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The Philippine Eagle (Pithecophagajefferyi), also known as the Monkey-eating Eagle, is aneagle of the familyAccipitridaeendemicto forests in thePhilippines. It has brown and white-coloured

plumage, and a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs

4.7 to 8.0 kilograms (10 to 18 lb). It is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of

length, with theSteller's Sea Eagleand theHarpy Eaglebeing larger in terms of weight and

bulk.[2][3]Among the rarest and most powerful [quantify]birdsin the world, it has been declared the

Philippinenational bird.[4]

It iscritically endangered, mainly due to massive loss of habitat due to

deforestation in most of its range. Killing a Philippine Eagle is punishable under Philippine law by 12

years in jail and heavy fines.[5]

Taxonomy

The firstEuropeanto discover the species in 1896 was the English explorer and naturalis tJohn

Whitehead, who observed the bird and whose servant, Juan, collected the first specimen a few weeks

later.[6]

The skin of the bird was sent toWilliam Robert Ogilvie-GrantinLondonin 1896, who initially

showed it off in a local restaurant and described the species a few weeks later.[7]

Upon its discovery, the Philippine Eagle was first called the monkey-eating eagle because of reports from

natives of Bonga,Samar, where the species was first discovered, that it preyed exclusively on

monkeys;[8]

from these reports it gained itsgeneric name, from theGreekpithecus ("ape or monkey")

andphagus ("eater of").[9]

The specific name commemorates Jeffery Whitehead, the father of John

Whitehead.[7]

Later studies revealed, however, that the alleged monkey-eating eagle also ate other

animals, such ascolugos,civets, largesnakes,monitor lizards, and even large birds, such ashornbills.

This, coupled with the fact that the same name applied to the AfricanCrowned Eagleand the Central and

South AmericanHarpy Eagle, resulted in a presidential proclamation to change its name to Philippine

Eagle in 1978, and in 1995 was declared anational emblem. This species has no

recognizedsubspecies.[10]

Apart from Philippine Eagle and Monkey-eating Eagle, it has also been called the Great Philippine Eagle.

It has numerous local names, including agila ("eagle"), haribon, haring ibon("bird king")

and banog("kite").[4][11]

[edit]Evolutionary history

A study of the skeletal features in 1919 led to the suggestion that the nearest relative was theHarpy

Eagle.[12]

The species was included in the subfamily Harpiinae until a 2005 study ofDNAsequences

which identified them as not members of the group, finding instead, that the nearest relatives aresnake

eagles(Circaetinae), such as theBateleur. The species has subsequently been placed in the subfamily

Circaetinae.[13]

[edit]Description

The Philippine Eagle's nape is adorned with long, brownfeathersthat form a shaggy crest. These

feathers give it the appearance of possessing a lion's mane, which in turn resembles the mythical griffin.

The eagle has a dark face and a creamy-brown nape and crown. The back of the Philippine Eagle is dark

brown, while the underside and underwings are white. The heavy legs are yellow, with large, powerful

darkclaws, and the prominent large, high-arched, deepbeakis a bluish-gray. The eagle's eyes are blue-

gray. Juveniles are similar to adults except their upperpart feathers have pale fringes.[14]

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The Philippine Eagle is typically reported as being 86102 cm (2.823.35 ft) long,[3][14][15][16]

but a survey at

several of the largestnatural history collectionsin the world found the average was 95 cm (3.12 ft) for

males and 105 cm (3.44 ft) for females.[17]

Based on the latter measurements, this makes it the

longestextantspecies of eagle, as the average for the female equals the maximum reported for the

Harpy Eagle[16]

and Steller's Sea Eagle.[3]

The longest Philippine Eagle reported anywhere and the

longest eagle outside of the extinctHaast's Eagleis aspecimenfromField Museum of NaturalHistory(FMNH) with a length of 112 cm (3.67 ft), but it had been kept in captivity

[2]so may not represent

the wild individuals due to differences in the food availability.[18][19]

The level ofsexual dimorphismin size

is not certain, but the male is believed to be typically about 10% smaller than the female,[3]

and this is

supported by the average length provided for males and females in one source .[17]

For adult Philippine

Eagles, the complete weight range has been reported as 4.7 to 8 kg (10 to 18 lb) ,[3][20][21]

while others

have found the average was 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) for males and 6 kg (13 lb) for females .[17]

It has a wingspan of

184 to 220 cm (6 ft 0 in to 7 ft 3 in) and a wing chord length of 57.461.4 cm (22.624.2 in).[3][22]

The

maximum reported weight is surpassed by two other eagles (the Harpy and Steller's Sea Eagle) and the

wings are shorter than large eagles of open country (such as the Martial Eagle,Wedge-tailed Eagleand

Steller's Sea Eagle), but are quite broad.[3]

Thetarsusof the Philippine Eagle is the longest of any eagle,

from 12.2 to 14.5 cm (4.8 to 5.7 in) long.[3]The very large but laterally compressed bill rivals the size of

the Steller's Sea Eagle]'s bill as the largest living eagle bill. Its bill averages 7.22 cm (2.84 in) in length

from thegape.[2]

The tail is fairly long at 4245.3 cm (1717.8 in) in length,[3]

while another source lists a

tail length of 50 cm (20 in).[23]

The most frequently heard noises made by the Philippine Eagle are loud, high-pitched whistles ending

with inflections in pitch.[24]

Additionally, juveniles have been known to beg for food by a series of high-

pitched calls.[14]

[edit]Distribution and habitat

The Philippine Eagle isendemicto thePhilippinesand can be found on four major islands:

easternLuzon,Samar,Leyte, andMindanao. The largest number ofeaglesreside on Mindanao, with

between 82 and 233 breeding pairs. Only six pairs are found on Samar, two on Leyte, and a few on

Luzon. It can be found inNorthern Sierra Madre National Parkon Luzon andMount ApoandMount

Kitanglad National Parkson Mindanao.[7]

This eagle is found indipterocarpand mid-montane forests, particularly in steep areas. Its elevation

ranges from the lowlands to mountains of over 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). Only an estimated

9,220 km2

(2,280,000 acres) of old-growth forest remain in the bird's range.[7]

However, its total estimated

range is about 146,000 km2

(56,000 sq mi).[14]

[edit]Ecology and behavior

Evolution in the Philippine islands, without other predators, made the eagles the dominant hunter in the

Philippine forests. Each breeding pair requires a large home range to successfully raise a chick, thus the

species is extremely vulnerable todeforestation. Earlier, theterritoryhas been estimated at about

100 km2

(39 sq mi), but a study on Mindanao Island found the nearest distance between breeding pairs to

be about 13 km (8.1 mi) on average, resulting in a circular plot of 133 km2

(51 sq mi).[25]

The species' flight is fast and agile, resembling the smaller hawks more than similar large birds of prey.[26]

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Juveniles in play behavior have been observed gripping knotholes in trees with their talons and, using

their tails and wings for balance, inserting their heads into tree cavities.[27]

Additionally, they have been

known to attack inanimate objects for practice, as well as attempt to hang upside down to work on their

balance.[27]

As the parents are not nearby when this occurs, they apparently do not play a role in teaching

the juvenile to hunt.[27]

Life expectancy for a wild eagle is estimated to be from 30 to 60 years. A captive Philippine Eagle lived

for 41 years inRome Zoo, and it was already adult when it arrived at the zoo.[27]

However, wild birds on

average are believed to live shorter lives than captive birds .[27]

[edit]Diet

The Philippine Eagle was known initially as the Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle because it was believed

to feed on monkeys (the only monkey native to the Philippines is the Philippine long-tailed macaque)

almost exclusively; this has proven to be inaccurate. This may be because the first examined specimen

was found to have undigested pieces of a monkey in its stomach.[28]

Like most predators, the Philippine

Eagle is an opportunist that takes prey based on its local level of abundance and ease .[28]

It is theapex

predatorin its range.

Prey specimens found at the eagle's nest have ranged in size from a small bat weighing 10 g (0.35 oz) to

aPhilippine deerweighing 14 kg (31 lb).[28]

The primary prey varies from island to island depending on

species availability, particularly in Luzon and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal

regions. For example, thetree squirrel-sizedPhilippine flying lemurs, the preferred prey in Mindanao, are

absent in Luzon.[7]

The primary prey for the eagles seen in Luzon are monkeys,birds,flying foxes, giant

cloud-ratsPhloeomyspalliduswhich can weigh twice as much as flying lemurs at 2 to 2.5 kg (4.4 to 5.5 lb),

and reptiles such as largesnakesandlizards.[29]

The flying lemur could make up an estimated 90% of the

raptor's diet in some locations.[26]

While the eagles generally seem to prefer flying lemurs where available,

most other animals found in the Philippines, short of adultungulatesandhumans, may be taken as prey.

This can includeAsian palm civets(12% of the diet in Mindanao),macaques,flying squirrels,tree

squirrels,fruit bats,rats, birds (owlsandhornbills), reptiles (snakesandmonitor lizards), and even other

birds of prey.[7][26][28]

They have been reported to capture youngpigsand smalldogs.[26]

Philippine Eagles primarily use two hunting techniques. One is still-hunting, in which it watches for prey

activity while sitting almost motionlessly on a branch near the canopy. The other is perch-hunting, which

entails periodically gliding from one perch to another. While perch-hunting, they often work their way

gradually down from the canopy on down the branches and, if not successful in find prey in their initial

foray, will fly or circle back up to the top of the trees to work them again. Eagles in Mindanao often find

success using the latter method while hunting flying lemurs, since they are nocturnal animals which try to

use camouflage to protect them by day.[3]

Eagle pairs sometimes hunt troops of monkey cooperatively,

with one bird perching nearby to distract the primates, allowing the other to swoop in from behind,

hopefully unnoticed, for the kill.[3][26]Since the native macaque is often around the same size as the eagle

itself, it is a potentially hazardous prey, and eagles have been reported to suffer broken legs after

struggling with a monkey.[28]

[edit]Reproduction

The complete breeding cycle of the Philippine Eagle lasts two years. The female matures sexually at five

years of age and the male at seven. Like most eagles, the Philippine Eagle is monogamous. Once paired,

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a couple remains together for the rest of their lives.[6]

If one dies, the remaining eagle often searches for a

new mate to replace the one lost.[27]

The beginning of courtship is signaled by nest-building, and the eagle remaining near its nest. Aerial

displays also play a major role in the courtship. These displays include paired soaring over a nesting

territory, the male chasing the female in a diagonal dive, and mutual talon presentation, where the male

presents his talons to the female's back and she flips over in midair to present her own talons.

Advertisement displays coupled with loud calling have also been reported. The willingness of an eagle to

breed is displayed by the eagle bringing nesting materials to the bird's nest. Copulation follows and

occurs repeatedly both on the nest and on nearby perches. The earliest courtship has been reported in

July.[27]

Breeding season is in July; birds on different islands, most notably Mindanao and Luzon, begin breeding

at different ends of this range.[6]

The amount of rainfall and population of prey may also affect the

breeding season.[6]

The nest is normally built on an emergentdipterocarp, or any tall tree with an open

crown, in primary or disturbed forest. The nests are lined with green leaves, and can be around 1.5 m

(4.9 ft) across. The nesting location is around 30 m (98 ft) or even more above the ground.[7][26]

As in

many other large raptors, the eagle's nest resembles a huge platform made of sticks.[3][26]The eagle

frequently reuses the same nesting site for several different chicks.[7]

Eight to 10 days before the egg is

ready to be laid, the female is afflicted with a condition known as egg lethargy. In this experience, the

female does not eat, drinks lots of water, and holds her wings droopingly.[27]

The female typically lays one

egg in the late afternoon or at dusk, although occasionally two have been reported.[26][27]

If an egg fails to

hatch or the chick dies early, the parents will likely lay another egg the following year. Copulation may last

a few days after the egg is laid to enable another egg to be laid should the first one fail. The egg is

incubated for 58 to 68 days (typically 62 days) after being laid.[3]

Both sexes participate in the incubation,

but the female does the majority of incubating during the day and all of it at night .[27]

Both sexes help feed the newly hatched eaglet. Additionally, the parents have been observed taking turns

shielding the eaglet from the sun and rain until it is seven weeks old .[27]The young eaglet fledges afterfour or five months.

[26]The earliest an eagle has been observed making a kill is 304 days after

hatching.[27]

Both parents take care of the eaglet for a total of 20 months and, unless the previous nesting

attempt had failed, the eagles can breed only in alternate years.[3][6]

Even nests have no predators other

than humans, as even known nest predators such as palm civets and macaques (being prey species) are

likely to actively avoid any area with regular eagle activity.[30]

Relationship with humans

The Philippine Eagle was officially declared the national bird of the Philippines on 4 July 1995 by

PresidentFidel V. Ramosunder Proclamation No. 615.[35]

This eagle, because of its size and rarity, is

also a highly desired bird forbirdwatchers.

[26]

The Philippine Eagle has also featured on at least 12 stamps from the Philippines, with dates ranging

from 1967 to 2007. It was also depicted on the 50-centavo coinsminted from 1981 to 1994.Philippine

eagles are relative to the birds of prey.

Historically, about 50 Philippine Eagles have been kept in zoosin Europe (England,

Germany,Belgium,Italyand France), the United States, andJapan.[36]

The first was a female that arrived

inLondon Zooin August 1909[36]

and died there in February 1910.[37]

The majority arrived in zoos

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between 1947 and 1965.[36]

The last outside the Philippines died in 1988 in the Antwerp Zoo, where it had

lived since 1964 (except for a period at thePlanckendael Zooin Belgium).[36]

The first captive breeding

was only achieved in 1992 at the facility of the Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, Mindanao, the

Philippines, which has bred it several times since then.[

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