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Westward Expansion
CAUSES OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
Oregon had fertile land
Texas was ideal for raising cattle and growing cotton
Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny
EFFECTS OF WESTWARD MOVEMENT
U.S. annexed TexasBritain and the U.S. divided the Oregon Territory
U.S. gained southwestern territory after Mexican WarU.S. made The Gadsen Purchase
Gold was discovered in California
Mormons sought a safe home
The U.S. stretched “from sea to shining sea”Cotton Kingdom spreads
By the time you are finished studying By the time you are finished studying this unit you should understand this unit you should understand
the following ideas: the following ideas:
The period from 1790-1850 is defined by The period from 1790-1850 is defined by growth of territory and federal powergrowth of territory and federal power
There were significant changes ushered in There were significant changes ushered in by the first presidential administrationsby the first presidential administrations
Not everyone benefited Not everyone benefited from the nation's growth from the nation's growth
Westward Expansion AKA
“Manifest Destiny”
DEFINITIONS…DEFINITIONS…
““Clear or obvious”Clear or obvious”
MANIFEST:MANIFEST:
DESTINY:DESTINY:““Something that is sure to happen”Something that is sure to happen”
MANIFEST DESTINY:MANIFEST DESTINY:““Belief that the United States had the right to all Belief that the United States had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,
and was destined to own it” and was destined to own it”
Many Americans saw the Many Americans saw the culture and democratic government culture and democratic government
of the U.S. as the best in the world of the U.S. as the best in the world
The U.S. had the right and duty to spread its ruleThe U.S. had the right and duty to spread its rule
Many Americans believed that they were better Many Americans believed that they were better than the Native Americans and Mexicansthan the Native Americans and Mexicans
RacismRacism and and ethnocentrismethnocentrism justified taking over justified taking over lands belonging to the Natives and Mexicanslands belonging to the Natives and Mexicans
WHAT? MORE DEFINITIONS?WHAT? MORE DEFINITIONS?
““Hatred or intolerance of another race”Hatred or intolerance of another race”RACISM:RACISM:
ETHNOCENTRISM:ETHNOCENTRISM:
““Belief in the superiority of one’s Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture” own ethnic group or culture”
““The tendency to view alien groups or cultures The tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own”from the perspective of one's own”
““The idea that one's own race is The idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others”superior and has the right to rule others”
The
Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
In 1795, In 1795, Spain signed a Spain signed a
treaty with treaty with Napoleon Napoleon
Bonaparte , Bonaparte , the ruler of France, the ruler of France,
giving the giving the Louisiana Territory Louisiana Territory
back to back to FranceFrance
President Thomas Jefferson President Thomas Jefferson feared that Napoleon might feared that Napoleon might
attempt to build an empire attempt to build an empire in North Americain North America
Jefferson wanted to be sure Jefferson wanted to be sure that Americans would always that Americans would always
be able to ship their goods be able to ship their goods through the port of through the port of
New Orleans New Orleans
Jefferson offered Napoleon $2 million Jefferson offered Napoleon $2 million for New Orleans and was willing to offer for New Orleans and was willing to offer
as much as $10 million as much as $10 million
Napoleon needed money to finance his wars in Europe, Napoleon needed money to finance his wars in Europe, so offered ALL of the so offered ALL of the
Louisiana Territory for $15 millionLouisiana Territory for $15 millionDOUBLING THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES!
Did the U.S. Constitution give Jefferson the Did the U.S. Constitution give Jefferson the power to purchase this land from Napoleon?power to purchase this land from Napoleon?
CONSTITUTIONALITY?CONSTITUTIONALITY?
Jefferson had a very strict interpretation of the Constitution Jefferson had a very strict interpretation of the Constitution and believed strongly in a small Federal governmentand believed strongly in a small Federal government
CONSTITUTIONALITY?CONSTITUTIONALITY?
Jefferson reasoned that Jefferson reasoned that he COULD purchase he COULD purchase
the territory because the the territory because the Constitution specifically Constitution specifically
allows the President allows the President to make treaties to make treaties
Lewis and Clark
Expedition
Few Americans knew anything about Few Americans knew anything about the Louisiana Purchase Territory the Louisiana Purchase Territory
Jefferson chose Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to explore the landWilliam Clark to explore the land
In May of 1804, In May of 1804, Lewis and Clark began their Lewis and Clark began their
expedition from St. Louisexpedition from St. Louis
Sacajawea, a Shoshone native Sacajawea, a Shoshone native woman, offered to guide the woman, offered to guide the
explorers across the mountains explorers across the mountains and translate with other nativesand translate with other natives
On November 7, 1805, On November 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark reached Lewis and Clark reached
the Pacific Oceanthe Pacific Ocean
Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia by C.M. Russell
The War of 1812
Britain was at war with France in EuropeBritain was at war with France in Europe
The U.S. as a neutral power, had the right to trade with bothThe U.S. as a neutral power, had the right to trade with both
““War Hawks” in Congress wanted war with Britain:War Hawks” in Congress wanted war with Britain:Land hunger – Canada?Land hunger – Canada?
Britain was interfering with American tradeBritain was interfering with American trade
British Royal Navy was impressing American sailorsBritish Royal Navy was impressing American sailors
British were supporting hostile Natives in Spanish-owned FloridaBritish were supporting hostile Natives in Spanish-owned Florida
MILITARY CAMPAIGNSMILITARY CAMPAIGNSAmerican three-pronged American three-pronged
attack on Canada:attack on Canada:Niagra, Detroit, Lake ChamplainNiagra, Detroit, Lake Champlain
Failed due to American incompetenceFailed due to American incompetence
U.S. naval victories on U.S. naval victories on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain Lake Erie and Lake Champlain
prevented British prevented British counter-attackscounter-attacks
British Royal Navy British Royal Navy overwhelmed the small overwhelmed the small
American navy and blockaded American navy and blockaded the entire eastern coastlinethe entire eastern coastline
Americans burn York Americans burn York (now Toronto)(now Toronto)
MILITARY CAMPAIGNSMILITARY CAMPAIGNS
4,000 British troops 4,000 British troops attacked Washington, D.C. attacked Washington, D.C.
and and burned the U.S. Capitol and burned the U.S. Capitol and
White HouseWhite House
Americans held out at Americans held out at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Fort McHenry, Baltimore, where Francis Scott Key where Francis Scott Key
wrote “The Star Spangled wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” during the British Banner” during the British bombardment of the fortbombardment of the fort
WAR’S CONCLUSIONWAR’S CONCLUSION
Napoleon abdicated in Napoleon abdicated in April 1814, leaving America April 1814, leaving America
alone to fight the Britishalone to fight the British
Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war in December, 1814Ended the war in December, 1814
Returned all land to pre-war claimsReturned all land to pre-war claims
Recognized pre-war Recognized pre-war U.S / Canadian borderU.S / Canadian border
Nothing was settledNothing was settled
"A Hundred Years Peace" The signature of the Treaty of Ghent between Great Britain
and the United States of America - 24 December 1814
BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANSBATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
Took place on January 8, 1815 Took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle and was the final major battle
of the War of 1812 of the War of 1812
American General Andrew Jackson American General Andrew Jackson defeated invading British forces defeated invading British forces
attacking New Orleansattacking New Orleans
The battle took place after the The battle took place after the treaty of peace was signed because treaty of peace was signed because the news did not reach New Orleans the news did not reach New Orleans
until February, 1815until February, 1815
General Andrew Jackson oversees the defense of New Orleans against British attack, January 8, 1815.
Jackson's resounding victory in the war's largest battle propelled him all the way to the White House.
Adams-Onis Treaty
(1821)
The U.S. was having The U.S. was having many conflicts with the many conflicts with the
Seminole natives in Seminole natives in Spanish-owned FloridaSpanish-owned Florida
President James Monroe purchased President James Monroe purchased Florida from Spain for $5 millionFlorida from Spain for $5 million
Spain needed the money to fight the Spain needed the money to fight the Mexican War of Independence Mexican War of Independence against the people of Mexicoagainst the people of Mexico
Which Spain would lose later in 1821… Which Spain would lose later in 1821… allowing the U.S. to later bully a allowing the U.S. to later bully a
weak new Mexican governmentweak new Mexican government
The Monroe
Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. Stated that the U.S. would not interfere in would not interfere in
the affairs of European the affairs of European nations or European nations or European
colonies in the Americascolonies in the Americas
Warned European Warned European nations not to interfere nations not to interfere
with Latin Americawith Latin America
Britain supported the Britain supported the statement, and with its statement, and with its
strong navy, could strong navy, could enforce the doctrineenforce the doctrine
Indian Removal Act
(1830)
A controversial law signed by A controversial law signed by President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson in which Native Americans in which Native Americans were forced to sign treaties were forced to sign treaties
agreeing to move west agreeing to move west of the Mississippi River of the Mississippi River
Most whites at the time Most whites at the time thought that land was only thought that land was only a vast desert and a vast desert and
didn’t want itdidn’t want it
In the 1830’s, some 100,000 In the 1830’s, some 100,000 natives were driven from natives were driven from
their homes and forced west their homes and forced west by the U.S. governmentby the U.S. government
THE TRAIL OF TEARSTHE TRAIL OF TEARS
In 1838, the Cherokees and other tribes In 1838, the Cherokees and other tribes were forced at gunpoint to move west were forced at gunpoint to move west
The Cherokees and others The Cherokees and others trekked hundreds of miles westtrekked hundreds of miles west
Many suffered from exposure, Many suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while disease, and starvation while heading west and many diedheading west and many died
4,000 of the 15,000 Cherokees forced west died 4,000 of the 15,000 Cherokees forced west died during this long, sorrowful journey that during this long, sorrowful journey that
became known as the “Trail of Tears”became known as the “Trail of Tears”
Texas Annexation
Hundreds of Americans began Hundreds of Americans began moving into the Mexican province moving into the Mexican province
of Texas led by Stephen Austinof Texas led by Stephen Austin
Mexican Dictator Mexican Dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna demanded that the Americans demanded that the Americans
obey Mexican laws:obey Mexican laws:
No slaveryNo slavery
Convert to Roman CatholicismConvert to Roman Catholicism
Limits on American settlementLimits on American settlement
American settlers, led by Sam Houston, American settlers, led by Sam Houston, revolted and declared Texas to revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic be an independent republic
(the Lone Star Republic) in (the Lone Star Republic) in March, 1836March, 1836
Santa Anna led the Mexican army Santa Anna led the Mexican army against the Alamo in San Antonio, against the Alamo in San Antonio,
killing every one of it’s outnumbered killing every one of it’s outnumbered Texan defenders Texan defenders
Including Including
Jim Bowie Jim Bowie and and
Davy CrockettDavy Crockett
“The Fall of the Alamo” by Robert Jenkins, depicting Davy Crockett in a charge at the Mexican troops who have breeched the walls of the Spanish mission
“You May Take Our Lives, But You Will Never Take Our Freedom” by Kirk Stirnweis
Shouting, “Remember the Alamo,” Shouting, “Remember the Alamo,” Sam Houston led a Texan counterattack at the Sam Houston led a Texan counterattack at the
Battle of San Jacinto River on April 21, 1836 Battle of San Jacinto River on April 21, 1836
The Texans killed and captured hundreds of The Texans killed and captured hundreds of Mexican soldiers, and defeated Santa Anna’s forces Mexican soldiers, and defeated Santa Anna’s forces
in 18 minutes while only losing nine Texans in 18 minutes while only losing nine Texans
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty to recognize the independence of Texas to recognize the independence of Texas
The U.S. Congress voted to annex Texas in 1845The U.S. Congress voted to annex Texas in 1845
Oregon Country
President James Polk President James Polk negotiated a settlement negotiated a settlement with Britain to divide the with Britain to divide the Oregon Territory Oregon Territory at the 49 at the 49thth parallel parallel
Over 5,000 Americans Over 5,000 Americans caught “Oregon Fever” caught “Oregon Fever” and traveled 2,000 miles and traveled 2,000 miles
over the Oregon Trailover the Oregon Trail
The Mormons
The Church of the The Church of the Latter-Day Saints Latter-Day Saints
was founded by Joseph was founded by Joseph Smith, and were unpopular Smith, and were unpopular
with non-Mormonswith non-Mormons
After Smith was killed by an After Smith was killed by an angry mob in Nauvoo, Illinois, angry mob in Nauvoo, Illinois,
Brigham Young led 15,000 Brigham Young led 15,000 Mormons to Salt Lake City, Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah to seek a safe homeUtah to seek a safe home
The
Mexican American
War (1846 – 1848)
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846 to 1848
in the wake of the U.S. annexation of Texas in the wake of the U.S. annexation of Texas
Mexico claimed ownership of Texas Mexico claimed ownership of Texas and refused to recognize the secession and refused to recognize the secession
American General Zachary American General Zachary Taylor seized disputed Taylor seized disputed
territory which was territory which was claimed by Mexicoclaimed by Mexico
U.S. stated that the border U.S. stated that the border was the Rio Grande Riverwas the Rio Grande River
Mexico stated that the border Mexico stated that the border was the Nueces River 150 was the Nueces River 150
miles to the northmiles to the north
The U.S. declared war after a The U.S. declared war after a border clash stating that border clash stating that
“American blood was “American blood was shed on American soil” shed on American soil”
U.S. captured Mexico City in September, 1847U.S. captured Mexico City in September, 1847
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848
Mexico recognized Rio Grande as the border of TexasMexico recognized Rio Grande as the border of Texas
The U.S. took possession of California and New Mexico The U.S. took possession of California and New Mexico (The Mexican Cession - 1/5 of Mexico’s land – 500,000 square miles)(The Mexican Cession - 1/5 of Mexico’s land – 500,000 square miles)
The U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico for these territoriesThe U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico for these territories
CASUALTIES:CASUALTIES:
Total Killed: Total Killed: 13,00013,000
AmericanAmerican MexicanMexicanTotal Killed: Total Killed:
25,000?25,000?
Died in Battle: Died in Battle: 1,700 (1.5%)1,700 (1.5%)
Died in Battle: Died in Battle: 5,000?5,000?
Died of Disease: Died of Disease: 11,300 (10%)11,300 (10%)
Died of Disease: Died of Disease: ? ?
Deserted / Defected: Deserted / Defected: 9,000 (8.3%)9,000 (8.3%)
Wounded: Wounded: 4,000 (12%)4,000 (12%)
Wounded: Wounded: ??
Deserted / Defected: Deserted / Defected: ? ?
The Battle of Chapultepec
The Battle of Monterrey
The Battle of Veracruz
The American Occupation of Mexico City
California Gold Rush
(1848-1849)
James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill in the James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill in the new U.S. territory of California on January 24, 1848new U.S. territory of California on January 24, 1848
In 1849, 80,000 people emigrated to In 1849, 80,000 people emigrated to California in hopes of striking it rich California in hopes of striking it rich
Gadsden Purchase
(1853)
The Gadsden Purchase was The Gadsden Purchase was a 29,670 square-mile a 29,670 square-mile region of what is today region of what is today
southern Arizona southern Arizona and southwestern New and southwestern New
MexicoMexico
The land was purchased in a treaty The land was purchased in a treaty signed by President Franklin signed by President Franklin Pierce for $10 million in 1853Pierce for $10 million in 1853
The purchase was named for The purchase was named for James Gadsden, James Gadsden,
the American ambassador to Mexicothe American ambassador to Mexico
The land was purchased since it was south of the The land was purchased since it was south of the mountains and would be suitable for the construction mountains and would be suitable for the construction
of the transcontinental railroad along a southern route of the transcontinental railroad along a southern route
The
End