gerunds a gerund is a verbal that

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Gerunds

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the

other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since agerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example:subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.

Gerund as subject:

Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)

The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been

removed.)

Gerund as direct object:

They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)

They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)

Gerund as subject complement:

My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)

My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as object of preposition:

The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)

The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun

phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressedin the gerund, such as:

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.

Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.

Finding (gerund)a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.

I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.

my (possessive pronoun adjective form, modifying the gerund)

offering (gerund)you (indirect object of action expressed in gerund)

this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject complement.

Newt's favorite tactic has been lying to his constituents.

lying to (gerund)

his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition for.

You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.


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faking (gerund)an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.

Being the boss made Jeff feel uneasy.

Being (gerund)the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)

Punctuation

A gerund virtually never requires any punctuation with it.

Points to remember:

1. A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun.

2. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).

3. Gerunds and gerund phrases virtually never require punctuation.

Simple Present Tense

I

sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subjec

t

+ auxiliary

verb

+ main

verb

do base

There are three importantexceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we adds to the main verb ores to the auxiliary.

3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject auxiliary verb mainverb

+ I, you, we,

they

like coffee.

He, she, it likes coffee.

- I, you, we,they

do not

like coffee.

He, she, it does not

like coffee.

? Do I, you, we,they

like coffee?

Does he, she, it like coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject main verb

+ I am French

.You, we,

they

are French

.


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He, she, it is French.

- I am no

t

old.

You, we,they

are not

old.

He, she, it is no

t

old.

? Am I late?

Are you, we,they

late?

Is he, she, it late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

the tense which you use to refer to events, actions and conditions which are happening all the time, or exist now

We use the simple present tense when:

the action is general the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future

the action is not only happening now

the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.

past present future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present andfuture.

Look at these examples:

I live in New York.

The Moon goes round the Earth.

John drives a taxi.

He does not drive a bus.

We do not work at night.

Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can

use the simple present tense to talk aboutnow. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple presenttense - some of them aregeneral, some of them are now:

Am I right?

Tara is not at home.You are happy.

past presen

t

future

The situation is now.

I am not fat.Why are you so beautiful?

Ram is tall.

past present future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.


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How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, butthe simple past tense is the one we use most often.

In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, followed by a quiz to check yourunderstanding:

To make the simple past tense, we use:

past form only

or

auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of thepast form andbase form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

V1base V2past V3past participle

regularverb

work

explod

e

like

worked

explode

d

liked

workedexploded

liked

The past form for all regularverbs ends in -ed.

irregular

verb

go

see

sing

went

saw

sang

gone

seensung

The past form for irregular

verbs is variable. You need tolearn it by heart.

You do not need the past participle form to

make the simple past tense. It is shown herefor completeness only.

The structure forpositive sentences in the simple past tense is:

subjec

t

+ main

verb

past

The structure fornegative sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject

+ auxiliaryverb

+ not

+ mainverb

did base

The structure forquestion sentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliaryverb

+ subject

+ mainverb

did base

The auxiliary verb didis not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the baseform and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbsgo andwork:

subjec

t

auxiliary

verb

main

verb

+ I went to school.

You worked very hard.

- She did no

t

go with me.

We did not

work yesterday.


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? Did you go toLondon?

Did they work at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they

were); and we do notuse an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the

subject and verb. Look at these examples:

subject main verb

+ I, he/she/it was here.

You, we,they

were inLondon.

- I, he/she/it was no

t

there.

You, we,

they

were no

t

happy.

? Was I, he/she/it right?

Were you, we,they

late?

The term curriculum vitae comes from the Latin Curriculum (course) and Vitae (life): The course of ones life."It is vitae (not vita) because "life" in the phrase "course of life" ... is in the genitive singular.... - Eric Daniels,

CVtips.com

A Curriculum Vitae (CV) resembles a resume in many ways, but is more specifically focused onacademic achievements. A CV summarizes educational and academic history, and may include details about

teaching experience, publications (books, articles, research papers, unpublished manuscripts, or book chapters),andacademic honors and awards. Use a CV rather than a resume for teaching or research opportunities, applying for

fellowships or for further academic training. Some research positions in industry may also prefer a CV rather thana resume CVs are frequently longer than resumes, since the emphasis is on completeness rather than brevity.While there is no single correct format or style for writing a CV, the following types of information are generally

included, and typically organized in this way:

CV

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,search

This article is about curriculum vitae. For the analogue synthesizer protocol, see CV/Gate.

A curriculum vitae (loosely translated as course of life) provides an overview of a person's life and qualifications.

The CVis typically the first item that a potentialemployerencounters regarding the job seeker and is typicallyused to screen applicants, often followed by an interview, when seekingemployment. A shorter alternative is

simply vita, the Latin for "life". In popular usage curriculum vit is often written "curriculum vitae". The plural ofcurriculum vit is formed following Latin rules of grammar as curricula vit (meaning "courses of life") not

curriculum vita (meaning ~ "curriculum life"). The form vit is thegenitiveof vita, and so is translated "of life".In current usage curriculum is less markedas a foreignloanword, and so the plural of curriculum on its own is

sometimes written as "curriculums",

[1]

rather than the traditional curricula;

[2]

nevertheless, the phrase"curriculums vita" is avoided, because vita remains strongly marked as a foreign loanword.

Usage

The purpose of the CV is to seek an interview for a prospective job application. There are a few companies thatprefer not to receive a CV at all in application, but rather produce their own application form which must be

completed in applying for any position. Of those, some also allow applicants to attach a CV in support of theapplication. The reason some companies prefer to process applications this way is to standardize the informationthey receive, as there can be many variables within a CV and, therefore, the company often does not get all the

information they require at application stage.[3]

In the United States and Canada, a CV is expected to include a comprehensive listing of professional history

including every term of employment, academic credential, publication, contribution or significant achievement. In

certain professions, it may even include samples of the person's work and may run to many pages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV/Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-AHD-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-AHD-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-OED-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV/Gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-AHD-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-OED-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-2


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In theEuropean Union, there has been an attempt to develop a standardized CV model known asEuropass (in2004 by theEuropean ParliamentandEuropean Commission) and promoted by the EU to ease skilled migrationbetween member countries, although this is not widely used in most contexts.

A standard British CV might have the following points[4]

Personal details at the top, such as name in bold type, address, contact numbers and, if the subject hasone, an e-mail address. Photos are not required at all, unless requested. Modern CVs are more flexible.

A personal profile, written in either the first or the third person, a short paragraph about the job seeker.

This should be purely factual, and free of any opinion about the writer's qualities such as "enthusiastic","highly motivated", etc.

A bulleted list of the job seeker's key skills or professional assets alone is somewhat unsophisticated

A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's educational qualifications and work experience,

including his or her current role. The CV should account for the writer's entire career history. Thecareer history section should describe achievements rather than duties. The early career can these days

be lumped together in a short summary but recent jobs should illustrate concept, planning, achievement,roles.

A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's educationortraining, including a list of his or her

qualificationssuch as his or her academic qualifications (GCSEs,A-Levels,Highers,degreesetc.) and

his or her professional qualifications (NVQs and memberships of professional organizations etc.). If thejob seeker has just left the place of education, the work experience and education are reversed.

Date of birth,genderif you have an ambiguous first name, whether you have a driving licenseused to be

standard - but nothing is required and you should not waste space on trivia. An employer requestingdate of birth and gender needlessly could find itself on the losing side of recentanti-discrimination

legislation.

The job seeker's hobbies andinterests(optional)

There are certainfaux pasfor CVs:

The CV being longer than two full sheets of paper. (This rule does not apply to academic positions, for

which the CV normally includes a complete list of publications and major conference papers. CVs for

positions in postsecondary teaching, research, and academic administration may be of any length.) Writing anythingpejorative about other persons or businesses.

If applying for a specific position, omitting a covering letterexplaining one's suitability.

Implying skills which one does not have.

As with rsums, CVs are subject to recruiting fads. For example,

In German-speaking countries, a picture was a mandatory adjunct to the CV for a long time.

Indian employers prefer lengthy rsums.

Including a photograph of the applicant is strongly discouraged in the U.S. as it would suggest that an

employer would discriminate on the basis of a person's appearance age,race,sex,attractiveness, or

the like. The theatre and modeling industries are exceptions, where it is expected that rsums will

include photographs; actors refer to such photos ashead shots. In Korea, rsums always include a picture of the applicant, and other information, such as religion,

Resident registration number (South Korea), family information, military information (for men), and

other information often regarded as personal information in the west.

When listing non-academic employment in the U.S., the newest entries generally come first (reverse

chronological).

The use of an "objective statement" at the top of the document (such as "Looking for an entry-level

position in stores") was strongly encouraged in the U.S. during the mid-1990s but fell out of favor by thelate-1990s. However, with the avalanche of rsums distributed via the Internet since the late 1990s, an

"objective" and/or "skills summary" statement has become more common to help recruiters quicklydetermine the applicant's suitability. It is not prevalent elsewhere.

In the 1980s and early 1990s in the U.S., the trend was to not allow a rsum to exceed one page in

length. In the late 1990s, this restriction fell out of vogue, with two- or even three-page rsums

becoming common.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_(Scottish)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_pashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_pashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_registration_number_(South_Korea)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_(Scottish)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_pashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attractivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_registration_number_(South_Korea)


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In Canada, byCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, applicants may refuse to put down race,

national or ethnic origin, colour, sex, age or mental or physical disability on the resume even if theemployer instructed the applicants to do so.

Definition

A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something.Features

The topic is usually about the attributes of a thing.

Third personpronounforms are used.

Examples (English)

Requirements for employment

The appearance of a person

The details of a location

Sources

Larson 1984366

Longacre 198310

CLAUSE

Definition: A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a proposition and typically consists

of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a completesentence on its own.

When I heard the disturbance,

I dropped the files

that I had been examining,

then ran out into the corridor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Larson1984.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Larson1984.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Longacre1983.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Longacre1983.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Larson1984.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/Longacre1983.htm

gerunds a gerund is a verbal that

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