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TRANSCRIPT
Getting it Right! Drip Irrigation, Plant Selection, and Lowering Water Use
CLCA Landscape Industry Show Feb. 1, 2017
Chuck Ingels
Farm & Horticulture Advisor
UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County
http://ccag-eh.ucanr.edu
Special Thanks to: Dave Fujino, Loren Oki, and Lori Palmquist
Topics to be Covered
• Drip Tubing and Line Source Irrigation
• WUCOLS IV for Plant Water Use
• Calculating Run Times and Irrigation Frequency
• Lessons Learned with Sprinkler to Drip Retrofit
Topics to be Covered
• Drip Tubing and Line Source Irrigation
• WUCOLS IV for Plant Water Use
• Calculating Run Times and Irrigation Frequency
• Lessons Learned with Sprinkler to Drip Retrofit
Tubing Snaked to Plants Inefficient After Year 1
Tubing and Emitters
Standard tubing 18 mm (0.700”)
In-line emitter tubing (line source) 17 mm (.670”)
Tubing and Emitters
Standard tubing 18 mm (0.700”)
In-line emitter tubing (line source) 17 mm (.670”)
Maintenance issues acknowledged!
Standard 17 mm Barbed Fittings
Rainbird Fittings and Insertion Tool Compression
Locking
Universal Compression Fitting (Rainbird)
Fits .620" to .710" (16-18 mm)
Ream out smaller tubing
• Occasional disconnection issues over time
• Can avoid using 18 mm for delivery by using blank 17 mm tubing
In-Line Drip Tubing (Line Source)
(e.g., Netafim, Hunter, DIG)
Rainbird In-Line Drip Tubing
In-Line Tubing Vegetable Beds
Shut-off valve
Pulled aside for tilling
Line Source Drip Irrigation (More plants to come!)
Photo: Lori Palmquist
Line Source Drip Irrigation
• Parallel lines, uniformly wet soil
• Pressure compensating emitters molded into the wall of 17mm drip tubing
– Ensures consistent flow
• Emitters available at 12, 18, and 24” spacing
• Tubing available with 1.0 (0.9), 0.6, and 0.4 gph
– 0.9 gph has been the most common
– Very low flow 0.26 gph can also be ordered
Use supply and exhaust header (loop) (e.g., PVC pipes, 1/2” or 5/8” tubing)
From: Hunter Industries
Header to Ensure Adequate Pressure
Create Map!
Supply Header Buried PVC pipe to carry water to drip
lines
PVC Headers to Ensure Adequate Pressure
PVC to drip adapters
½”
¾”
Snaked Tubing Converted to Line Source
Is the ¾” PVC header big enough?
Water Movement in Soil
Sand Loam Clay
Wetted Area
12” spacing 8” spacing • Depends on Run Time • Greater underground
than on surface • 12” x 12” common but
usually not necessary
Soil Wetted Area Soil Type
Emitter Flow Rate (gal/hr) Diameter (ft) Area (ft2)
Sand
0.5
1.0
2.0
2 to 3
3 to 3.5
3.5 to 4
3 to 7
7 to 10
10 to 13 Sandy Loam
0.5
1.0
2.0
3 to 4.5
4.5 to 5
5 to 5.5
7 to 16
16 to 20
20 to 24
Loam
0.5
1.0
2.0
3 to 5
5 to 6
6 to 7
7 to 20
20 to 28
28 to 38 Clay Loam
0.5
1.0
2.0
4 to 6
6 to 7
7 to 8
13 to 28
28 to 38
38 to 50 Clay
0.5
1.0
2.0
5 to 7
7 to 8
8 to 9
20 to 38
38 to 50
50 to 64
Line Source, Max. Tubing Length
• Maximum length depends on emitter spacing and flow rate
• “Line source” (in-line emitters) - Generally:
– Maximum of 200 1-gph emitters from source
– Drip tubing should be no more than 400 ft. total
• Spaghetti tubing – 8 ft. max. length
• If more needed, consider adding another valve
Parallel Lines, Directing Around Stones
Air Relief Valve (Air Vent)
• Prevents “suckage” when system turned off
– Turn off drip water drains out the emitters to lowest point
• Air & dirt sucked in, dirt may clog
• Air gets sucked into ARV instead
• Place at highest point on tubing
• Not needed with built-in check valves
End Closures
Compression hose end plug with cap
Figure 8 end closure
Narrowing Bed and End Cap
End Cap in Box for Flushing
• Insert end cap(s) in drip system
– Use at far end(s) of zone
– Also used to flush system
• Attach & read pressure gauge
• For sloped ground, test at top and bottom
After Installation Verify Adequate Pressure in Drip Lines
Minimum Pressure Required for Drip (At the most distant emitter)
• Standard tubing = 10 psi
• With check valve:
–Netafim Techline CV = 15 psi
–Rain Bird & Hunter = 12 psi
Source: Ewing Irrigation
Retrofitting Sprinkler System to Drip System
• Use existing underground plumbing, ½” risers
• Choose sprinkler heads to convert to drip
• Replace heads with drip retrofit kit
• Cap risers not used, add end caps
• Turn on water to flush lines
• Attach ½” tubing or multi-outlet bubblers
Sprinkler Retrofit One method
Threaded
Slip
Rainbird Spray to Drip Conversion Kit
• Drip adapter (tee or elbow) • Kit with pressure regulator,
screen filter, and cap • Existing body (may come in kit)
Sprinkler System Riser Retrofit Multi-Outlet with ¼” Tubing
Adjustable flow
6 gph 10 gph
Sprinkler System Riser Retrofit Multi-Outlet Manifold for ¼” Tubing
(Orbit) (Agrifim)
(And many other companies)
Sprinkler System Riser Retrofit Multi-Outlet with ¼” Tubing
Tripping hazard!
In-Line and Plug Emitters ¼” Tubing - For pots, small plantings
New Installation ¼” Tubing
(Installation not yet complete) Does not allow for optimal root growth
Avoid This!
Topics to be Covered
• Drip Tubing and Line Source Irrigation
• WUCOLS IV for Plant Water Use
• Calculating Run Times and Irrigation Frequency
• Lessons Learned with Sprinkler to Drip Retrofit
Water Use Classification of Landscape Species IV: What is it and How Do I Use it?
Slides by Dave Fujino
Calif. Center for Urban Horticulture
WUCOLS IV
Turf = high water use
Medium water use plants
Low water use plants
Water Conservation Strategy = “hydrozone”
Tree
WUCOLS IV “Key” Points
1. A guide to plant water needs, not a method for estimating them.
2. Review process based on Qualitative Research approach.
3. Plant factors were made by consensus agreement of leading horticultural professionals.
4. Over 3,500 taxonomic plant groups used in Calif. Less than 5% of species have been evaluated through field research.
5. The “PLANT FACTOR” for MWELO water budget calculation shall be from WUCOLS.
“Simplified” Water Budget Equation for MWELO
Max. Applied Water Allowance (MAWA) = (ETo) (0.45 or 0.55) (LA) (0.62) ETo = Reference Evapotranspiration (in./year) LA = Landscaped Area (sq. ft.) 0.55 = ET Adjustment Factor (residential) 0.62 = Conversion factor (to gal.)
Maximum Applied Water Allowance = gallons/year
Est‘d. Total Water Use (ETWU) = ((Eto x PF) – Re) x (LA) x (0.62) / IE ETo = Reference ET data (in.) LA = Landscaped Area (sq. ft.) PF = Plant Factor 0.62 = Conversion factor (to gal.) Re = Effective rainfall (in.) IE = Irrigation Efficiency (depends on irrig. equipment)
Estimated Total Water use = gal./yr.
To be in compliance with MWELO, ETWU must < MAWA.
If not, adjustments to the landscape design or irrigation scheduling are required.
WUCOLS
(ETo) (.62) [(0.7 x LA) + (0.3 x SLA)]
(ETo) (0.62) [(0.7 x LA) + (0.3 x SLA)]
CCUH Role in the WUCOLS Update Process
• Gain DWR & horticultural industry support
• Hire former WUCOLS authors as consultants, Larry
Costello and Katherine Jones
• Six regional meeting process began late 2012 and ended
one year later
• WUCOLS IV plant database live in 2014
WUCOLS IV Sponsors
• Regional Water Authority (Northern California)
• American Society of Landscape Architects (CCASLA)
• Association of Professional Landscape Designers (APLD)
• American Society of Irrigation Consultants (ASIC; north and south)
• Cagwin & Dorward (N. Calif. landscape construction & maintenance)
• California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers (CANGC)
• California Landscape Contractors Association (CLCA State)
• California Landscape Contractors Association (San Diego Chapter)
• San Diego County Water Authority
• Water Forum
• Glenn Schmidt Landscaping, Inc.
• Department of Water Resources, Water Use Efficiency
• Data collected through a semi-structured group interview process
• Moderated by a group leader
• Emphasis on a specific topic
• Impressions were collected rather than numbers
Qualitative Research Process – Focus Groups
WUCOLS IV Regions
Members Affiliation
Bob Perry B. Perry Assoc.
Bart O'Brien Rancho Santa Ana BG
Ken Kammeyer KK Associates
Pam Pavela Western Municipal Water District
Ron Kammeyer KK Associates
Marilee Kuhlman Comfort Zones Garden Design
Dave Giddens Giddens Irrig. Design
Members Affiliation
Barrie Coate Coate and Associates
Nelda Matheny HortScience
Don Mahoney Strybing Arboretum
Dick Turner Pacific Horticulture
Nevin Smith Suncrest Nursery
Lori Palmquist Irrigation and Design Consultation
James MacNair MacNair & Assoc.
North Central
South Inland
Central Valley Members Affiliation
Lance Walheim L. Walheim Assoc.
Ellen Zagory UCD Arboretum
Karrie Reid UCCE
Cheryl Buckwalter Landscape Liasons
Taylor Lewis Cornflower Farms
Missy Gable CCUH
Members Affiliation Spencer Knight Palm Desert Diane Hollinger Palm Desert Randy Meyers RG Meyers & Nurseries Ray Lopez Ray Lopez and Associates Jeff Place College of the Desert Hudson Hale Horttech Landscape Construction Bob Perry B. Perry Associates
Members Affiliation Paul Redeker Cuyamaca College Megan Allison Mira Costa College Nan Sterman Garden Writer Dave Ehrlinger San Diego BG Jim Bishop SD Hort Soc. David Reed ASLA
South Coastal South Coastal (San Diego)
High/Low Desert
WUCOLS IV Regions
Members Affiliation Randy Baldwin San Marcos Growers Carol Bornstein LA Nat'l History Museum Kathy Musial Huntington BG Don Hodel UC Cooperative Ext. Mike Evans Tree of Life Nursery Kathy Copley Lightfoot Planning Group
Selection Criteria
• Professional diversity: Nursery professionals, landscape contractors & architects, botanical garden/arboreta staff members, consultants, academics
• We selected only the best "plant people" --- crucial to success
• Team size = 6 – 9 reviewers
1. WUCOLS IV website (http://ucanr.edu/sites/WUCOLS)
2. Search by region and city 3. Search:
a. Botanical name b. Common name c. Plant Type d. Water Use
4. Create your own list of “low” water use plants for your city 5. Save to an Excel file
Searchable Database
Categories of Water Needs
Category Abbreviation % of ETo
High H 70–90
Moderate/Medium M 40–60
Low L 10–30
Very Low VL < 10
Percent of ET Required
0 . 0 0
0 . 2 0
0 . 4 0
0 . 6 0
0 . 8 0
1 . 0 0
W
C
More Leaves & Growth High Expectations
Less Leaves & Growth Low Expectations
Turf
Tr-Sh-Gc
Copyright © 2010-2015 D. Shaw and D. Pittenger
Perennials
Topics to be Covered
• Drip Tubing and Line Source Irrigation
• WUCOLS IV for Plant Water Use
• Calculating Run Times and Irrigation Frequency
• Lessons Learned with Sprinkler to Drip Retrofit
Adapted from:
Drip Irrigation Determining Distribution Uniformity
and Irrigation Run time
Loren Oki Dept. of Plant Sciences and Dept.
Human Ecology UC Davis
Getting it Right! Drip Irrigation, Plant Selection and Lowering Water Use
Fair Oaks, CA October 4, 2016
Learning Objectives
• Measuring system performance
Determine application uniformity
(Distribution Uniformity, DU)
• Determining how long to irrigate
Calculating run time
• Determining when to irrigate
Calculating irrigation frequency
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
• Math is necessary to understand how to
irrigate accurately and comply with
MWELO
Distribution Uniformity
• Discussion focus:
Inline drip tube laid in a parallel pattern
(line source)
Under mulch
Distribution Uniformity
From: Netafim
Distribution Uniformity
From: Hunter Industries
Distribution Uniformity
From: Rain Bird
Credit: Irrigation Association
Landscape Irrigation Auditor
certification program
• Inspect the site
• Tune up the irrigation system
• Test the system
• Measure and calculate performance
• Interpret the information
Distribution Uniformity Site Assessment
From: Netafim
•Close to and far from valve
•Even pattern
•At least 24 containers
Distribution Uniformity Select emitters to measure
From: Netafim
•Dig under emitter
•Label & place container
•500 mL, 16 oz., pint, 2” PVC cap, etc.
•Set container under emitter
Distribution Uniformity Select emitters to measure
From: Netafim
•Turn on valve
•Collect water – Don’t overfill
•Turn off valve, note run time
•Our example will be 6 min
Distribution Uniformity Select emitters to measure
•Measure the volumes in each container
•Measure in mL (milliliters)
•Record the measurements
Photo: B. Baker
Distribution Uniformity Select emitters to measure
Distribution Uniformity
Calculating DU • Average of all (AvgT)
Distribution Uniformity
Calculating DU • Average of all (AvgT)
• Rank volumes
Distribution Uniformity
Calculating DU • Average of all (AvgT)
• Rank volumes
• Average of bottom ¼
(AvgLQ)
Distribution Uniformity
Calculating DU • Average of all (AvgT)
• Rank volumes
• Average of bottom ¼
(AvgLQ)
Distribution Uniformity
Calculating DU • Average of all (AvgT)
• Rank volumes
• Average of bottom ¼
(AvgLQ)
• DU = AvgLQ ÷ AvgT
Target • Minimum 70%
𝐴vgLQ
AvgT
205
229 = 0.89 (89%)
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Application Rate
• We need to know
Area irrigated (sq ft)
Total number of emitters in the
irrigated area
Emitter flow rate (gph)
Application Rate
• Example 1 Area irrigated (400 sq ft)
Total number of emitters in the
irrigated area (178)
Emitter flow rate (0.6 gph)
Area
no. emitters ⨯ flow/emitter ⨯ 1.604 Application Rate
= 0.43 inch/hr 178 ⨯ 0.6 ⨯ 1.604
400
=
Application Rate
• Example 2 First: Emitter flow rate based on DU assessment
Run time ⨯ 63.08
AvgLQ (ml) Flow per emitter =
= 0.61 gph 229
6 ⨯ 63.08
Application Rate
• Example 2 Emitter flow rate (0.6 gph)
18” emitter spacing on tube
18” spacing between tubes
Emitter spacing ⨯ line spacing
flow/emitter ⨯ 231.1 Application Rate
= 0.43 inch/hr 0.61 ⨯ 231.1
18 ⨯ 18
=
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Wetting Depth
• How deep to irrigate
Depends on plant types
– Trees, shrubs, ground covers, turf
– Typically, 36” 24” 18”, and 12”
– Drought tolerant or not
For our example of drought tolerant
shrubs, we’ll use 18”
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Plant Available Water
• How much water does the soil hold?
• Use chart
Need to know soil texture
• For this example: silty loam
PAW = 0.2
Soil Texture Available Water
in/in Infiltration
in/hr
Coarse to Moderately Coarse
Sand/fine sand 0.05 1.50 - 3.00
Loamy sand 0.07 1.00 - 2.00
Sandy loam 0.11 0.80 - 1.20
Medium
Loam 0.16 0.40 - 0.60
Silty loam/silt 0.20 0.25 - 0.50
Moderately Fine to Fine
Sandy clay loam 0.15 0.10 - 0.30
Clay loam 0.16 0.07 - 0.25
Silty clay loam 0.18 0.05 - 0.12
Sandy clay 0.12 0.08 - 0.20
Silty clay 0.15 0.05 - 0.15
Clay 0.14 0.05 - 0.10
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Scheduling Multiplier Must allow for non-uniform coverage (DU)
Scheduling Multiplier (𝑆𝑀) = 1
0.4 + (0.6 × 𝐷U)
= 1.07 1
0.4 + (0.6 × 0.89)
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Run time
Application rate (0.43 in/hr)
Wetting depth (18 in)
Plant Available Water (0.2 in)
Scheduling multiplier (1.07)
Run Time = Depth to wet × Plant Available Water
Application Rate× 𝑆𝑀 × 2
= 3.9 hrs (235 min.) 18 × 0.2
0.43 × 1.07 × 2
• This applies 1.68 in (.43 in/hr x 3.9 hrs)
Calculating Irrigation Frequency (Scheduling Irrigations)
• Things you know
– Distribution uniformity = 0.89 (89%)
– Application rate = 0.43 in/hr
– Run time = 3.9 hrs
– Total amount applied = 1.68 in
• This is how much to water
• Now we need to know when to irrigate
98
Calculating Run Time and Irrigation Frequency
• Distribution uniformity
How evenly water is applied
• Run time
Application rate
Wetting depth
Soil water holding (Plant Available Water)
Scheduling multiplier (DU isn’t perfect)
Run time
Irrigation frequency
Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
Climate (ETo)
Categories of Water Needs
Category Abbrev. % of ETo KL
High H 70–90 0.7 - 0.9
Mod./Medium M 40–60 0.4 - 0.6
Low L 10–30 0.1 - 0.3
Very Low VL < 10 <0.1
Categories of Water Needs
Category Abbrev. % of ETo KL
High H 70–90 0.7 - 0.9
Mod./Medium M 40–60 0.4 - 0.6
Low L 10–30 0.1 - 0.3
Very Low VL < 10 <0.1
Our example
Developing an Irrigation Schedule
• So,
– We know how much to apply (1.68 in)
– We have info about the climate
– We want to replace ½ of field capacity
• Then,
– We need to estimate when that amount of water is used
Calculating Irrigation Frequency (Scheduling Irrigations)
• Things you know
– Distribution uniformity = 0.89
– Application rate = 0.43 in/hr
– Run time = 235 min
– Total amount applied = 1.68 in
– Soil texture Sandy loam
• Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
• Climate (ETo)
103
Climate
CIMIS
C alifornia
I rrigation
M anagement
I nformation
S ystem
• Collects weather info • Estimates plant water use • More than 120 stations Water use data (ETo) are used with a crop or landscape coefficient (KL) to estimate site water use
http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/
105
ETo Zones Map
http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/Content/pdf/CimisRefEvapZones.pdf
Monthly Average ETo by Zones (in/mo)
http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/Content/pdf/CimisRefEvapZones.pdf
Monthly Average ETo by Zones (in/mo)
http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/Content/pdf/CimisRefEvapZones.pdf
Our example
Developing An Irrigation Schedule
• Landscape and plant coefficients (KL)
– For this example, KL = 0.4
• Climate (Water Use Rates)
– Example: July = 8.68 in/month
– ETo = 8.68 in ÷ 31 days = 0.28 in/day
Monthly Average Reference Evapotranspiration by ETo Zone (inches/month)
Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
14 1.55 2.24 3.72 5.10 6.82 7.80 8.68 7.75 5.70 4.03 2.10 1.55 57.0
Developing An Irrigation Schedule
• How fast is our landscape using water?
– ETL = ETday x KL
– ETday = 0.28 in/day
– KL = 0.4
ETL = 0.28 x 0.4 = 0.11 in/day
Developing An Irrigation Schedule
• Determine when to irrigate
– Irrigation application = 1.68 in
– ETL = 0.11 in/day
• Accumulate ETL daily
• When accumulated total reaches 1.68 in
• Irrigate!
110
Developing An Irrigation Schedule
Day Total ETL Day Total ETL
1 0.11 11 1.21
2 0.22 12 1.32
3 0.33 13 1.43
4 0.44 14 1.54
5 0.55 15 1.65
6 0.66 16 0.08
7 0.77 17 0.19
8 0.88 18 0.30
9 0.99 19 0.41
10 1.10 20 0.52
July
ETday = 0.28 KL = 0.4 ETL = 0.11 Irrig = 1.68
Irrigate
Start over
• For more accuracy
– Use actual daily ET
– Obtain from CIMIS
– Calculate & accumulate actual rather than historical ETL
– Can project ahead a few days
October
Day Total ETL
1 0.11
2 0.22
3 0.33
4 0.44
5 0.55
6 0.66
7 0.77
8 0.88
9 0.99
10 1.10
Developing An Irrigation Schedule
More Things to Consider
• Adjust controllers monthly
– Program for monthly changes in ETday
• Interval vs. duration
– DO NOT reduce run times
• Affects wetting depth
– If increase interval between irrigations
• May need to replace >half of soil’s field capacity
• Slightly longer run time
Topics to be Covered
• Drip Tubing and Line Source Irrigation
• WUCOLS IV for Plant Water Use
• Calculating Run Times and Irrigation Frequency
• Lessons Learned with Sprinkler to Drip Retrofit
“Ultra Water-Efficient Landscape” Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
Sprinklers Installed 12” pop-up heads
DU only 0.58 (non-uniform spacing)
Streams Blocked by Foliage
Retrofit to Line Source Drip Irrigation
Rainbird Retrofit Used
Rainbird Spray Head Cap For unused heads
Determining Flow Rate (per Valve) Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
Irrigated Area (sq ft) x 144
(Emitter Spacing x Line Spacing)
÷ 60 1320 x 144
(12 x 15)
÷ 60
= 17.6 gpm
(measured flow = 17.5 gpm)
x Emitter Flow Rate (gph)
x 1.0
• Previous sprinkler precip. rate: 0.9”
• Retrofit drip precip. rate: 1.3”
• Previous sprinkler flow rate: 11.5 gpm
• Retrofit drip flow rate: 17.6 gpm
Precipitation Rate and Flow Rate Previous Sprinklers vs. Retrofit Drip
• Previous sprinkler precip. rate: 0.9”
• Retrofit drip precip. rate: 1.3”
• Previous sprinkler flow rate: 11.5 gpm
• Retrofit drip flow rate: 17.6 gpm
Precipitation Rate and Flow Rate Previous Sprinklers vs. Retrofit Drip
High flow problem!
Pressure Loss in Pipe Speed limit of water (5 to 5.6 feet/second)
Source: RainBird
Pressure Loss in Pipe Speed limit of water (5 to 5.6 feet/second)
Source: RainBird
Pressure Loss in Pipe Speed limit of water (5 to 5.6 feet/second)
Source: RainBird
Pressure Loss in Pipe Speed limit of water (5 to 5.6 feet/second)
Source: RainBird
1” Pipe from Valve Changed to 1¼”
Thank you! Questions?
http://ccag-eh.ucanr.edu