EMPEROR CHARLES V1. Holy Roman Emperor2. Austrian Habsburg lands3. Bohemia4. Hungary5. Low Countries6. Southern Italy7. Spain

Goals of Charles V1. Keep control over huge empire2. Maintain Catholicism in empire

1. THE FRENCH

2. THE PAPACY

3. THE TURKS

4. INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN GERMANY

Francis I of France –> great rival to Charles V The Habsburg-Valois Wars Charles expected support from the pope to

put down Lutheranism in Germany -> pope is afraid of Charles’ power in Italy -> joins with Francis I and France

The Ottoman Turks1. new threat to Charles in the East2. Suleiman the Magnificent – sultan of the

Ottomans = greatest of the Ottoman leaders3. turks conquer Hungary -> move into Austria -> threaten Vienna -> stopped in 1529

By 1530 Charles V is ready to try to deal with Germany 1. hundreds of little states

2. opposed a strong emperor The Schmalkaldic League = alliance of

German Protestant princes The Schmalkaldic Wars PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555 Charles steps down as Holy Roman Emperor

and retires -> divides his empire in half1. brother Ferdinand – Germany2. son Philip – Spain and everything else

The Reformation started as a religious or spiritual conflict

Leads to political conflict = THE WARS OF RELIGION

The Reformation and Lutheranism spreads out of Germany and into1. Denmark2. Sweden3. Norway

Switzerland – 13 self governing cantons ULRICH ZWINGLI = brings the Reformation

to Switzerland Relics and images abolished, paintings and

decorations removed from churches, Mass replaced, music removed from services, monasticism abolished, worship of saints, abolished, pilgrimages abolished, clerical celibacy abolished, papal authority rejected

THE MARBURG COLOQUY 1529 Swiss Civil/Religious War 1531

The most radical/different of the Protestants1. Rejected infant baptism/only adult baptism2. Return to the spirit, practices of early church3. Strict equality and democracy in church4. Election of ministers5. Complete separation of church and state6. Refused to hold political office7. Refused to serve in military

MUNSTER -> “the New Jerusalem” JOHN OF LEIDEN MILLENARIANISM Menno Simmons -> the Mennonites and

Amish