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Germanic

Generative

Syntax

Newsletter

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Vol. 11, No. 2

Fall, 1995

Published by:

Rutgers-The State University of New JerseyDepartment of Linguistics18 Seminary PlaceNew Brunswick, NJ 08903USA

MASTHEAD

Editor-in-Chief: Ken Safir, Department of LinguisticsRutgers University. 18 Seminary Place, New Brunswick,New Jersey 08903, USAsafir@cancer.rutgers.edu

American Editor: Gert Webelhuth, Department of LinguisticsUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599webelhuth@unc.edu

Internet Editor: Beatrice Santorini, Department of LinguisticsNorthwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-4090b-santorini@nwu.edu

WWW Editor: Arild Hestvik, Department of Linguistics andComparative Literature,University of Bergen,Syndnesplassen 7,N-5007 Bergen, NorwayArild.Hestvik@foli.uib.no

Australian Editor: Alan Libert, Department of Linguistics,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle,New South Wales 2308, Australialnarl@cc.newcastle.edu.au

European Co-Editors:

Ad Neeleman, OTS/University of Utrecht, Trans 10,NL-3512 JK Utrecht, The Netherlandsad.neeleman@let.ruu.nl

Jan Wouter Zwart, Institute of General Linguistics,University of Groningen, P.O. Box 716, NL-9700 ASGroningen, The Netherlandszwart@let.rug.nl

Editorial Assistant: Joyce Ahmed, Department of Linguistics

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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill***

CONTENTS

HOW TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE ELECTRONIC EDITION OF GGSNHOW TO ACCESS THE GGSN WORLD WIDE WEB SITEA NOTE FROM THE EDITORSCONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTSWINTER SCHOOL ANNOUNCEMENTOTHER ANNOUNCEMENTSCONFERENCE REPORTSPAPER ABSTRACTSBOOK ABSTRACTSTHESIS ABSTRACTSSPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHYRELEVANT ARTICLES IN ANTHOLOGIES, JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, etc.GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY***

HOW TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE ELECTRONIC EDITION OF GGSN

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Please don't hesitate to let me know if you have any problems.

Beatrice Santorinib-santorini@nwu.edu***

HOW TO ACCESS THE GGSN WORLD WIDE WEB SITE

The Department of Linguistics and Comparative Literature and the Section forComputing Services at Faculty of Arts, University of Be rgen, now m aintains aWWW-server containing the bibliographies accumulated over the years by theGGSN. The URL is:

http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/I/fonetikk/GGdb.html

So far, the material is so sparse that we present the text as FTP- orGOPHERable. Plans are underway, however, to implement a search function asthe bibliographical material (surely) grows.

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Arild Hestvik, WWW Editor of GGSN***

A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS

We are happy to announce that the GGSN team has grown since we published ourlast edition in the Spring. We warmly welcome Arild Hestvik and Alan Libertwho have generously offered their volunteer services to the newsletter. Arildhas put in place a world wide web site that will archive the informationcontained in GG SN, which promises to make it much easier to find informationfrom old editions. Please check out the site by pointing your web browsersto the address listed in Arild's announcement above. Alan helps with the h eavytask of systematically screening all the recent journals for abstracts andbibliographical information about the most recent publications on Germanicsyntax. We wish to thank both for their contrib utions and would like to takethis opportunity to encourage those of you who have ben efitted from thenewsletter to consider donating a little bit of your time for a year or twoto the GGSN as well. The newsletter is a strictly volunteer ope ration that cancontinue to exist as long as there are one or two handfuls of people who arewilling to put a day or two of work into it twice a year. Judging by thesubscription numbers the field seems to value the service the newsletterprovides. Please send an email to any of the editors to find out how youmight lend a helping hand. Thank you!

Please note that Beatrice Santorini now mails the electronic version of thenewsletter through a listserv. This way new subscriptions and changes inelectronic addresses don't have to be processed by h and any more. Pleasefollow the instructions mentioned at the top of the newsletter for how tosubscribe to the newsletter or have your address changed instead of sendingus your new address in an email message. This saves us a lot of time. Thankyou! There seem to be remarkably few problems with the delivery of theelec tronic version of the newsletter, at least few that we have heard about.In case one of your friends or colleagues complains that they did not receivetheir i ssue even though they subscribed, please have them send an email to theinternet editor. We usually try to resend mail that doesn't go through, butsometimes we just can't figure out why the mail bounces back and we have togive up. We try to conduct as much business over the net as possible, bothbecause it saves time and because it saves money. (In fact, there arelong-term plans in the works to publish the newsletter only electronically.)If you receive a paper copy of the newsl etter, pl ease consider switching froma subscription to the paper copy to a subscription of the elec tronic version.To cast our net as wide as possible, before future issues we will post amessage to Linguist List and send a message to each of our email subscriberswith the invitation to submit material for the next newsletter. Our recentpost to Linguist List brought in a lot of material as well as many newsubscribers, who we wish to welcome at this point! Occasionally we can twistsomebody's arm and have them put together a special bibl iography on some topicof general inter est. In the present issue we are happy to present abibliography on works on Frisian. We would like to thank Eric Hoekstra andWillem Visser for compiling the bibliography and making it available to us.We are always on the lookout for other features that our readership might beinterested in. If you have a hot idea, please send us an email. Finally, weare delighted to announce that in no small part due to the enthusiasmexpressed by the readers of GGSN, Kluwer has announced that it will publisha new jo urnal on Germanic Linguistics. The following is taken from apromotional flyer:

CALL FOR PAPERS

The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics

Edited by Kenneth J. Safir, Rutgers University Gert Webelhuth, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics provides a platform fordiscussion of theoretical linguistic research into the modern and olderlanguages and dialects of the Germanic family. Contributions that establishrobust empirical generalizations within a formal theory of grammar thatpermits precise discussion are wel come. The empirical range of the work mayeither involve cross-linguistic comparison within the Germanic language f amilyor elucidate issues in Germanic linguistics through the exemplary analysis ofone Germanic lang uage. Papers dealing mostly with modern English are requiredto have strong cross-Germanic implications.

The areas of linguistics to be covered include Syntax, Morphology, Phonology,Semantics, and Pragmatics. The journal will be published three times per yearin English. Squibs, replies, book and dissertation reviews as well asresearcher profiles will be included.

The details of manuscript submission are currently being worked out, butreaders who are interested in submitting a manuscript are encou raged tocontact one of the journal editors immediat ely to esta blish contact with thejournal. Gert and Ken would like to express their sincere gr atitude to all thereaders and other editors of GGSN who have supported this project. Merry Christmas and Happy Hanukkah, and be productive!

Gert Webelhuth(for the editors)***

CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS

Final Announcement: Sept. 1995, GLAC2The 2nd Germanic Linguistics Annual ConferenceThe Annual Conference of the Society for Germanic Philology

to be held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

The conference committee invites abstracts for thirty (30) minute papersin all areas of Germanic linguistics and philology. Topics include but arenot limited to:

Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Philology,Syntax, Morphology, Phonology, Phonetics, Cognitive Grammar,Yiddish, Netherlandic, Scandinavian, German, English

Invited SpeakersJames Milroy, MichiganEllen Prince, PennsylvaniaRobert Stockwell, UCLA

Abstracts will be evaluated anonymously by a panel. Please send:- 5 hard copies of a 1-page abstract (12-point font), 1.5 or 2-spaced.Include the title of the paper, but not the author's name.- a 3x5 card with the author's name, paper title, address (incl. phone, fax,email).

April 26-28, 1996; Friday morning-Sunday middayThe Conference will be held in the Wisconsin Center, overlooking LakeMendota.Modestly priced lodgings have been reserved at Lowell Hall, a block away.

For further information and to join our mailing list (electronic and USMail), contact: GLAC Committee German Department 818 Van Hise

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1220 Linden Drive University of Wisconsin MADISON, WI 53706-1558

Phone: (608) 262-2192 Fax: (608) 262-7949 Email: rhowell@macc.wisc.edu; jsalmons@facstaff.wisc.edu

Deadline for Abstracts: December 31***

18th annual meeting of the German Association for Linguistics ("DGfS")

Special Topic: Spoken and Written Language ("Sprache und Schrift");12 work groups in total, of which 5 will be on the special topic

Feb.28 - March 1, 1996

Freiburg, Germany (Black Forest)

Registration: Bernd Kortmann - DGfS 96 - Englisches Seminar I Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Rempartstr. 15 79085 Freiburg Germanyemail: dgfs96@sun2.ruf.uni-freiburg.de(for questions only, no registration via email!)

Conference fee: DGfS member with income 30,-DM DGfS member without income 10,-DM Non-member with income 40,-DM Non-member without income 20,-DM

For hotel rooms contact: Freiburg Wirtschaft und Touristik GMbH Postfach 1549 79015 Freiburg Germany Tel.: +49-761 / 3689032***

THE XIth COMPARATIVE GERMANIC SYNTAX WORKSHOP

Rutgers University, November 3-4, 1995

November 3, Friday - Student Center

9:15 Opening Remarks

9:30 "C-Subject (Non-)Adjacency in the Germanic Languages", Eric Haeberli,University of Geneva

10:20 "Definiteness, Case and the Licensing of Possesso rs", Goe rel Sandstroem,University of Umeaa and Anders Holmberg, University of Tromsoe

11:10 Coffee Break

11:30 "The Optionality of Particle Shift", Peter Svenonius, University ofTromsoe

12:20 Lunch

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2:00 "Predicate Inversion in Nominal Phrases", Hans Bennis, HIL Leiden,Norbert Corver, CLS Tilburg and Marcel den Dikken, HIL Amsterdam

2:50 "Are There V2 Relative Clauses in German?", Hans-Martin Ga ertner,Max-Planck-Gesellschaft - Berlin

3:40 Coffee Break

4:10 "Optimal Questions", Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, OTS Utrecht

5:00 "Partial Wh-movement and Optimality", Gereon Mueller, University ofTuebingen

8:30 Party, Winants Hall

November 4, Saturday - Brower Common

9:45 "Aspects of the ̀ Stem Construction' in Yiddish", Molly Diesing, CornellUniversity

10:35 Coffee break

10:50 "Primitives of Pronominal Anaphora: Acquisition Evidence from Dutch",William Phillip and Peter Coopmans, Research Institute for Language andSpeech, Utrecht University

11:40 "Pseudo-Reciprocity", William Phillip and Martin Everaert, ResearchInstitute for Language and Speech, Utrecht University

12:30 Lunch

2:00 "Ne gation Positions as Word Order Triggers in Older West Germanic", Ansvan Kemenade, Vrije Universiteit (HIL)

2:50 Coffee Break

3:05 "`Passive' Infinitives and the licensing of pro-Subjects", Marga Petter,Vrije Universiteit (HIL)

3:55 "SVO and EPP in Null Subject Langua ges and Germanic", Artemis Alexiadou,Berlin and Elena Anagnostopoulou, University of Tilburg

4:45 Coffee Break

5:00 "Pronoun Clustering and Adjacency Effects: A Comparative Study of Germanand Hebrew", Christopher Laenzlinger and Ur Shlonsky, University of Geneva

5:50 "Free Agr! Parameterization in Germanic Morphosyntax", JonathanBobaljik, Harvard University/McGill University***

Workshop Groningen 2 7-28 November, 1995: "Yiddish in Medieval andPost-Medieval Perspective".

MONDAY 27:

W. van Bekkum (Groningen), "Observations on the sociohistory of medievalYiddish"M. Aptroot (Harvard), "Yiddish-Romance cultural contacts"R. Fuks (Amsterdam), "Early Dutch-Yiddish literature"Sh. Berger (Amsterdam), "Yiddish literature in the 18th century - the caseof Abraham Levy of Amsterdam"A. Zwiers (Amsterdam), "Typology of Yiddish and Judezmo"

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TUESDAY 28:

H. Meijering (Amsterdam), "Methodology and ideolog: contin uity anddiscontinuity in the historical relationship of German and Yiddish"W. Abraham (Groningen), "C ompara tive Grammar of Medieval German and Yiddish"A. Verschik (Tallin/Estonia), "Yiddish research in Estonia today"Tj. de Graaf (Groningen), "The study of Yiddish in St. Petersburg"Th. Wicherkiewicz (Poznan)," Yiddish studies in Poland today"R. Nieuweboer (Groningen), "The Slavonic element in Yiddish and Siberian LowGerman"*****

WINTER SCHOOL ANNOUNCEMENT

The Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics (LOT) wishes to announce itsWinter School for graduate students in Linguistics, which will be held between8 and 21 January 1996, Utrecht, The Netherlands. This year's Winter Schoolwill be hosted by the Research Institute for Language and Speech (OTS), andthe Center for Language and Communication (CLC) Utrecht, The Netherlands

For further information concerning the organization, please send emailto: lot@let.ruu.nl, or phone 31-30-2536006.***

OTHER ANNOUNCEMENTS

LILA, an electronic mailing list for LINGUISTS IN ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGEDEPARTMENTS, has been founded to promote di scus sion of professional issuespertaining to this group, and to provide a forum for ideas and approaches mostreadily associated with the practice of linguistics outside of linguisticsdepartments. Possible topics include, but are not limited to:

- contrastive grammar- descriptive linguistics- linguistic approaches to literature- corpus linguistics- translation theory- philology- historical linguistics- paleography- foreign language pedagogy

To subscribe, send the message subscribe lila <firstname> <lastname>to the address LISTSERVER@LISTS.ACS.OHIO-STATE.EDUFor further inquiries please contact Gregor Hens at hens.1@osu.edu.***

The Society for Germanic Philology has established a URL:

http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/german/sgp/

We currently have information on the upcoming Germanic Languages AnnualConference (and other conferences), a copy of our current and recent pastnewsletter, contents of the f orthcoming issue of the "American Journal ofGermanic L inguistics & Literatures", as well as information on the Society andhow to join.*****

CONFERENCE REPORTS

11th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop -- Rutgers University

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Reviewer: Marcel den Dikken

The eleventh edition of the Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop was held atRutgers University, New Brunswick (NJ). CGSW11 brought together a collectionof papers of r emarkably high quality, in a friendly and interactiveatmosphere.

The workshop was opened by a talk by Geneva's Eric Haeberli on the(im)possibility of inserting adverbial material between Comp (lexicalcomple mentiser or finite verb in V2 constructions) and the subject inGermanic. The Germanic languages turn out to differ rather subtly in thisdomain (Dutch versus West Flemish; Swedish v ersus Da nish), in ways thatHaeberli sought to relate to independent differences between the languages inquestion, such as the (im)possibility of licensing null expletives in SpecIPand the nature of the agreement system.

Goerel Sandstroem presented resu lts of research conducted by AndersHolmberg and herself on the syntax of def initeness, Case and possessors innorthern Scandinavian dialects, which feature intriguing possessive DPs likeboexa haens Viktor `(lit.) trousers-Def his V iktor' and haens Viktor boex`(lit.) his Viktor trousers', i.e. Viktor's trousers. Their account built onLongobardi's analysis of possessive DPs in Indo-European and Semitic, andpostulated an AgrGP (genitival agreement phrase) in the DP structure, rightbelow D's projection.

Peter Svenonius' talk addressed the optionality of parti cle shift (John put{on} a hat {on}). In a very interesting presentation, Svenonius outlined aHale/Keyser type analysis of particles as transitive prepositions thatincorporate their complement (the Ground argument), thereby acquire aD-feature, and can thus have the Extended Projection Principle (operativewithin small c lausal Agr Ps) satisfied by raising to the SC's Agr head. Thebasic idea is that particle shift is optional because both the particle (bymoving to Agr) and its subject (by moving to SpecAgrP) can satisfy the EPP inan equally economical way. Svenonius also analysed the subtle differenceswithin Scandinavian with regard to particle placement in great detail, arguingfor a connection between the structure that Kayne (1993) has assi gned toperiphrastic perfective constructions and that of verb-particle constructions.Svenonius' study of particle constr uctions was the first in many years to comeup with a variety of novel observations in this empirical domain -- like, forinstance, the fact that there is a difference between periphrastic passivesand s-passives in Swedish regarding the (im)possibility of particle placementto the left of the verb (cf. hunden blev utkastad ̀ the dog was out-thrown' vs.??hunden utkastades), and the fact that "the waiter wiped the dust off" and"the waiter wiped the table off" (with Figure and Ground arguments realised,respectively) behave differently with regard to particle shift in Norwegianand Icelandic (the latter allowing for ̀ inner particle' o rders only, while theformer feature the familiar particle-placement differential).

Marcel den Dikken reported the outcome of ongoing research together withHans Bennis and Norbert Corver on the structure of DP-internal predicationconstructions with leftward predicate movement, including the "N of a N"construction (a hell of a problem) and what-exclamatives and interrogatives(what a problem! and Dutch wat voor een probleem ?). The pa per paid specialattention to the status of the indefinite article preceding the second nounin these constructions, which was shown to belong to neither the f irst nor thesecond noun, but to be the realisation of a small clause internal functionalhead.

Hans-Martin Gaertner asked hi mself and his a udience the question of whetherthere are V2 relative clause constructions in German. His answer was `no';alth ough constructions like "das Blatt hat eine Seite, die ist ganz sc hwarz"`the sheet has one side that is completely black' may look like relativeclause constructions, they do not have the properties of relatives. Nor do

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they seem to be run-of-the-mill coordinate constructions, if only because theGerman examples do not allow the addition of the coordinator und `and'. Withthis said, Gaertner proceeded to lay b are some of the semantic and logicalproperties of these V2 constructions.

Friday's programme was wrapped up by an optimal session on wh-movement,featuring talks by Peter Ackema (a lso on behalf of Ad Neeleman) and GereonMueller, couched within the Optimality Theory framework. Ackema & Neelemancovered the variation in wh-question constructions with regard to (non-)overtwh-movement with the aid of three general constraints (Q-Marking, Q-Scope andStay), capturing the English, Bulgarian, Czech, Chinese/Japanese and Frenchpatterns by ordering the three constraints differently for each language type,and ruling out further variation by showing that the remaining logicallypossible orderings will not result in different surface outputs. Mueller'spaper was especially concerned with the problem of partial wh-movement (wasglaubst du wann sie gekommen ist? ̀ (lit.) what believe you when she come is',i.e. when do you think she came?) and the fact that partial wh- movementconstructions alternate with long wh-movement con struct ions in many languages.Two things are worth pointing out in connection with Mue ller's pro posal: (i)it deviates from standard OT in that it assumes that the candidates in thereference set are not output representations but deri vations; and (ii) itdefines reference sets via identity of LF output rather than in terms ofidentity of numerations.

The Saturday morning session was opened by an empirically h ighly intriguingtalk by Molly Diesing, on the so-called `stem construction' in Yiddish. Sheshowed that Yiddish has two different types of ̀ light verb' constructi ons, oneinvolving a nom inal base (the type familiar from many other languages) and oneinvolving a verbal base. She argued for a syntactic incorporat ion a pproach to`stem c onstructions', the N-based type differing from the V-based one withregard to the level at which incorporation obtains (LF vs. o vert sy ntax). Ofparticular interest was the behaviour of particle const ructions. While Yiddishnormally incorporates its particles to the left of the verb stem (as in Dutchand German, and as in Swedish passives), in the verbal ̀ stem construc tion' theparticle shows up to the right of the verb but nonetheless exhibits all theproperties of incorporated particles (i.e. it cannot be topicalised ormodified). Diesing proposed a V' reanalysis account of this fact, ending upwith an approach that included both syntactic particle incorporation (Prt+V)and V' reanalysis (V+Prt). Another mind- boggl ing property of the Yiddishverbal `stem construction' concerns the proper treatment of the indefinitearticle preceding the thematic verb (see e.g. er git a kum arayn `he gives acome in'). What is this indefinite article doing, and what is its syntacticposition? These two questions become even more i nteresting once they arecompared to the ones posed by the `spurious' indefinite article found in theconstru ctions discussed in Bennis, Corver & Den Dikken's talk. Diesingtentatively suggested that the indefinite article in Yiddish verbal `stemconstructions' originally started out as a real determiner (diachronically)and eventually developed into some sort of aspectual marker.

Utrecht Univ ersity presented some results of the language acquisitionresearch that is being conducted there under Peter Coopmans's supervision. Intwo papers featuring Bill Philip as the main axis (one co-authored by PeterCoopmans and the other by Martin Everaert), facts from the acqu isition ofbinding problems in Dutch and English were discussed, the Philip/Coopmanspaper being concerned with Principle B and the Philip/Everaert talk focusingon reciprocity.

Paola Crisma's paper looked into the use of articles in Old English prose,which featured as its central ingredients the idea that morphological articlesmust receive an interpretation, that definiteness may or may not be encodedas a morphological feature of the grammatical system, and that languages mayor may not possess an article with null phonetic content but with selecti onalfeatures and a definiteness value.

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Marga Petter argued that ̀ passive' infinitives like Dutch "Jan liet de autowassen" `Jan let the car wash' (i.e. Jan had the car washed) really are notpassive at all, but rather feature a pro subject in the verbal small clausecomplement to the matrix verb. The difference with regard to the possessiono f th i s ` pass i ve ' i n f i n i t i ve cons t r uc t ion be tweenDutch/German/Scandinavian/Italian on the one ha nd, and English on the other,and also the diachronic development of English in this respect, was relatedto the presence or absence of infinitival morphology.

The prime purpose of the talk delivered by Artemis Alexiadou and ElenaAnagnostopoulou was to argue that SVO orders in Greek and Spanish areinstances of left dislocation and that they lack a null expletive in subjectposition. Nonetheless, Greek and Spanish do have a strong `EPP feature'(which, according to the authors, is a univ ersal). In these languages,however, this strong ̀ EPP feature' is not checked by NP-movement to SpecAgrSPbut by verb movement to AgrS (cf. also S venonius' paper, where NP-movement andpart icle movement were argued to be two ways of satisfying the EPP). Che ckingAgrS's strong ̀ EPP feature' via V-raising was shown to be a property confinedto languages with (pro-)nominal agreement paradigms.

Christopher Laenzli nger and Ur Shlonsky co-presented a paper on pronounclustering and adjacency ef fects, comparing German and Hebrew facts. Theirmain point was to argue that pronominal clusters result from adjunction of onepronominal DP to another in overt syntax. And in the final talk of theworkshop, Jon Bobaljik revisited his CGSW10 paper by recapturing the basicsplit in Germanic between German, Dutch and Insular Scandinavian on the onehand, and English and Mainland Scandinavian on the other in terms of a phrasestructure parameter w hich said that in the former AgrPs are present while inthe latter they are not -- the `Split IP Parameter'.

The next edition of the Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop will be heldat the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (HIL) on 9-11 January 1997.***

Conference Report: Morfologiedagen 1995 (21-22/9/1995), Leuven, Belgium

Reviewer: Eric Hoekstra

At this morphology conference Maar ten Lemmens (KU Leuven) talked aboutparadigmatic conditioning of the English -ER suffix, using "agent" as aprototype category. Willy van de Weghe (Mercator Hogeschool Gent) discussedeffects of the sepa rable pa rticle AF ('off') on argument structure, withimplications for Geert Booij and Ariane van Santen's textbook on morphology(1995, "Morfologie. De woordstructuur van het Nederlands", AmsterdamUniversity Pre ss). Maarten Mous (RU Leiden) gave a talk on verbal derivationand imperfective aspect in Iraqw. Geert Booij (Free University, Amsterdam)asserted the autonomy of morphology on the basis of a wealth of empiricalmaterial. Luc Draye (KU Leuven) presented wonderful facts from Germaninvolving Case and strong/weak inflection (e.g. "er gibt {* Ha sse / Hass /blindem Hass(e)} keine Chance"). Jaap van Marle (PJMI, Royal Academy,Amsterdam) showed that derivational cate gories can have unexpectedinflection-like properties and defended the i ntegrity of word structure.Harald Baayen (Max Planck, Nijmegen) and Roc helle Lieber (U. of New hampshire,Durham) proposed a semantic principle for the choice between HAVE and BE inDutch as auxi liary of the perfect. Frank Drijkoningen (RU Utrecht) talkedabout checking in participle-constructions. Peter Bakema (KU Leuven) discussedthe semantic effects of diminutives. Johan de Caluwe (U. of Gent) discussedprototype phenomena with special reference to Booij & Van Santen's textbook.Ariane van Santen (RU Leiden) critically rev iewed the "Morfologisch Handboekvan het Nederlands" (1993, SDU, Den Haag). Ton van der Wouden (RU Groningen)presented the dictionary history of -IE (in e.g. "operatie"). Matthias Huening(U. of Vienna) discussed the suffix -ERIJ in Dutch and Afrikaans. EricHoekstra (PJMI, Royal Academy, Amsterdam) analysed the status of bind

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morphemes in compounds in Dutch, Frisian and the Groningen dialect. CamielHamans presented his time-honoured analysis of abbreviations (fonological ormorphological).***

PAPER ABSTRACTS

Hans Broekhuis, Hans den Besten, Kees Hoekstra and Jean Rutten.`Infinitival Complementation in Dutch: On Remnant Extraposition.' TheLinguistic Review 12:93-122.

This article discusses infinitival complementation, and claims that besidesthe VR and Extraposition construction, there is a third construction, calledRemnant Extraposition. The Remnant e xtra position construction is derived fromthe regular Extraposition construction by extracting one or more argum entsfrom the embedded clause, as a result of which it often has the appea rance ofa regular VR construction. In this art icle, tests are developed to distinguishthe VR and Remnant Extraposition construction and the conditions on theextraction operation are investigated. The Remnant Extraposition constructionexhibits special behaviour with respect to Control. These are investigated indetail as well.***

Hans Broekhuis and Leonie Cornips. ̀ Possessed P-complements'. Talk presentedat the LSE workshop on `Possession and the verb HAVE', Leiden, 1-9-1995.

This paper discusses inalienable possession in constructions such as (1),which both mean `I put the cloak on Jan's/his shoulder'. Adopting thehypothesis that, underlyingly, inalienable possession is syntactically encodedby means of a SC [NP1 [P NP2]], in which NP2 is the posse ssor and NP1 is thepossessum, we claim that both constructions have the same base. Morespecifically it is claimed that the SC is the complement of the locationalpreposition as in (2a). Example (1a) is derived from the structure in (2a) bymoving the SC-predicate into the specifier of the locative PP, as in (2b).Example (1b) is derived from (2b) by moving the SC-predic ate one step furtherinto the specifier of some higher FP and Incorporation of the `abstract'preposition BIJ into the verb, as in (2c).

(1) a. Ik hang de cape bij Jan over de schouders. I put the cape with Jan over the shoulders b. Ik hang Jan/hem(dat.) de cape over de schouders. I put Jan/him the cloak on the shoulders (2) a. .. V .. [PP spec Ploc [SC NP1 [BIJ NP2]]] b. .. V .. [PP [BIJ NP2]j Ploc [SC NP1 tj ]] c. .. BIJi+V [FP [ti NP2]j F .. [PP tj Ploc [SC NP1 tj]]]

Adopting the additional hypothesis that the specifier of the locational PP isan `escape hatch' for movement (cf. Van Riemsdijk 1978), various intri cateproperties of the inalienable possessive locational constructions in (1) arederived, among other things the impossibility of extra cting the NP `deschouders' from both (1a) and (1b).***

Hans Broekhuis, Leonie Cornips and Maarten de Wind. `Inalienable Possessionin Locational Constructions: Some Apparent Problems.' Ms. University ofAmsterdam/P.J.Meertens Institute.

This article is a follow-up of B roekhuis and Cornips (1995; summarized above),in which inalienable possession in locational constructions such as (1) arediscussed. Besides these constructions, Dutch also has constructions s uch as(2). The possessor in (1b) arguably is a dative NP, which is however not soclear in the case of example (2b). Given comparat ive data from German and

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French, it can however be made plausible that (2b) is ambiguous between areading in which ̀ Jan' has accusative and a reading in which ̀ Jan' has dativeCase. It is argued that (1b) and (2b) on the read ing in which ̀ Jan' has dativeCase can be treated on a par. More specifically, it is claimed that theexamples in (2) are derived from the p eriphrastic construction in (3), whichare structurally parallel to those in (1), by Incorporation of the directobject `een beet' into a light verb comparable to the verb `geven' (cf. Haleand Keyser 1993). From this, it follows that various correspondences between(2) and the other examples can be derived.

(1) a. Ik hang de cape bij Jan over de schouders. I put the cloak with Jan on the shoulders b. Ik hang Jan/hem(dat.) de cape over de schouders. I put Jan/him the cloak on the shoulders(2) a. De hond beet bij Jan in het been. b. De hond beet Jan in het been. the dog bit with Jan in the leg(3) a. De hond gaf bij Jan een beet in het been. b. De hond gaf Jan een beet in het been. the dog gave with Jan a snap in the leg***

Copulas [paper presented at GLOW Tromsoe, spring 1995; ms., VU Asterdam/HIL]Marcel den Dikken

The central points that this paper seeks to establish are the following: - whenever a predicate invertes around its subject, the minimalist locality theory (Chomsky 1993) forces domain-extend ing head movement of the small clause head Agr to a higher functional head `F', whose spe cifier pos ition serves as the first available landing-site for the moved predicate- raising of Agr to F causes F to be phonetically realised as a copula in specific contexts that are made precise in the paper- the surface distribution of copular elements is ruled by structural factors; co pulas are not lexical primitives but overt realisations of functional heads

The paper discusses several constructions -- in both clausal (TP) and nominal(DP) configurati ons -- instantiating predicate inversion, where the predicateranges over all major lexical categories (A, N, P, V) and can have an entityor a proposition as its subject. Throughout, purely structurally motivatedhead movement of Agr to F is seen to result in the surface occurrence underthe F-node of a semantically empty copular element lacking primitive lexicalstatus. The inventory of copular elements is s hown to be larger than it iscommonly held to be. In the clausal domain the primeval copula "be" has acompanion possessing a Case-feature, spelled out in English as "have", whichhas both "main verb" and auxiliary uses. These two clausal copulas have acounterpart in the nominal domain as well, the "nom inal copula" "of" (found,e.g., in "a hell of a problem").***

Extraposition as I ntraposi tion, and the Syntax of English Tag Questions VUAmsterdam/HIL] Marcel den Dikken

This paper outlines an analysis of Heavy NP Shift in te rms of overt leftwardNP-movement of the heavy NP to SpecAgrOP in tandem w ith o vert leftwardmovement of the remnant VP (l eft after NP-movement) to a higher specifierposition to the left of the shifted heavy NP. The nature of this higherspecifier is variable. In cross-adverbial cases of Heavy NP Shift, theapparently right-adjoined adverbial is analysed as a left-adjunct receivingthe remnant VP in its specifier position (cf. Barbiers 19 94, 1995). But theremnant VP may also target CP, as in examples of Heavy NP Shift across aquestion tag (cf. "John had wanted to find, hadn't he, [the treasure said tohave been buried on that island]"). By establishing an empir ical and

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analytical link between cross-adverbial HNPS and cross-tag HNPS, this paperbrings forth a novel ap proach to the syntax of tag question constructions,involving VP-movement to the specifier position of a root CP projec ted by thequestion tag. The proposal leads to several more spec ific claims about thestructure of (English) sentences and the nature of movement. In particular,the analysis of tag question constructi ons gives r ise to the conclusion thatmovement involves Chomsky's (1993) copying strategy, that the subject of theclause is base-generated within VP, that Engl ish syntax features a NegP whichcan variably be generated above or below AgrO, and that AgrOP exists andcannot be traded in for a "light verb" projection of the type proposed inChomsky (1995:Chapter 4, 1510).***

Predicate Inversion in Nominal Phrases [paper presented at CGSW11, RutgersUniv ersity, au tumn 1995; ms., HIL/CLS] Hans Bennis, Norbert Corver & Marcelden Dikken

The clausal domain features several insta nces of Predicate Inversion (PI).Given the well-established parallelism between the structure of clauses andthat of nominal phrases, one would expect to be able to find instantiationsof PI inside the nomi nal phrase as well. Our aim in this paper is to show thatthis e xpectation is indeed borne out. We focus on DP-internal examples ofnominal Predicate Inversion. Two such e xamples will play a central role in thediscussion: the "N of a N" construction, exem plified by English "a hell of aproblem", and the "wat voor" construction of Dutch. We argue that in "a hellof a problem", "hell" is the head of a predicate nominal which inverts withits subj ect within the bounds of the maximal nominal phrase, and that at thecore of one of the two possible derivations of the "wat voor" constructionslies a similar analysis, "wat" being the predicate nominal this time. Whatmakes the two differ is that in the latter, the inverted predicate nominal,being a w h-operat or, raises further up to an A' specifier position. Direct A'movement of "wat" to this operator position is also possible, yielding analternative derivation of "wat voor" constructions not involving PI. Suchdirect A' movement is also involved in the derivation of "what" exclamativeconstructions (cf. English "what a problem!"). The syntax of "N of a N", "watvoor" interro gative and "wat" exclamative constructions is analysed in detail.Of special interest is the distribution of the indefinite ar ticle thatcan/must show up to the left of the second noun. We argue for an analysis ofthis indefinite article (which can be s een not to belong to either of the twonouns in the constructions at hand) as a small clause internal head.***

Ackema, Peter and Maaike Schoorlemmer (1995) "Middles and Nonmovement",Linguistic Inquiry 26.2; 173-197.

Analyses for Engl ish and Dutch middles have been proposed where the verb'sinternal theta-role is assigned to the object, which mo ves to subjectposition, and where the subject theta-role is a lso assigned to a syntacticelement (analogous to analyses of passive). We argue that no N P-movementtakes place in middles and that the middle verb's grammatical subject (thelogical object) is its exter nal argument. We disucuss the invalidity ofarguments for the syntactic pr esence of the logical subject and two argumentsagainst NP-movement in middles. These concern the correctness of theobservation that in a middle only an argument of the c orre sponding transitivecan occur as the grammatical subject and evidence that middle verbs in Dutchare unergatives.***

Haeberli, Eric and Liliane Haegeman (1995) "Clause structure in Old English:evidence from Negative Concord", Journal of Linguistics 31.1; 81-108.

This paper deals with the clause structure of Old English. In the main bodyof the paper we adopt the 'traditional' analysis of the West Germanic

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languages in which it is proposed that VP is head-final. We will argue(contra Van Kemenade 19 87, pace Cardinaletti & Roberts 1991, Pintzuk 1991,Tomaselli 1991) that the clause struc ture of Old English contains ahead-initial functional projection whose head can be the landing site of verbmovement in subordinate cl auses. This claim is based on evidence related tothe distribution and interpretation of negative elements in Old English andWest Flemish. We will show t hat diffe rences between these two languages withrespect to Negative Concord phenomena can be accounted for straig htforw ardlyin terms of an Old English clause structure which is different from the onetraditionally proposed for the modern Germanic SOV/V2 languages. Inthe appendix to the paper we briefly turn to the r ecent alter native approachesto the phrase structure of SOV langua ges in t erms of a universal basehypothesis where all projections are hea d-in itial (see Kayne (1993), Zwart(1993), Roberts (1995) for a discussion of Old English).***

Olsen, Susan (1994) "Lokativalternation im Deutschen und Englischen",Zeitschrift fuer Sprachwissenschaft 13.2; 201-235.

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die variable Argumentstruktur vonVerbpaaren wie 'schreiben', 'beschreiben' im Deutschen oder 'load', 'smear'etc. im Englischen. In einem lexikalischen Rahmen wird gezeigt, dass dieLokativalternation nicht durch den Aust ausch der zwei internen Argumente desBasisverbs herleitbar ist. Eine solche Diathese wuerde aufgrund der hoeherenProminenz des Zielarguments gegenueber dem Thema einen Verstoss gegen diesonst gueltige Thet ahie rarchie konstituieren. Vielmehr weisenApplikativverben gegenueber ihren Basen eine reduzierte syntaktischeWertigkeit auf, indem das Thema blockiert wird, aber als Argument-Adjunkt inder Satzstruck tur mit Hilfe des praepositionalen Regens 'mit' lizensiertwerden kann. Anders als in der lexikalischen Analyse von Rappaport & Levin(1988), in der die Lokativalternation als Folge der Zugehoerigkeit desSimplex- und des Applikativverbs zu verschiedenen semantischen Verbklassenerklaert wird, soll hier die These vertreten werden, d ass eine formaleDerivationsbeziehung zwischen Simplex und sekundaerem Verb besteht. Die fuerdie Lokativalternation typische holistische Bedeutungskomponente entstammtnicht der Verbalsemantik im engeren Sinne, sondern wird ueber andere Faktorenin die kompositionale Semantik des abgeleiteten Satzes eingefuehrt.***

Jan Odijk, ̀ Topicalization of Sentences in Dutch is Contrastive Dislocation',Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands . 2versions: Dutch audience version, IPO report No. 1079, English audienceversion, IPO Ms, October/November 1995.

In this paper I argue that topicalization of sentences in Dutch is to beanalyzed as a special case of contrastive dislocation of sentences. This isnot a very new conclusion, and it has been argued for by many people, usinga variety of arguments, originally by Koster 1978. However, I believe thatnone of the arguments presented in the literature are valid, with perhaps oneexcept ion. I will present evidence in favor of a reduction of topicalizationto contrastive dis location based on the behavior of finite complements andinfinitival complements in Dutch. Especially the latter, which -- to myknowledge -- have never been investigated from this perspective before,constitute extremely interesting data which at first sight appear to falsifythe claim. Closer examination, however, reveals that the claim is confirmedin full. I will argue that the apparent counter-examples are to be analyzedas involving VP-to picalization instead of S-topicalization, and I will supportthis analysis with a wide variety of independent arguments. One consequenceof the analysis is that new evidence is supplied to show that infinitivalcomplements are sentences, not simply VPs. Furthermore, it will be argued thatthe distribution of certain NPs cannot be regulated by Case considerations,and that c-selection cannot be redu ced to a combination of s-selection andCase-assignment properties. I will remain neutral w.r.t. the issue whether

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all cases of topicalization can be reduced to cont rastive di slocation, but Iwill point out some problems for this hypothesis.***

Jan Odijk, `C-selection and S-selection', IPO Ms, November 1995.

I argue that Pesetsky's theory which attempts to r educe c- selection tos-selection and Case properties is wrong, using data from Dutch and Englishof the very kind Pesetsky uses.***

Jan Odijk, `Case and the Distribution of NPs', IPO Ms., November 1995

I argue that S-structure positions where NPs can oc cur and S-structurepositions where Case is assigned cross-classify, so that (1) c-s electioncannot be reduced to s-selection (as proposed by Pesetsky), and (2) Casecannot regulate the distribution of NP. The behavior of a class of Dutchpronouns, and the properties of contrastive dislocation of VPs in Dutch formone part of the empirical evidence. The other part consists of the behaviorof the complements of a number of verbs from Dutch and English.***

Bonneau, J., & Pica, P. On the Development of the Complementation System inEnglish and its Relation to Switch-Reference, in J. Beckman ed. Proceedingsof North Eastern L ingu istic Society 25, GLSA, Amherst., 1995 Vol. II, pp135-150.

In this paper, we show that many of the dramatic changes that took place inthe course of the history of the English complementation system are the resultof a simple morphological change in the determiner system. We propose that OldEnglish (OE) evolved from a system in which "complement" clauses, relativesclauses and DPs were interpreted as adverbials to a system in which they areinterpreted as arguments of the v erb (in a s ense to be defined below). As thedeterminer acquired certain types of morphological features, a comple mentationsystem developed. This hypothesis allows us to resolve the traditional tensionbetween the idea that the passage from the OE system to the New English (NE)system is a change from parataxis to hypotaxis, and the concep tion accor dingto which complementation was alre ady there (see among many others, Small,CA1924; Curme, 1911). We speculate, in the conclusion, how to account forsome apparent similarities between Old English and so-callednon-configurational languages. ***

BOOK ABSTRACTS

Werner Abraham. Deutsche Syntax im Sprachenvergleich. Grundlegung einertypologischen Syntax des Deutschen. Tuebingen: G. Narr (Studien zurdeutschen Grammatik 41). 707 pages.

Chapters:

1. Argumentstruktur, Satzgliedstruktur und Kasuszuweisung. 2. Semantische Transitivitaetskorrelate. 3. Struktureller und lexikalischer Kasus: Dativ gegenueber Akkusativ. 4. Adjektivrektion. 5. Die Syntax von "haben", "kriegen" und "bekommen" 6. Verbaffixoid und Praedikativ. 7. Verbpraefix und Verbpartikel. 8. Infinitivergaeanzungen. 9. Unakkusativitaet und Definitheit.10. Modalverb und der engere Verbkomplex.11. Pronominale Glieder und ihre klitischen Formen.12. Reflexivitaet und Verbgenus.

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13. Wortstellung im Deutschen - die galileische Wende.14. Zur satzgrammatischen Begruendung der Diskursfunktionen "Thema" und "Rhema".***

Particles [Oxford University Press, 1995; xii + 288 pp.]Marcel den Dikken

This monograph presents an approach to the syntax of verb-particleconstructions that treats particles as ergative heads of small clauses. Itinvestigates the structure of complex particle constructions, which featureboth a verbal particle and an additional secondary predicate. In theseconstructions, the particle (a small clause head) takes another smallclause as its complement. This analysis subsequently offers a window on thesyntax of triadic constructions and the dative alternation, and ofcausative constructions. The small clause approach to particlesfacilitates a unified analysis of the above-mentioned constructions andtheir relationships, and yields insights into their highly intricateproperties. Drawing on data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, WestFlemish, and other languages, this book will interest a wide audience ofstudents and specialists.***

THESIS ABSTRACTS

The Acquisition of Verb Second Grammar in Child Swedish:Continuity of Universal Grammar in WH-Questions, Topicalizationand Verb Raising

Lynn Marie Santelmann, Ph.D., Cornell University 1995

This study links acquisition data with linguistic theory in examining VerbSecond (V2) in child Swedish, with the goal of beginning to determine whichaspects of V2 are derived from Universal Grammar and which are due tolanguage specific mechanisms. This study presents new cross-sectional andlongitudinal natural speech data (Santelmann and Santelmann & Platzackcorpora) and a new analysis of data from the Project Child Language Syntaxcorpus (Sderbergh (1975)). This investigation seeks specifically todetermine, with particular reference to the functional category CP, whetherchildren in the early periods of language acquisition have access to thefull inventory of structures and principles available in the underlyingUniversal Grammar, or whether these structures develop or 'mature' in thecourse of acquisition. It is demonstrated that movement, in conjunctionwith functional morphology, can provide evidence for the existence offunctional categories in child Swedish. This study also demonstrates thatthe properties of Xo and XP movement in child Swedish are sometimesdifferent from those in adult Swedish in ways that shed light on thestructure of the adult grammar. The major results of this study are: (1)Child Swedish shows evidence of early knowledge of verb and XP movement toCP in V2 constructions, indicating continuity of this category. (2) Errorsin verb movement vary depending on the XP preceding the verb -- being rarein wh-questions, somewhat more frequent in declarative topicalization, andcommon in subject initial sentences. This suggests that the features of thefronted XP "trigger" verb movement in adult Swedish, and that each of theseXPs has different features that trigger verb movement. (3) Child Swedishuses a null wh-operator, whose presence is allowed by universal principles,and whose use is determined by the need to integrate a Swedish specificlexicon, licensing of operators, and prosody. This demonstrates thatdevelopment in child Swedish does not involve development of phrasestructure principles or movement, but the integration of these withlanguage specific properties of Swedish. (Grammatical Mapping, Boser,Santelmann, Barbier & Lust (1995)).***

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Ytsma, J. (1995). Frisian as first and second language. Sociolinguisticand socio-psychological aspects of the acquisition of Frisian among Frisianand Dutch primary school children. Fryske Akademy: Ljouwert. ISBN90-6171-797-3. 208 pages. (Dissertation Tilburg University)

Nowadays, language contact between Frisian and Dutch is more intensive thanever before. The question is whether or not minority children manage toacquire a proper mastery of their first language under these subtractiveconditions. By contrast, it is to be seen to what extent majority childrensucceed to become additive bilinguals by acquiring Frisian (the weakerlanguage!) as second language. Social-psychological factors like languageattitude and motivation are currently viewed as important determiners ofsecond language acquisition. Such affective learner characteristics aretherefore also studied in the research reported here.

Frisian as first language The study examines the extent to which Frisianspeaking children at the age of 9 and 12 succeed to acquire their firstlanguage in a situation of massive language contact. Signs of unsuccessfulfirst language acquisition are interpreted in terms of language changeoccurring to the minority language. The acquisition of five languagevariables covering the whole range of grammar (i.e. from phonology tosyntax) has been analysed. Attention is paid to the phonological variableknown as 'breaking', conjugation of so-called 'je-verbs', lexicalknowledge, diminutive formation and verb-raising. Language material hasbeen collected among 202 Frisian children from all over the province and agroup of 52 Frisian speaking parents. Language change is charted by meansof an intergenerational comparison of the linguistic achievements.Verb-raising is the variable showing the greatest intergenerational gap.Whereas Frisian parents usually apply standard Frisian word order in theverbal complex, Frisian children tend to apply the reversed (Dutch) wordorder.

Frisian as second language The inquiry also investigates the extent towhich Dutch speaking children (aged 9 and 12, n=208) acquire Frisian assecond language. The same language variables tested among the Frisiansubjects have been analysed. In addition, the relationship between Dutchchildren's proficiency in the second language and theirsocial-psychological disposition towards Frisian is studied as well. Thesocial-psychological disposition towards Frisian includes attitudes toFrisian, motivation for learning Frisian and self-confidence in thelanguage.***

Kathol, Andreas (1995) Linearization-Based German Syntax, Ohio StateUniversity. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.

Ordering information:

http://ling.ohio-state.edu/Department/Dissertations.html

Online version and errata sheet:

http://www.let.rug.nl/~kathol/Diss/diss2up.ps.gzhttp://www.let.rug.nl/~kathol/Diss/errata.ps

Abstract:

This dissertation proposes a model for the clausal syntax of Germanwhich constitutes a convergence of ideas from traditional grammar aswell as different generative models of syntax.

The central claim is that much of the description of German clausal syntaxshould be based on linear, rather than hierarchical concepts. As the basis

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for the proposed linearly-based approach the notion of topological fieldsfrom traditional descriptive theory is adopted. Such fields correspond toclusterings of contiguous syntactic material which is essentiallyorthogonal to considerations of constituency. This idea is implemented inan extension of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar that employs aseparate level of flat linear organization called "order domain".Topological fields correspond to equivalence classes of a partition on aclausal domain and are ordered by linear precedence constraints. The notionof "position", crucial to much of transformational syntax, is modeled as asingle-element equivalence class. It is shown how such a system canimplement, in a significantly simpler fashion, the insight of earlytransformational work that there exists a positional unity betweencomplementizers and finite verbs resulting in the clause-initial vs.clause-final placement options for finite verbs characteristic for German.It also makes better predictions than current transformational models inthe description of fronting constructions in which phrasal elements can beshown to exhibit a positional unity with lexical complementizers. Besidesproposals for a typology of clauses that is to a large extent based onlinear properties, it is shown how this system can form the basis for anaccount of various interrogative constructions.

This study further investigates the implications of the proposed model forconstituency and linear order among clause-final verbal clusters.Moreover, a novel approach is suggested to different kinds of extrapositionconstructions. The flexibility of this model is further demonstrated byproviding a new analysis of a type of coordination constructions which canbe demonstrated to be problematic for ordinary transformational andnontransformational models alike.

Finally, some suggestions are offered on how to extend the current model torelated languages, specifically the Scandinavian languages and Yiddish.***

Title: Morphosyntax: The syntax of verbal inflection.Author: Jonathan David BobaljikInfo: MIT, PhD Dissertation. June 1995. 383ppAvail: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 20D-219 MIT Cambridge MA 02139 $12 + postage/handlingAuthor's current address: Harvard Univ. | Society of Fellows | 78 Mount Auburn St. | Cambridge MA 02138 USA jbobalj@fas.harvard.edu

This thesis investigates the interaction of the morphological process ofverbal inflection with the syntactic process of verb movement and thedistribution of the principal arguments.

In part I it is proposed that two apparently syntactic phenomena in theGermanic languages are accounted for by allowing the morphologicalcomponent to filter syntactic derivations. First (Chapter I), it isproposed that the parametric variation in the licensing of the specifier ofTP (an intermediate functional projection) can be derived from the verbalinflectional paradigms: certain morphological patterns require fusion, arequirement which in turn places restrictions on possible syntacticderivations. In Chapter II it is proposed that verbal inflection may takeplace via morphological merger, which requires adjacency. Syntacticoperations which would disrupt the adjacency relation in the morphology aretherefore blocked.

In Part II the assumptions, common in the literature, which underlie thesyntactic analyses in Part I are reconsidered. In particular, it is arguedin Chapter III that the base and derived positions of the principalarguments are stacked; that is, objects do not cross over subjects inmoving to their derived position. In Chapter IV the view that floating

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quantifiers mark the positions of traces of their antecedents ischallenged.

Part III attempts to salvage and extend the accounts of Part I in light ofthe revised assumptions proposed in Part II. In Chapter V I introduce theFree Agr Parameter, which states that languages vary with regard to thepresence or absence of Agr-Phrases. The specifiers of Agr-Phrases are thederived positions for arguments as evidenced by object shift and otherphenomena. It is also proposed that the presence or absence of an Agr headdominating Infl determines whether ot not the verb raises out of the VP innon verb-second environments, correctly predicting a further point ofparametric variation in the Germanic languages. Chapter VI investigatesthe possibility of pursing these analyses while maintaining that thesyntactic derivation cannot be filtered by the morphological component(s).It is argued that this is possible, if the grammar admits of a processdetermining which copy of a moved element is pronounced. The morphologicalprocedure determining which copy is pronounced is constrained by othermorphological considerations, especially the adjacency condition onmorphological merger investigated in Chapter II.

Thesis Supervisors: Noam Chomsky and David PesetskyCommittee Members: Ken Hale, Howard Lasnik, and Alec Marantz

SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Special Bibliography on Frisian Syntax

Compiled By Eric Hoekstra, Royal Netherlands Academy, Amsterdam Willem Visser, Frisian Academy, Ljouwert

Articles on Frisian linguistics are by and large written in one of the ourrelevant languages: (i) West and, to a less extent, North Frisian, (ii)Dutch, the official language of The Netherlands, in part of which WestFrisian is spoken, (iii) German, the official language of Germany, in partof which North Frisian is spoken, and (iv) English, the internationallanguage. In the interest of scientific communication, a bibliography isgiven below containing those articles on Frisian syntax which are writtenin English. A lot of excellent articles have appeared, which have beenwritten either in Frisian, Dutch or German, and thus are not accessible tothe international English-speaking community: tragically, languagepreservation is not in the interest of scientific communication. Thisbibliography is largely based on the bibliography of Sybren Dyk & JarichHoekstra (Ta de Fryske Syntaksis (1987:40-43), Fryske Akademy, Ljouwert),and a thematically ordered follow-up by Willem Visser, which is constantlyupdated.

A. Introductions

Hoekstra, Jarich & Piter Tiersma (1995) "Frisian". In Johan van derAuwera and Ekkehard Koenig (eds) The Germanic Languages. Routledge,London, 505-531.

Tiersma, Piter (1985) Frisian Reference Grammar. Foris, Dordrecht.

Walker, Alastair (1990) "Frisian". In Charles Russ (ed) The Dialects ofModern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London, 1-30.

B. Articles

Bor, Arie (1982) "An aspect of word order in Frisian". Us Wurk 31, 13-28.

Ebert, Karen (1994) "Future Time Reference in Fering". In Oesten Dahl,Caspar de Groot en Hannu Tommola (eds) Future Time Reference in European

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Languages II (EUROTYP Working Papers, Series VII, No. 3).

Ebert, Karen & Ed Keenan (1973) "A note on marking transparency andopacity". Linguistic Inquiry 4, 421-424.

Haan, Germ de (1983) "The position of the finite verb in modern WestFrisian". In Niels Danielsen, Erik Hansen, Hans F. Nielsen and HansBekker-Nielsen (eds) Friserstudier III. Odense Universitetsforlag, Odense,37-48.

Haan, Germ de (1984) "Bare infinitivals in Frisian and the nature of INFL".In Hans Bennis & Wus van Lessen Kloeke (eds) Linguistics in the Netherlands1984. Foris, Dordrecht, 45-51.

Haan, Germ de (1992) "The verbal complex in Frisian". Us Wurk 41, 59-92.

Haan, Germ de (1993) "The Third Construction in Frisian". In Werner Abraham& Josef Bayer (eds) Dialektsyntax. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 117-139.Special issue (Sonderheft 5) of Linguistische Berichte.

Haan, Germ de Haan (1994) "Inflection and Cliticization in Frisian -sto,-ste, -st". North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 23, 75-90.

Haan, Germ de & Fred Weerman (1985) "Finiteness and Verb Fronting inFrisian." In Hubert Haider & Martin Prinzhorn (eds) Verb Second Phenomenain Germanic Languages. Foris, Dordrecht, 77-110.

Hiemstra, Inge (1986a) "Some aspects of wh-movement in Frisian". MA thesis,University of Groningen.

Hiemstra, Inge (1986b) "Some Aspects of wh-questions in Frisian".North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 8, 97-110.

Hoekema, Teake (1971) "Sentences with imperativus pro infinitivo". Us Wurk20, 61-74.

Hoekstra, Jarich (1989) "A note on the typology of te-infinitives inFrisian". North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 14, 19-51.

Hoekstra, Jarich (1991) "Expletive der and Resumptive pro in Frisian".Leuvense Bijdragen 80, 61-80.

Hoekstra, Jarich (1992) "Fering tu-infinitives, North Sea Germanic Syntaxand Universal Grammar". In Volkert Faltings, Alastair Walker and Ommo Wilts(eds) Friesische Studien I. NOWELE Supplement vol. 8. Odense UniversityPress, 99-142.

Hoekstra, Jarich (1994) "Pronouns and Case. On the distribution of Frisianharren and se 'them'". Leuvense Bijdragen 83, 47-65.

Hoekstra, Jarich (1995) "Preposition Stranding and Resumptivity in WestGermanic". In Hubert Haider, Susan Olsen & Sten Vikner (eds) Studies inComparative Germanic Syntax (Studies in Natural Language and LinguisticTheory 31). Kluwer, Dordrecht, 95-118.

Hoekstra, Jarich & Laci Mar'acz (1989a) "Some implications of I-to-Cmovement in Frisian". In Hans Bennis & Ans van Kemenade (eds) Linguisticsin the Netherlands 1989. Foris, Dordrecht, 81-90.

Hoekstra, Jarich & Laci Mar'acz (1989b) "On the position of inflection inWest-Germanic". Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 44, 75-88.

Looyenga, Sytze (1992) "On Nominal Infinitives in Frisian" In Dicky Gilbers

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& Sytze Looyenga (eds) Language and Cognition 2. Yearbook 1992 of theresearch group for Linguistic Theory and Knowledge Representation of theUniversity of Groningen, 227-240.

Meer, Geart van der (1972) "Is it de muoite wurdich en l=3DEAz dit? (Adescription of the so-called 'en + imperative construction' in Frisian)".Us Wurk 21-22, 151-166.

Meer, Geart van der (1975) "The imperativus pro infinitivo reconsidered".Us Wurk 24, 19-34.

Meer, Geart van der (1988) "Reported speech and the position of the finiteverb. Some facts from West Frisian". Leuvense Bijdragen 77, 301-324.

Meer, Geart van der Meer (1989) "The so-called imperativus pro infinitivo(ipi) in West Frisian (on the interplay of syntax, semantics andmorphology)". North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 13, 49-85.

Meer, Geart van der (1991a) "The 'conjugation' of subclause introducers:Frisian -st". North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 17, 63-84.

Meer, Geart van der (1991b) "The subclause signal 't in Frisian. Its originand function". Leuvense Bijdragen 80, 43-59.

Tiersma, Piter (1982) "Local and general markedness". Language 58, 832-849.

Contact adresses for information on Frisian syntax:

Jarich Hoekstra Germ de HaanFrisian AcademyFrisian Institute, University of GroningenP.O. Box 54Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 26NL 8900 AB LjouwertNL 9712 EK GroningenThe NetherlandsThe Netherlands

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RELEVANT ARTICLES IN ANTHOLOGIES, JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, etc.

Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995.Marcel den Dikken and Kees Hengeveld, eds.John Benjamins, Amsterdam 1995.

Barbiers, S. `Another Case of Scrambling in Dutch.'

Bennis, H. `The meaning of structure: the WAT VOOR-construction revisited.'

Broekhuis, H. and K. van Dijk ̀ The syntactic function of auxiliaries of time.'

Cornelis, L. and A. Verhagen `Does Dutch really have a passive?'

Dechaine, R.-M. `On BE'.

Giesbers, H. `Dutch-Indonesian language mixing in Jakarta.'

Hoop, H. de `ONLY a matter of context.'

Lalleman, J. and K. Prosa `The effect of different types ofgrammatical exercises on the Dutch of second language learners.'

Petter, M. `A quest for control.'

Postma, G. `Zero semantics - the syntactic encoding of quantificationalmeaning.'

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Wouden, T. van der `MOEILIJK is not difficult.'

Zwart, C.J.W. `A Note on Verb Clusters in the Stellingwerf Dialect.'

Zwarts, J. `Lexical and functional direction in Dutch.'***

Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 4S.D. Epstein, H. Thrainsson, and S. Kuno, eds.Harvard University, 1994.

Kissock, M. `Middle verbs in Icelandic.'

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Proceedings of Nels 25, Vol 1 (Main Session), J. N. Beckman, ed. GLSA,University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1995.

Dikken, M. den `Verb (Projection) Raising, Scope, and Uniform PhraseStructure.'

Rambow, O. and B. Santorini `Incremental Phrase Structure Generationand a Universal Theory of V2.'

Sabel, J. `On Parallels and Differences between Clitic Climbing andLong Scrambling and the Economy of Derivations.'

Proceddings of Nels 25, Vol 2 (Workshops on Language Acquisition andLanguage Change), J. N. Beckman, ed. GLSA, University of Massachusettsat Amherst, 1995.

Rohrbacher, B. and A. Vainikka `Verbs and Subjects before Age 2: TheEarliest Stages in Germanic L1 Acquisition.'

Arnold, M.D. `Notions of Economy in Language Change: The Spread ofPeriphrastic DO'

Bonneau, J. and P. Pica `On the Development of the ComplementationSystem in English and its Relation to Switch-Reference.'

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ackema, Peter and Maaike Schoorlemmer (1995) "Middles and Nonmovement",Linguistic Inquiry 26.2; 173-197.

Allen, Cynthia (1995) "Historical Syntax Meets Syntactic Theory andPhilology". Talk presented at the conference of the Australian LinguisticsSociety, Canberra.

Alter, Kai: A note on: Reis, Marga (ed.) (1993): Wortstellung undInformationsstruktur (Linguistische Arbeiten; 306). Tuebingen: Niemeyer. Toappear in: Language.

Barbiers, S. (1995) The Syntax of Interpretation. Dissertation,University of Leiden.

Bayer, J. (1995), CP-Extraposition as Argument Shift. ms. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena.

Bayer, J. (1995), Basic Order: A Significant Difference Between English andGerman. ms. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena.

Bayer, J. (1995), Directionality and Logical Form: On the Scope of Focusing

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Particles and WH-In-Situ. To be published by Kluwer (Studies in NaturalLanguage and Linguistic Theory).

Bazergui, Nives (1994) Review of Sutcliffe, David, System in BlackLanguage. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1992. Canadian Journal ofLinguistics 39.4; 330-333.

Belvin, R. and M. den Dikken (1995) `There, happens, to, be, have.'Ms., USC and University of Amsterdam.

Bennis, Hans, The meaning of structure: the 'wat voor' constructionrevisited (1995). In: Den Dikken & e.a., Linguistics in the Netherlands1995 (pp. 25-36). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Blevins, James P. (1995) "Syncretism and Paradigmatic Opposition".Linguistics and Philosophy 18.2; 113-152.

Blevins, James P. (1995) "Inflectional Neutralization", paperpresented at the conference of the Australian Linguistics Society,Canberra.

Bobaljik, J.D. (1995) Morphosyntax: The Syntax of Verbal Inflection.Dissertation, MIT.

Bohnacker, Ute, 1995 "The Acquisition of Determiner Phrases in EarlyChild Language" ms., University of Durham (UK).

Broekhuis, H., H. den Besten, K. Hoestra, and J. Rutten (1995)"Infinitival Complementation in Dutch: On Remnant Extraposition." TheLinguistic Review 12, 94-122.

D. Buering and K. Hartmann (1995): "Is it [only Rock'n Roll], or just likeit?," ms. Universitaet Frankfurt/Main, to appear in: Proceedings of WCCFL14.

Cardinaletti, A. (1995), "Pronouns in Germanic and Romance languages.An overview", in press in H. van Riemsdijk (ed.), Clitics in theLanguages of Europe, vol. 8 of Language Typology, Mouton, Berlin.

Cardinaletti, A. (1995), "Agreement and control in expletiveconstructions", Ms, University of Venice.

Cardinaletti, A. & M. Starke (1995), "Deficient pronouns: A view fromGermanic. A study in the unified description of Germanic and Romance",in press in S. Epstein and H. Thrainsson (eds.), Studies inComparative Germanic Syntax II, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Cardinaletti, A. & M. Starke (1995), "The typology of structuraldeficiency. On the three grammatical classes", feature article inpress in H. van Riemsdijk (ed.), Clitics in the Languages of Europe,vol. 8 of Language Typology, Mouton, Berlin.

Cardinaletti, A. & M. T. Guasti (eds.) (1995), Small Clauses. Syntaxand Semantics, Volume 28, Academic Press, New York.

Cardinaletti, A. and M. Starke (1995) `Deficient Pronouns: A View FromGermanic. A Study in the Unified Description of Germanic and Romance.'Ms., University of Venice and University of Geneva.

Collins, Chr. and Ph. Branigan (1995) `Quotative Inversion.' Ms.,Cornell University and Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Den Dikken, M. (1995) `Copulas.' Ms., Free University of Amsterdam.

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Den Dikken, M. (1995) `Extraposition as Intraposition, and the Syntaxof English Tag Questions.' Ms., Free University of Amsterdam.

Den Dikken, Marcel (1995) "Binding, Expletives, and Levels", LinguisticInquiry 26.2; 347-354.

Diesing, M. (1995) `Yiddish VP Movement and the Typology of ObjectMovement in Germanic.' Ms., Cornell University.

Dobrovol'skij, D. and E. Piirainen (1994) "Sprachliche Unikalia imDeutschen: Zum Phaenomen phraseologisch gebundener Formative." FoliaLinguistica XXVIII/3-4, 449-473.

Eisenbeiss, S. (1994) "Raising to Spec and Adjunction Scrambling inGerman Child Language", paper presented at the Conference on Case andAgreement, University of Essex.

Engelberg, Stefan (1994) Review of Butulussi, Eleni, Studien zur Valenzkognitiver Verben im Deutschen und Neugriechsichen. Tuebingen: Niemeyer,1991. Zeitschrift fuer Sprachwissenschaft 13.2; 276-287.

Eriksson, Mats (1995) "A Case Of Grammaticalization in Modern Swedish: TheUse of 'Ba' in Adolescent Speech", Language Sciences 17.1; 19-48.

Faingold, Eduardo D. (1995) Review of Byrne, Francis and John Holm (eds.),Atlantic meets Pacific. A global view of pidginization and creolization.Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. Word 46.2; 262-267.

Fretheim, Thorstein (1995) "Why Norwegian Right-dislocated Phrases AreNot Afterthoughts." Nordic Journal of Linguistics (18), 31-54.

van Gelderen, Elly 1995a. "Restraining Functional Projections", to appearin WCCFL 1995 Proceedings.

van Gelderen, Elly 1995b. "The Reanalysis of Grammaticalized Prepositions".Ms Arizona State University.

van Gelderen, Elly 1995c. "The Future of "For to". Ms ASU.

G. Grewendorf (1995): "Praesens und Perfekt im Deutschen," ms.Universitaet Frankfurt/Main, to appear in: Deutsche Zeitschrift fuerSprachwissenschaft.

G. Grewendorf and J. Sabel (1995a): "Multiple Specifiers and the Theory ofAdjunction: On Scrambling in German and Japanese," ms. UniversitaetFrankfurt/Main.

G. Grewendorf and J. Sabel (1995b): "Wh-Scrambling in the MinimalistFramework," ms. Universitaet Frankfurt/Main, to appear in: "The Role ofEconomy Principles in Linguistic Theory," M. Bierwisch, H.-M. Gaertner, C. Wilder (eds.).

de Haan, Ger J. (1995): 'Voegwoordconstructies in het Fries' (to bepublished by the P.J. Meertens Instituut Amsterdam)

de Haan, Ger J. (1995): 'Recent changes in the verbal complex of Frisian'(to be published in the C5rhammer-issue of NOWELE)

de Haan, Ger. J., Jacqueline Frijn, and Alice de Haan (1995):'Syllabestructuur en werkwoordverwerving' (to be published in thesquib-issue of TABU)

Haeberli, Eric and Liliane Haegeman (1994) "Negative Concord and Verb

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Projection Raising", paper presented at the Colloquium on Negation in theHistory of English, University of Leiden.

Haeberli, Eric and Liliane Haegeman (1995) "Clause structure in OldEnglish: evidence from Negative Concord", Journal of Linguistics 31.1;81-108.

Haegeman, L. (1995) `Verb Projection Raising and finite V movement in WestFlemish.' Ms., University of Geneva.

Hamlin, Frank R. (1995) Review of Shields, Kenneth C., A history ofIndo-European verb morphology. (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 88).Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1992. Word 46.2; 307-313.

Hinrichs, Erhard W. and Tsuneko Nakazawa (1994) "Partial VP and Split-NPTopicalization in German: An HPSG analysis", in Hinrichs, Erhard W., W.Detmar Meurers, and Tsuneko Nakazawa (eds.), Partial VP and Split-NPTopicalization in German -- an HPSG analysis and its implementation.Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsberiechs 340 'SprachtheoretischeGrundlagen fuer die Computerlinguistik' Bericht Nr. 58; 1-46.

Hinrichs, Erhard W., W. Detmar Meurers, and Tsuneko Nakazawa, eds. (1994),Partial VP and Split-NP Topicalization in German -- an HPSG analysis andits implementation. Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsberiechs 340'Sprachtheoretische Grundlagen fuer die Computerlinguistik' Bericht Nr. 58.

Kathol, A. (1995) Linearization-based German Syntax. Dissertation,Ohio State University.

Kathol, Andreas. 1995. Verb-`Movement' in German and TopologicalFields. CLS 31. Chicago: CLS.ftp://grid.let.rug.nl/pub/Kathol/Papers/CLS95.ps.gz

Kathol, Andreas and Carl Pollard. 1995. On the Left Periphery ofGerman Subordinate Clauses. WCCFL 14. Stanford: CSLI Publications.ftp://grid.let.rug.nl/pub/Kathol/Papers/WCCFL95.ps.gz

Kathol, Andreas and Carl Pollard. 1995. Extraposition via ComplexDomain Formation. ACL 33. Cambridge, MA.ftp://grid.let.rug.nl/pub/Kathol/Papers/ACL95.ps.gz

Kathol, Andreas. 1995. Order Variability in German and Dutch VerbClusters. CLIN 6. Antwerp.

Katny, Andrzej: (1994) Zu ausgewaehlten Akstionsarten im Polnischen undderen Entsprechungnen im Deutschen. Rzeszow: Wydawnictwo Wyzszej SzkolyPegagogicznej w Rzeszowie.

Kowalski, Wojciech (1995) Review of Katny, Andrzej, Zu ausgewaehltenAkstionsarten im Polnischen und deren Entsprechungnen im Deutschen.Rzeszow: Wydawnictwo Wyzszej Szkoly Pegagogicznej w Rzeszowie, 1994.Linguistics 33.3; 607-610.

Lass, Roger (1994) Old English: a historical linguistic companion,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mair, Christian (1994) "Crosslinguistic semantic motivation for theuse of a grammatical construction in English and German: "X ISIMPOSSIBLE TO DO"/"X IST UNMOEGLICH ZU SCHAFFEN". Papers and Studiesin Contrastive Linguistics 29; 5-15.

Mallen, Enrique (1995) "The Role of Agreement in Spanish, Icelandic,and German." Linguistische Berichte 157, 216-236.

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Massam, Diane (1995) Review of Fagan, Sarah M. B., The Syntax andSemantics of Middle Constructions: A Study With Special Reference toGerman. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1992. Lingua 96.4,272-278.

Montgomery, Michael (1994) "The Evolution of Verb Concord in Scots", inFenton, Alexander and Donald A. MacDonald (eds.) Studies in Scots andGaelic. Edinburgh: Cannongate Academic; 82-95.

Mueller, G. (1995) `Extraposition as Remnant Movement.' Ms.,University of Tuebingen.

Mueller, G. (1995) `Optional Movement and the Interaction of EconomyConstraints.' Ms., University of Tuebingen.

Neeleman, A. (1995) `PP-Complements.' Ms., University of Utrecht.

Odijk, J. (1995) `Topicalization of sentences in Dutch is contrastivedislocation.' Institute for Perception Research, Eindhoven.

Olsen, Susan (1994) "Produktive Wortbildung im Englischen und Deutschen",in Ahrens, R., W.-D. Bald, and W. Huellen (eds.), Handbuch Englische alsFremdsprache. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.

Olsen, Susan (1994) "Lokativalternation im Deutschen und Englischen",Zeitschrift fuer Sprachwissenschaft 13.2; 201-235.

Pafel, Juergen (1994) "Zur syntaktische Struktur nominaler Quantoren",Zeitschrift fuer Sprachwissenschaft 13.2; 236-275.

Pintzuk, Susan. 1995a. Old English verb-complement word order and thechange from OV to VO. To appear in York Research Papers inLinguistics. York, UK: Department of Language and Linguistic Science,University of York.

Pintzuk, Susan. 1995b. Post-verbal complements in Old English. Ms.

Pintzuk, Susan. 1995c. Variation and change in Old English clausestructure. To appear in Language Variation and Change 7.2.

Pittner, Karin (1995) "Zur Syntaz von Parenthesen." LinguistischeBerichte 156: 85-108.

Platzack, Chr. (1995) `Topicalization, Weak Pronouns and theSymmetrical/Asymmetrical Verb Second Hypotheses.' Ms., University ofLund.

Postma, G.J. (1995) Zero Semantics. Dissertation, University of Leiden.

Postma, Gertjan, The indefinite interpretation of WH, (1994). In: R.Bok-Bennema & Cremers, C. (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 1994 (pp.187-198). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Postma, Gertjan, Zero Semantics - the syntactic encoding of universalquantification, (1995). In: Den Dikken & e.a., Linguistics in theNetherlands 1995 (pp. 175-190). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Postma, Gertjan, Zero Semantics - a study on the syntactic conception ofquantificational meaning, 1995, HIL dissertation 13, Holland AcademicGraphics, The Hague.

Postma, Gertjan, On the syntactic encoding of possession, ms Leiden Univ. ,submitted for publication to Lingua.

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Postma, Gertjan, 1995, Over de interpretatieve samenhang der kwantorenheel, veel, en al, ms. Leiden University, submitted for publication toTABU.

Rauh, Gisa (1995) "Praepositionen und Rollen." Sprachwissenschaft 20,123-167.

Reis, M. (1995) `Extractions from Verb Second Clauses in German?' Ms.,University of Tuebingen.

Reis, M. (1995) `Wer glaubst du hat recht? On So-called Extractionsfrom Verb-Second Clauses and Verb-First Parenthetical Constructions inGerman.' In Sprache und Grammatik Arbeitsberichte, Lund.

Riemsdijk, H.C. van (1995) 'Head Movement and Adjacency'[with a substantive section on N-to-D Raising in German(i.e. preposition+article contraction) and a somewhatshorter one on prenominal adjective inflection in Dutch]

Riemsdijk, H.C. van (1995) 'Push Chains and Drag Chains: ComplexPredicate Split in Dutch'[to appear in the proceedings of the Scrambling Festivalat Meiji Gakuin University in October 1994]

Rijkhoek, P. (1995) `Result Clauses.' Ms., University of Groningen.

Roberts, I. (1995) "Directionality and word order change in English", inKemenade, A. van and N. Vincent (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd DiachronicSyntax Conference.

Roeper, T. (1995) `The Role of Merger Theory and Formal Features inAcquisition.' Ms., UMass, Amherst.

Roeper, T. (1995) `Inherent Binding and the Syntax/Lexicon Interface:Distinguishing DP, NP, and N.' Ms., Umass Amherst.

Rullmann, H. (1995) Maximality in the Semantics of WH-Constructions.Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

Sabel, J. (1995) `On Parallels and Differences between Clitic Climbingand Long Scrambling & the Economy of Derivations.' Ms., University ofFrankfurt.

Sabel, J. (1995) `Intermediate Traces, Adjunction Movement, andMinimize Chain Links.' Ms., University of Frankfurt.

Safir, K. (1995) `Derivation, Representation and Resumption: theDomain of Weak Crossover.' Ms., Rutgers University.

Safir, K. (1995) `Raising, Control and Selection in Complementation.'Ms., Rutgers University.

Schaeffer, J. and N. Hyams (1994) "On the Acquisition of Scrambling inDutch", paper presented at the Conference on Scrambling, Bern, Switzerland.

Schoenenburger, M., J. Weissenborn, and Z. Penner (1994) "Object Placementin Early German", paper presented at the Conference on Scrambling, Bern,Switzerland.

Schwabe, Kerstin: Ellipsis as a Phenomenon of Information Structuring.To appear in: Arbeitsberichte des SFB 340.

Stowell, T.A. (1995) `The Phrase Structure of Tense.' Ms., UCLA.

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Stowell, T.A. (1995) `What do the Present and Past Tenses Mean?.' Ms.,UCLA.

Tracy, R., Z. Penner, and J. Weissenborn (1994) "Triggering ObjectScrambling at the Earliest Stage in German and Swiss Bernese German", paperpresented at the Conference on Scrambling, Bern, Switzerland.

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (1995) Review of Lass, Roger, Old English: ahistorical linguistic companion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994. Journal of Linguistics 31.1; 188-9.

Wilder, Chr. (1995) `Some Properties of Ellipsis in Coordination.'Ms., Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin.

Wilder, Chr. (1995) `Rightward Movement as Leftward Deletion.' Ms.,Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin.

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