngoi ca cc tr t nht l 5mm i vi cc ng cc vng m, v cc cht th cc tm m cch in c chiu dy khng nh hn 2 - 3mm. (3) Trc khi t cc trc vo cc , phi dng Mgomet 1000V o in tr cch in ca tr trc vi my. Tr s in tr cch in khng c nh hn 0,5 MQ i vi ng c in, v 1,0 MQ i vi cc my pht in. Khi xit cht cc bu lng c nh tr v my. Cc kt qu o lng phi ghi vo bin bn hay h s lp t my.

Phi chnh lp cc bc, trc kiu trt theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu khng

c cc ti liu hng dn th tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i) Lp ghp trc vo trt bi trn bng vng u theo kiu lp lng cp 4 (C4) cho cc my d 1000 vng / pht v theo kiu lp lng cp 5 (L5) cho cc my t 1000 vng / pht tr ln. Khe h gia c trc v bc trc, phi tng ng vi cc s liu bng sau y: Khe h gia c trc v bc trc.

ng knh danh Khe h gia c trc v bc trc c bi trn bng vnh du (mm)

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nh ca trc (mm)

Khi np ghp kiu lp lng cp 4 (L4) cho cc my di 1000 vng / pht

Khi lp ghp kiu lp lng cp 5 (L5) cho cc my t 1000 vng / pht tr ln

nh nht ln nht nh nht ln nht T 80 n 120 120 - 180 180 - 200 260 - 360 360 - 500

0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,17

0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,24

0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,25

0,17 0,21 0,25 0,29 0,34

(ii) Cc bc ca cc trc phi p kht vo nhn gia cc c trc theo mt cung t 60o n 120o, thng thng ch chnh lp cc b phn lm vic ca cc bc di, cc bc trn ch c chnh khi truyn ng bng dy curoa, dy curoa hnh nm v bnh xe rng kha. (iii) Cc gc ca cc rnh trong bc phi c r tht bng v khng c li ra ngoi mt u. (iv) Khi cc mp bc c cc vnh chn kn, th khi chnh lp cc bc vo trc khng c c qu 2 vt (m) trn 1 cm2 b mt bc v hon ton khng c c vt xc, vt r hay cc khuyt tt khc. (v) My lm vic khng c sinh ra ma st gia cc mt mt ca bc vi g sc ca c trc, khi xc nh cc khe h phi lm sao khi trc quay th c trc khng chm vo phn trn ca o lt bc. (vi) Cc bc trc phi p kht mt cch chnh xc v cc hc () v cc np phi oc xit (vn) chc bng cc bu lng vo cc o lt bc c nh (khng cn phi tho m) th phi dng inh vt hm m nh v (c nh) vo tm np.

Vic lp t cc vng (vnh) trong ca hm ln trc v vic lp t cc vng ngoi vo (hc ca thn my) phi m bo c khe h hng tm gia cc vng v cc bi (bi trn hay bi a) trong gii hn cc tr s cho php i vi cc trt khi cc vng khng c quay trn trc v trong .

Vng chn kn cc ln (cc rnh du, cc vng pht, cc vng chn hnh rng lc) khng c php l du vo phn trong ca my hay r bn du ra ngoi.

Mt c trc ca my c trt phi tht nhn (khng c vt xc, vt r v.v...) dung sai v

chnh xc kch thc hnh hc xc nh bng micromt hay Indicateur (dng c ch th) khng vt qu 0,02 mm i vi c trc c ng knh cha n 200 mm v i vi cc c trc c ng knh trn 200 mm th khng qu 0,03 mm.

Nhit ca cc khi my lm vic khng c vt qu cc tr s sau:

- i vi cc trc trt l 80oC - i vi cc trc ln l 95oC. Roto (phn ng) v Stato (phn ln).

Khi lp rp my in phi m bo s b tr i vi cc t trng ca (stato varto). Cc my in c stato loi ri th nhng ch tho m phi lp ghp cho tht kht cht vic ni cc nhnh cun dy v bc cnh in phi lm ng theo dn ca nh my ch to.

Chn ca stato phi c lp kht, cht vo b my. Sau khi cn chnh ln cui phi dng

cc cht kim tra (cht c nh v) c nh stato ln b my.

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Tr s cc khe h khng kh gia roto v stato gia roto v cc cc chnh phi o c hai pha ca rto. Ti cc im i xng theo ng knh khng c chnh lnh qu 10% tr s trung bnh ca cc khe h.

i vi my cc m c ng knh rto 500 600 mm phi o khe h ti 4 im i xng

ca ng kinhs (theo trc ng v trc ngang). i vi nhng my rto 600 mm th o 8 im ring cc my cc li o di mi cc. 4.1.2. Cch ni trc.

Vic ni trc ca my in vi trc ca c cu hoc vi my in khc bng dy curoa nh

hoc dy curoa hnh thang phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i). Phn di ca dy curoa phi l phn dn ng. (ii). Phn dy thm ca mi ni phi t quay ra pha ngoi ca dy cu roa. (iii). ng tim ca trc my in v ca trc c cu ghp ni vi n phi song song. Cc rng rc (Pu-li) phi cng nm trn mt mt phng. (iv). Cc gi trt phi c di d tr cng thm dy cu roa khi cn.

Vic ni trc my in vi trc c cu hay vi trc my in khc bng khp ni, phi thc

hin theo cc iu kin sau y: (1) ng trn (ng trc) ca cc trc c ni trc tip vi nhau phi thng u khng c gy khc. ng tim ca cc trc ni vi nhau phi trng nhau, khng ph thuc vo cc ni cht, cng hay n hi. (2) Cc mt u ca trc ni vi nhau theo kiu ni cht song song vi nhau. Phi kim tra bng cch o khe h gia cc mt u trc. Khi o phi tho cc bu lng ni trc v cc na khp ra trong phm vi iu chnh. o tr s ca khe h ng trc v hng tm ti 4 im khi quay c 2 trc vi cc gc 90o, 120o, 270o, 360o. Kt qu o khng c chnh lch qu tr s cho trong bng nu. Khong cch gia cc mt u ca cc na, mt ghp phi c xc nh theo cc ch dn ca nh ch to, hoc theo cc khe h theo chiu trc rto cc my in ni vi nhau. (i). Cc l hai mt khp ni trng nhau. (ii). Cc ai c ca bu lng ni phi c hm li trnh t tho lng.

chnh xc khi gia cng cc trc ca khp ni pu-li v bnh rng, v vic lp ghp

chng ln trc my in phi ph hp vi tiu chun hin hnh ca nh nc v vi qui nh ca nh ch to.

Khi doa phi m bo ng tm ca l thng gc vi khp ni u trc.

rung cc trc ca ng c in khng c vt qu cc tr s:

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- Khi tc quay 3000 vng/pht l 0,05 mm - Khi tc quay 1500 vng/pht l 0,01 mm - Khi tc quay 1000 vng/pht l 0,13 mm - Khi tc quay 750 vng/pht l 0,16 mm 4.2. C gp in v b phn chi than. C gp in phi tun theo cc yu cu sau: - Mt c gp in phi lng bng. - C gp in khng c c vt xc, bavia (g).

Cc gi chi than ca cc my in c vn chuyn n di hnh thc tho ri, phi lp li ng theo hng dn ca nh ch to. Nu khng c th phi theo cc yu cu sau: (i) Khong cch gia cc gi chi than theo chu vi c gp c o theo cc mp chi than phi bng nhau. Sai s cc khong cch ny (ly tr s trung bnh) khng c php vt qu:

- 2% i vi cc my in di 200 kw. - 0,5% i vi my in trn 200 kw. (ii) Khong cch t mt c gp n vng chi than khng c ln qu 2 ~ 4 mm (tu theo ng knh c gp v kch thc chi than). Cc khong cch phi bng nhau c mp u v cui ca vng. Mt trong ca chi than phi phng, u v sch, khng c vt xc v g sc. (iii) Cc gi chi than phi t theo th t hnh c cho mt c gp mn u. Nh vy phi iu chnh cc chi than sao cho cc chi khc cc k tip nhau trt theo mt ng trn mt phng c ghp. (iv) Cc gi chi than kiu mp vt phi t sao cho khi my quay cc phin c gp chy hng v pha gc nhn ca chi.

Khi lp cc chi than vo gi , phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: (i) M hiu chi than phi ph hp vi s liu ca nh ch to vi kiu v tnh cht lm vic ca my in. (ii) Cn chi than phi lp theo vch du ca nh ch to, ng thi cc my in c cc ph th cc chi than phi t theo ng trung tnh. (iii) Cc chi than c th b lt vo vng chi than mt cch t do vi khe h 0,1 - 0,4 mm theo hng quay, v 0,2 - 0,5 mm theo hng ng tim ca c gp, cc my in khuch i cc khe h ca chi than trong cc vng khng c ln qu 0,08 - 0,1 mm theo hng quay v 0,15 - 0,2 mm theo hng tim c gp.

(iv) Cc chi than phi p st ton b mt tip xc ca chng vo c gp in.

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(v) p lc ca chi than ln c gp o bng lc k phi ph hp vi m hiu chi than (khong 150 - 250 g/cm2). ng thi p lc ca tng chi than khng c sai khc 10% so vi p lc trung bnh. (vi) Cc dy bn mm dn in ca chi than phi c lp chc vo cn gi chi than v chi than khng c x dch mt cch t do trong cc vng . (vii) Cc mp u (mp ti) ca chi than mi cn phi nm ln cnh bn ca phin gp.

Ton b b mt lm vic ca chi than phi p kht vo c gp in v p kht vo vng tip xc. Khng c treo lch ra ngoi mp c gp v vng tip xc, v phi tnh n khe h.

C cu nng chi than ca ng c khng ng b rto kiu cun dy, phi m bo ch nng c chi than ln sau khi ni tt cc vng tip xc. Phi nh du v tr khi ng v lm vic vo cn iu khin ca c cu nng chi than: 4.3. Thng gi bi trn

Cc v bn ca my in c thng gi cng bc phi c lp cht vi thn my. S r r khng kh nhng my c khng kh vo trong my v kh nng xut hin ng

nc phi khng ch ti mc ti thiu, do : a) Cc ng ng dn kh v cc ngn khng kh nng phi c cch nhit. V d: bng aming tm dy 5 mm v ngoi c bc tn tm. b) Tt c ch ni ca ng dn khng kh ... u phi c m lt bng da hay bng n dng nha gn cht chng ln mt trong cc mt bnh chn kn.

Cc b lm mt bng nc v tt c mi ng ng dn kh th p lc, khng c c hin tng r r. Tr s p lc nc th nghim phi l 3 at. v thi gian th nghim ko di 5 - 10 pht.

Cc b lc khng kh bng du phi c v sinh v tra du vislin hay du cc si (tu theo

cu to b lc) c cu cung cp du phi hot ng tt. Cc li lc khng c mc kt vo cc dn hng.

Cc thit b in lp ngoi tri phi c lp theo ng cc iu kin sau:

a) Cc dy dn to nn vng quang in phi ko cng, phi loi tr c s chn ng ca dy dn. b) Tt c cc v tr du ni v cc kp u dy phi c nh sch v ni chc, khng sinh ra tia la phng in trong khi thit b lm vic. c) Cc b phn kim loi khng mang in p ca thit b u phi c ni t chc chn.

Vic bi trn cc trt, phi tun theo cc iu kin sau: a) Phi dng du ho ra sch cc , sau dng du ra li tht kh ri mi du bi trn cho n du ca nh ch to vch trn knh kim tra mc du.

45

b) Loi du rt vo phi theo ng ch dn ca nh ch to. c) Du khng c r r ra ngoi trc. ng dn du v cc b phn khc ca h thng bi trn khng c du rt vo cun dy. d) Cc vng du bi trn phi quay u n khng c quay ngt qung v nm im.

Cc ln ca my in phi tra m bi trn y 2/3 dung tch ca . Loi m bi trn phi

theo ng cc iu kin lm vic ca cc . 4.4. Cc u dy ra v vo ngn. Cch sn. Cch k hiu.

Cc ch ni bn trong my in phi co sch v m thic cc mt tip xc. Ni kiu bulng phi c bin php hm khng c t ni lng.

Vic ni cc u dy ra ca my in vo li in phi ph hp vi s ni bn trong ca cc cun dy ca my v vi thit k. Cc y dy ra ca cc cun dy phi c k hiu r rng.

Cc ng c in ch quay mt chiu (khng c quay ngc) v cc c cu chuyn ng phi c mi tn ch r chiu quay. Cc my ng c qut gi vi cnh xin ch c quay theo chiu qui nh ca nh ch to.

Cc truyn ng bng dy curoa nh v dy curoa hnh thang, bnh rng khp ni v u trc phi c hp che hoc ro chn bo v.

Trong trng hp phi sa cha phc hi li my, th cc cun dy phi c qut sn cch in, cn cc u ni thanh dn bn trong my, phi qut sn bng sn men m hiu ca sn cch in phi chn ph hp vi ch dn ca nh ch to.

Trn thn my phi c k h