germany energy transition and superconductivity-noe-2014!06!25

7/21/2019 Germany Energy Transition and Superconductivity-Noe-2014!06!25

1/55

KITUniversity of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

Institute for Technical Physics

www.kit.edu

The Energy Transition in Germany Objectives,Status and Prospects for Superconductivity

Mathias Noe, Institute for Technical Physics, KIT, Germany

cole Polytechnique Montral, June 25th2014


2/55

Institute for Technical Physics2

Table of Content

Major Objectives of the German Energy Transition

Status of Renewable Energy Generation

Major Challenges

Direct Consequences

Motivation and Prospects for Superconductivity

Summary

25.06.2014 M. Noe, The Energy Transition in GermanyObjectives, Status and Prospects for Superconductivity


3/55


German Energy Transition Main Objectives

25.06.2014

23,92013

By 2050 renewable energies will be the major energy source in Germany.

M. Noe, The Energy Transition in GermanyObjectives, Status and Prospects for Superconductivity


4/55


German Energy Transition Main Objectives

25.06.2014

Germany is gradually shutting down all nuclear power plants



5/55


Table of Content

25.06.2014


Status of Renewable Energy GenerationMajor Challenges

Direct Consequences


Summary



6/55


German Energy Transition - Situation

25.06.2014

Growth in onshore and offshore wind power generation in Germany from 1990

to 2013 Source: IWES Wind Energy Report 2013

In 2013 installed wind power capacity of 34.2 GW and a limited increase of 2.5 GW/a.



7/55



25.06.2014

Total onshore wind power generating

capacity in Germany in 2013 in differentpostcode regions.

Source: IWES Wind Report 2013

Expansion plans 2023 by stateSchleswig Holstein 13 GW

Lower Saxony 14.2 GW

Mecklenburg-West Pomerania 8.4 GW

North Rhine Westphalia 10.3 GWSaxony Anhalt 5.4 GW

Brandenburg 8.1 GW

Saxony 1.4 GW

Thuringia 6.4 GW

Hesse 3.4 GW

Rhineland Palatinate 6 GW

Saarland 0.5 GW

Baden-Wrttemberg 4.4 GW

Bavaria 4.0 GW

Others < 1 GW

More than 80 GW of installed wind power capacity by 2023



8/55



25.06.2014

Development of Photovoltaics

Installedcapacityperyea

rinMWhpeak

Source: Statistics Solarwirtschaft 2013

45 115 113 147660

930 8501270

1940

3800

7400 7500 7600

3300

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Total installed Capacity 2013 36 GWp

PV Electricity Gen. 2013: 30 Mrd kWh

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

In 2013 installed photovoltaic capacity of 36 GW with 30 Mrd. kWh per year.



9/55



25.06.2014

Distribution of installed photovoltaic generation in Germany in kWp/km

Most of the photovoltaic generation is installed in southern Germany in contrast to wind

energy that is concentrated in the northern parts of Germany.

Sorce: Vorstudie zur Integration groer Anteile

Photovoltaik in die elektrische Energieversorgung

Studie im Auftrag des BSWBundesverband

Solarwirtschaft e.V. Ergnzte Fassung vom

29.05.2012 , Fraunhofer IWES



10/55

Institute for Technical Physics10 25.06.2014


Number of Generation Units (Status 2013)

Source: BNetzA-Kraftwerksliste Okt. 2013,

EEG-Anlagenregister Juni 2013

799

23160

1331581

143488333

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

Conv. Power

Generation

Wind onshore Photovoltaic Biomass Others

Most of the renewable energy generation is installed in the low voltage grid.



11/55



Installed Capacity for Electricity Generation in Germany in 2013

Quelle: Daten aus Monitoringbericht Bundesnetzagentur 2013

27239

24911

21238

12068

9240

4082

806

3092

35000

32005

5997

3873

1393

806

508535

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Natural gas

Black coal

Brown coal

Nuclear

Pumped hydro

Mineral oil

Waste not renewable

Others not renewable

Photovoltaic

Wind Onshore

Biomass

River water

Stored water (wihout punped hydro)

Waste renewable

Wind OffshoreOther renewables

Total not Renewable 102.676 MW

Total Renewable 80.768 MW

Soon the installed capacity of renewable energies will exceed conventional capacity



12/55



19.7%

25.8%

15.4%

23.4%

5.2%

10.5%Black Coal

Brown Coal

Nuclear

Renewables

Oil, Pumped and Others

Natural Gas

Electricity Generation in Germany in 2013 (629 Mrd. kWh)

Source: BDEW, AG Energiebilanzen, Dezember 2013

Waste 0.8%

PV 4.5%Water 3.4%

Biomass 6.8%

Wind 7.9%

Renewable energies have nearly reached 25% of electricity generation in 2013.



13/55


German Energy Transition Future Scenario

25.06.2014

Share of electrictity generation in scenario 2011 A

Renewable HydrogenEuropean Exchange

Photovoltaic

Wind Power

Geothermal

WaterBiomass

CHP (gas, coal)

Natural gas, Oil

Brown Coal

Black Coal

Nuclear PowerElectricityGenerationinTWh/a

Source: Langfristszenarien und Strategien fr den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Bercksichtigung der Entwicklung

in Europa und global, Schlussbericht, BMU - FKZ 03MAP146, 2012

Most of the conventional electricity generation is expected to be replaced by wind power.



14/55


Table of Content

25.06.2014



Major Challenges

Direct Consequences


Summary



15/55


Balancing volatile energy generation and demand to secure supplystability

30

20

10

January

25

15

5

35

GW

July

30

20

10

25

15

5

GW

Generation of Photovoltaic and Wind Power in Germany in 2013 in GWData from transmission system operators

35

Long times with lowgeneration

Fast and steepchanges

Sharp PV peaks

German Energy Transition - Challenges



16/55


Economically extending the energy infrastructure to betterintegrate renewables and storage solutions

Balancing volatile energy generation and demand to secure supply

stability

Increase in Electromobility(Projected production of EVs from 2012-2016)

Source: Roland Berger, E-Mobility Index Q1-2014

Grid Extension in Germany

Source:den

aVerteilnetzstudie2012

km

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Low Voltage MediumVoltage

HighVoltage

HighVoltage

Modification

2015

2020

2030

Country Domestic Production Evs/PHEVs (1000 units)




17/55


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Non-used energy in GWh

Days with actions

Developing more efficient energy storage solutions and energyefficient processes to significantly reduce CO2emissions.

Economically extending the energy infrastructure to better integrate

renewables and storage solutions

Balancing volatile energy generation and demand to secure supply

stability

Source: 50 Hertz Almanac 2013

Non-used Renewables




18/55


Table of Content

25.06.2014



Major Challenges

Direct Consequences


Summary



19/55


Consequences Grid Extension

Network Grid Extension Plan 2024

o More than 2000 km new DCtransmission lines

o More than 3000 km new AC

lines in existing corridors

o Appr. 500 km new AC lines withnew corridors



20/55


Consequences - Energy Reliability

25.06.2014

Quelle: Bundesnetzagentur, Monitoringbericht 2013

Electricity supply outages according to 52 EnWG

Up to now we see no influence on energy reliability.

Minutes

Medium

voltageLow voltage



21/55


Consequences Electricity Exchange

25.06.2014

Source: Agora Energiewende

There is a considerable increase in energy import and export to our neighbours.


NetherlandsFranceDenmarkAustria

Sweden

Suisse

Poland

Czech Rep.


22/55


Consequences Electricity Trade

25.06.2014

There are already situations with negative electricity price.

Phelix Day Base in/MWh

Phelix Day Base is the

average price of the hours 1

to 24 for electricity traded on

the spot market. It is

calculated for all calendar days

of the year as the simpleaverage of the auction prices

for the hours 1 to 24 in the

market area Germany/

Austria disregarding power

transmission bottlenecks.

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10



23/55


Consequences - Energy Cost

25.06.2014

Tax

DuesNetwork

Energy generation

and distribution

29,38

Quelle: Bundesnetzagentur, Jahresbericht 2013

Development of electricity cost for private households in Germany in ct/kWh

There is a considerable increase in electricity cost.



24/55


Table of Content

25.06.2014



Major Challenges

Direct Consequences


Summary



25/55


Motivation

Superconductivity enables

Highest current densities at

zero DC resistance and at high magnetic fields



26/55


Motivation




25.06.2014

Impact on Power Applications

Improved energy efficiency

Application examples Lossreduction

Generators (some MVA)Generators (> 100 MVA)

30-40 %40-50 %

Transformers stationary

Transformers mobile

~ 50 %

80-90 %

Magnetic heating ~ 50 %

Magnetic separation > 80 %

HTS currents leads 70-80 %

HTS high field magnets > 90 %



27/55


Motivation




25.06.2014



Higher power density

Volume and weight reduction

Generators 30-50 %Transformers 30-50 %

Cables > 50 %



28/55


Motivation




25.06.2014



Higher power densityNew technologies

Superconductivity facilitatesSuperconducting fault current limiters

Fault current limiting systems

Superconducting magnetic energy

storage



29/55


Motivation




25.06.2014




Higher power quality

Higher power qualityLow impedance of superconducting

power equipment

High short-circuit capacity of grids

with fault current limiters

Fast compensation of disturbances

with superconducting magneticenergy storage



30/55


Motivation




25.06.2014




Higher power quality

Environmently friendly

Liquid nitrogen

is used as cooling liquid and electrical

insulation

easily available

inflammable



31/55


Benefits of Superconducting Cables

25.06.2014

Cable laying

Less space

Reduced cable laying effort

Environment and Marketing

No electromagnetic fields outside and ground heating

High energy and ressource efficiencyOperation

Lower impedance

at no-load smaller voltage increase (Ferranti effect)

lower voltage drop (Higher power quality)

Operation with natural load

Higher transmission capacity

at lower voltage (Substitute high voltage)

at same dimensions (Right of way, retrofit)



32/55


LN2

HTSElectric

Insulation

Thermal

Insulation

LN2

Cu sheet

HTS

Former

Coaxial

design

3 phase

concentric design

3 in 1 design

Different Types of Superconducting Cables

These types enable applications from medium voltage up to high voltages.

Pictures: Courtesy Nexans

High voltage Medium voltage Medium to high voltage



33/55


State-of-the-Art of Superconducting Cables

25.06.2014

Project Country1) Manufacturer Year2) Rating Length HTS

Albany US Sumitomo 2006 34.5 kV, 800 A 350 m BSCCO

Columbus US Ultera 2006 13.2 kV, 3 kA 200 m BSCCOGochang Korea Sumitomo 2006 22.9 kV, 1.25 kA 100 m BSCCO

Gochang Korea LS Cable 2007 22.9 kV, 1.25 kA 100 m BSCCO

LIPA I US Nexans 2008 138 kV, 1.8 kA 600 m BSCCO

Russia VNIIKP 2009 200 m BSCCO

LIPA II US Nexans 2011 138 kV, 1.8 kA 600 m YBCO

Ichon Korea LS Cable 2011 50 MVA, 22.9 kV 410 m YBCO

Gochang Korea LS Cable 2011 1 GVA, 154 kV 100 m YBCO

Yokohama Japan Sumitomo 2012 200 MVA, 66 kV 200 m BSCCO

Ampacity Germany Nexans 2014 40 MVA, 10 kV 1000 m BSCCO

Jeju Korea LS Cable 2014 500 MVA, 80 kV-DC 500 m YBCO

Jeju Korea LS Cable 2015 600 MVA, 154 kV 1000 m YBCO

Hydra US Ultera 2015 13.8 kV, 4 kA 170 m YBCO

Under detailed planning

St. Petersburg Russia FGC UES - 20 kV, 2.5 kA DC 2500 m -

Amsterdam Netherlands Ultera - 50 kV 6000 m -

Chungjun Korea LS Cable - 22.9 kV ~1000 m YBCO

Daegu Korea LS Cable - 1 GVA, 154 kV 3000 m YBCO

In total far more than 10 years of total grid operation. No cable degradation observed.

1) Country of installation

2) Year of first grid connection


Table considers last ten years, lengths of more than 100 m and real grid connections


34/55


Opportunities of AC Superconducting Cables

25.06.2014

Grid Concept with Conventional

HVCables

HV bus

MV bus

HV UGC

MV UGC

Bus tie (open)

Superconductivity enables a much smaller footprint and economic application in urban

areas.

110 kV

10 kV

40 MVA 40 MVA

40 MVA

Grid Concept with HTS

MVCables

10 kV

40 MVA 40 MVA

40 MVA



35/55


Ampacity Project - Overview

Objectives

Built and test a 40 MVA, 10 kV, 1 km superconducting cable incombination with a fault current limiter

Project partners

RWE, Nexans, KIT

Budget

13.5 Mio.

Duration

Sept. 2011- Feb. 2016

25.06.2014

Funded by:



36/55


Ampacity Project

25.06.2014

Conventional Situation in Essen HTS Cable plus FCL Situation in Essen

A transformer and a high voltage cable can be replaced by a medium voltage HTS cable

in combination with a fault current limiter.



37/55


Ampacity Project Cable Space Comparison

25.06.2014

The 40 MVA HTS cable fits into a conventional duct with a diameter of 150 mm.



38/55


Ampacity Project Cable Route in Essen

25.06.2014

Luftbild: "Darstellung aus HK Luftbilder / Karten Lizenz Nr. 197 / 2012 mit Genehmigung

vom Amt fr Geoinformation, Vermessung und Kataster der Stadt Essen vom 13.02.2012"

Technical specification

- 1 km distance between substations- 10 kV system voltage

- 2.3 kA operating current (40 MVA)

Substation

Dellbrgge

Cable Joint

Substation

Herkules



39/55


Ampacity Project Cable

25.06.2014

DielectricFormer

Screen

Outer LN2Cooling

Cable Cryostat

Inner LN2Cooling

Phase 1 Phase 2Phase 3


The three phase concentric design offers lowest thermal losses and lowest amount of

superconductors.


40/55


Ampacity Project Cable Terminal


The terminal is a complete new design and even more compact than high voltage

terminals.


41/55


Ampacity Project Cooling

25.06.2014

Pressure

Built-Up

HTS Cable

SFCL

VacuumPump

lN2Storage

Tank

CirculationPump

> 4 kW cold power at 67 K> Subcooled pressurized nitrogen

> Forced flow in closed circuit


The cooling system choosen offers highest reliability and lowest cost.


42/55


Ampacity Project


Official start of field test at April 30. 2014.


43/55


Ampacity Project Fault Current Limiter

25.06.2014

Parameter Value

Rated power 40 MVA

Rated voltage 10 kV

Rated current 2.3 kA

Lightning impulse withstand

voltage75 kV

Power frequency withstandvoltage

28 kV

Prospective peak short circuit

current50 kA

Prospective short circuit current 20 kA

Limited peak short circuitcurrent

< 13 kA

Limited short circuit current < 5 kA

Limitation time 100 ms



44/55


Normal Operation Short Circuit


45/55


Ideal Fault Current Limiter

Fast short-circuit limitation

No or small impedance at normal operation

Fast and automatic recovery

Fail safe

Applicable at high voltages

Cost effective

limited

Normal Operation Short-Circuit

Time

unlimited

Current

Normal Operation Short Circuit


46/55






Fail safe


Cost effective

limited


Time

unlimited

Current

Normal Operation Short-Circuit Recovery


47/55






Fail safe


Cost effective

limited


Time

unlimited

Recovery

Current

RecoveryNormal Operation Short-Circuit


48/55






Fail safe


Cost effective

Recovery

limited

SCFCL


Time

unlimited

Current


49/55


Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Economic Benefits

Delay improvement of components and upgrade power systemse.g. connect new generation and do not increase short-circuit currents

e.g. couple busbars to increase renewable generation and keep voltage

bandwiths

Lower dimensioning of components, substations and power systems

e.g. FCL in power system auxiliary

Avoid purchase of power system equipment

e.g. avoid redundant feeders by coupling power systems

Increase availibity and reliability

e.g. by coupling power systems

Reduce losses and CO2emissions

e.g. equal load distribution with parallel transformers


There are a number of economic applications.


50/55


Different FCL Types

25.06.2014

Shielded iron coreInductive

No current leads to low

temp.

Fail safe

High volume

High weight

HTScoil

Cu coil

Iron core

Resistive type

Simple concept

fail safe

compact, low weight

Current leads to low

temp.

Cryostat

LN2

HTSModule

Current

leads

DC biased iron coresaturated iron core

no SC quench

immediate recovery

adjustable trigger current

High volume and weight

High impedance at normal

op.

L1 L2

Bsat

BGrid BGrid


It depends on the specification which type fits best.


51/55


State-of-the-Art of SCFCL

25.06.2014

Lead Company Country/Year 1) Type Data 2) Phase Superconductor

CAS China / 2005 Diode bridge 10.5 kV, 1.5 kA 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

CESI RICERCA Italy / 2005 Resistive 3.2 kV, 220 A 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

Siemens / AMSC D / USA / 2007 Resistive 7.5 kV, 300 A 1-ph. YBCO tape

LSIS Korea / 2007 Hybrid 24 kV, 630A 3-ph. YBCO tape

Hyundai / AMSC Korea / 2007 Resistive 13.2 kV, 630 A 1-ph. YBCO tape

KEPRI Korea / 2007 Res.-hybrid 22.9 kV, 630 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk

Innopower China / 2008 DC biased iron core 35 kV, 90 MVA 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

Toshiba Japan / 2008 Resistive 6.6 kV, 72 A 3-ph. YBCO tape

Nexans SC D / 2009 Resistive 12 kV, 100 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk

Zenergy Power USA / 2009 DC biased iron core 12 kV, 1.2 kA 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

Zenergy Power USA / 2010 DC biased iron core 12 kV, 1.2 kA 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

Nexans SC D / 2009 Resistive 12 kV, 800 A 3-ph. Bi 2212 bulk

Nexans SC D / 2011 Resistive 12 kV, 800 A 3-ph. YBCO tape

Innopower China / 2010 DC biased iron core 220 kV,300 MVA 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

ERSE I / 2010 Resistive 9 kV, 250 A 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

ERSE I / 2010 Resistive 9 kV, 1 kA 3-ph. YBCO tape

KEPRI Korea / 2010 Resistive 22.9 kV, 3 kA 3-ph. YBCO tape

AMSC / Siemens USA / D / 2012 Resistive 66 kV, 1.2 kA 1-ph. YBCO tape

Innopower China / 2012 DC biased iron core 220 kV, 800 A 3-ph. Bi 2223 tape

Nexans SC EU / 2012 Resistive 24 kV, 1005 A 3-ph. YBCO tape

1) Year of test

2) 3-Ph. : Phase-phase voltage

1-Ph. : Phase-ground voltage



52/55


State-of-the-Art of SCFCL (Nexans SC)

25.06.2014

12 kV, 800 A

Bi 2212 bulk

12 kV, 100 A

Bi 2212 bulk

12 kV, 400 A

Bi 2212 bulk

11/2009 201110/2009

Bi 2212 bulk

Commercial Projects

10 kV, 600 A

YBCO tapes

10 kV, 2.3 kA

YBCO tapes

20 kV, 1 kA

YBCO tapes

10/2011 2012 2013

YBCO tapes

www.eccoflow.org



53/55


Opportunities for SCFCL

25.06.2014

Transmission network (e.g. 380 kV)

Sub-transm.

Network

(e.g. 110 kV)

Sub-transm.

Network

(e.g. 110 kV)

Sub-transm.

Network

(e.g. 110 kV)

FCL FCL

FCL

FCL

FCL

FCLFCL

FCL

FCL

FCL

7

8

6 FCL

9 9

1

2

5

10

11

3

4

FCL

1 Generator feeder

2 Power station auxiliaries3 Network coupling

4,5 Bus tie

6 Shunting current limiting reactor

7 Transformer feeder

8 Outgoing feeder

9 Combination with SC cables

10 Coupling local generating units

11 Closing ring circuits

Source:Noe, M.; Oswald, B.R., Technical and economical benefits ofsuperconducting fault current limiters in power systems, IEEETrans. Appl. Supercon. Vol. 9/2, June 1999, pp. 13471350



54/55


Table of Content

25.06.2014


Status of Renewable Energy GenerationMajor Challenges

Direct Consequences


Summary



55/55

Summary

The Energy Transition in Germany results in

Massive increase of volatile renewable generation (80%)Need for new network technology at all voltage levels

Superconducting cables and medium voltage fault current limiters are

ready for first commercial installations

Many thanks for your attention!

Merci pour votre attention!

germany energy transition and superconductivity-noe-2014!06!25

Documents