gerhard bartak at session 2 – pq and emc barcelona 12-15 may 2003...

1Gerhard Bartak AT Session 2 – PQ and EMC

Barcelona 12-15 May 2003

......................................................................

Power Qualityin European Electricity Supply Networks......................................................Network of Experts forStandardisation......................................................................

February 2002Ref: 2002-2700-0005 GENERAL

ENVIRONMENT

PQ POSITION, PERCEPTION

PQ PLAYERS, LIABILITY

PQ-REPORT

BACKGROUND

OBJECTIVES

CONTENT

RECOGNITIONS FROM

MEASUREMENT RESULTS

SUMMARY



PQ: POSITION

SERVICEELECTRICITY SUPPLY

FUNCTIONALRELIABILITY

E M C

CONTINUITY,RELIABILITYOF SUPPLY

t = 100 %

PQ EN 50160

, U, Plt .......

CUSTOMERRELATIONS

TECHNICAL NON-TECHNICAL

SECURITYOF SUPPLY

QUALITYOF SUPPLY

GenerationTransmissionDistribution

RESSOURCES



2002: Electricity facing highest degree of satisfaction

PERCEPTION: EUROBAROMETER 2002 / 2000

Most important factors for assessing quality of service:

Continuity of supplyQuick reaction to supply problemsTariffs and contract conditions

Comparison with EUROBAROMETER 9/2000: Effect of market liberalization

No reduction of (general) satisfactionNo effect on the quality of service

(for the vast majority)Satisfaction regarding tariffs relatively mediocre,

due to the perception of price increases40

50

60

70

80

Gen

eral

%

Electricityaverage

Tar

iffs

90

100

Quality 93,7



PLAYERS: EUROPEAN COMMISSION

To ensure Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMC Directive 89/336/EEC *)

Essential requirements (ER)

*) Directive 89/336/EEC; 2 Application Guides; Revision under way; Expected to come into force 2005

To ensure the most effective solution for achieving EMC

Availability of an appropriate set of harmonized standards, being compatible with each otherconsidering the needs of the entire EMC building

Availability of a standard for the product electric energy

~ 800 mio. products/year (EEA market)~ € 400 billion

CENELEC



PLAYERS: REGULATORSL

IAB

ILIT

Y &

CO

ST

S Harmonization of PQ in European electricity supply networks to reach a mean PQ level throughout Europe

Monitoring / Proving PQ in European electricity supply networks

PQ benchmarking as a basis for penalties or incentives

More efficient investment might support PQ level being maintained or even improved

ST

AN

DA

RD EN 50160 acknowledged as the PQ standard

No intention for specific modifications to EN 50160 except ..........

(More actual) Specifications concerning energy not delivered (END) envisaged



PLAYERS: MANUFACTURERS

LIA

BIL

ITY

& C

OS

TS • Increasing cost pressure due to the globalization of the markets

• More stringent EN 50160 values• Electronic components supporting

• „Electronification“ supporting modern image / equipment sale Critical view at unnecessarily (?) stringent emission limitation

EN 50160 in the present form not satisfying

to be adapted to existing product standards for equipment

as a product standard like any other product standard

Electricity as a product like any other product !?ST

AN

DA

RD

• EN 50160 should give (somehow modified) (guaranteed) values as basis for (increasing share of) liability in case of damagesto electrical equipment

more economic production



PLAYERS: ELECTRICITY COMPANIES

LIA

BIL

ITY

& C

OS

TS

• Increasing cost pressure due to the liberalization of the markets

• More stringent EN 50160 values

• „Electronification“ causing increased network disturbances Critical view at an inadequately less stringent emission limitation

Increasing network investment

EN 50160 fulfilling the task given by the Commission

in the present form satisfying, to be completed by an Application

Guide

ST

AN

DA

RD

• EN 50160 not a product standard like any other product standard

Electricity not a product like any other product !!

• EN 50160 values can‘t be a basis for evaluation of liability in case of damages to electrical equipment



Network investment EMC production costs

Competitiveness on the market

= g (market price, design,functionality)

Customer‘s satisfaction

= f(electricity tariff etc., security of supply, supply quality)

Restrisk

LIABILITY vs. PHYSICAL FACTS & ECONOMICAL OPTIONS

Proliferation of non-linear loadsDistributed generationNetwork disturbances

EMC standardizationPQ Conformity with EMCD

0



PLAYERS: CUSTOMERS

LIA

BIL

ITY

& C

OS

TS

ST

AN

DA

RD

No interest in standards / no broad understanding for „marks“ (e. g. CE)

EN 50160, EN 61000-2-2, EN 61000-3-x not an issue for argumentations

Interest in

• Cheap procurement of equipment low(er) electricity tariffs

• Equipment operability # safely # with intended, undegraded

performance # at any time wanted / needed

• Electricity coming from the plug• No understanding for defectives (energy, product)

due to economic reasons

Maintain current PQ levels, lower electricity tariffs & product costs !



Results from different measurement campaigns,e.g. AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, FR, SP, UK

December 2000: Decision to work out a first PQ Report

Manufacturers Increasing cost pressureRequest to EURELECTRICLiability issues

Liberalization Service levels

Standardization PQ standard EN 50160EMC standards. Discussion on EN 61000-3-2&3

Commission, Protection of supply networks

EMC Directive Cumulative effect

PQ REPORT: BACKGROUND

Network operators Increasing cost pressureChanging framework conditions for netw. operation



.............................................................

.........

Power Qualityin European Electricity Supply Networks......................................................Network of Experts forStandardisation......................................................................

February 2002Ref: 2002-2700-0005 Worked out by

Experts from

AT, BE, DE, FR, IR, ES, UK

Measurement results from 9 countries

AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, FR, SP, UK

Published February 2002

PQ REPORT



To give information on PQ in European electricity supply networks

* due to requests by manufacturers / CENELEC

* serving as a base for related discussions

in standardization (e.g. EN 50160, EN 61000-3-x)

with the Commission and the Authorities (PQ and liberalization)

* based on available measurement results from different countries

* considering most essential phenomena

and dealing also with their effects and possible mitigation

* deducing trends as far as possible

* drawing attention to remarkable cost relevance of PQ

PQ REPORT: OBJECTIVES



Phenomena dealt with

harmonics, voltage fluctuations / flicker, voltage dips,unbalance, transient overvoltages

Explanations concerning

interdependence between EMC and PQnetwork impedance

Overview ofsources, effects, mitigation methods, related standards

Presentation of

measurement resultsfirst cost estimations

PQ REPORT: CONTENT



PQ MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS

US (LFEIC)

CH

UK

SP

DE

CZ

DK

UNIPEDE DISDIP

AT

FR

U Dips Flicker Unbal.

* * * * *

* * * *

* *

* * * * * ** * * * *

BE * *

Trans. overv.

*



PQ REPORT: GENERAL OUTCOME

European citizens are served with a high level PQ in general

supporting

• the principles given by the EMCD

• appropriate emission limitation by EMC standardization



• DNO care for PQ by• having sucessfully kept track with the technological development and

• having managed to accommodate almost any kind of new appliances to the network without major quality problems.

• related investment into the networks by the DNOs in the past, e. g. for increasing the fault level (e.g.DE ~ 25 % of network investments for PQ related measures)

• applying appropriate technical rules for the assessment of electrical systems before connection to the networks

proving

PQ REPORT: GENERAL OUTCOME

European citizens are served with a high level PQ in general



PQ REPORT: HARMONICS

Huge bandwith of measurement values,not allowing for giving a generally valid tendency throughout Europe

Harmonic levels• are (still) increasing during the past 20 years in general

although to a smaller degree than expected during the nineties – probably due to

o the successful application of EMC emission limits (EN 61000-3-2 et al.) o DNO investment into the networks

• still show some margin to CLs in general, but are exceeding CLs in some cases

• are causing remarkable extra costs, which may be counted in hundreds of B$ worldwide

but what can be seriously said :



5th harmonic (95-%-values) vs. fault level in Austrian LV, MV and HV networks

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 10 100 1.000 10.000

Ssc in MVA

95-

%-P

erce

nti

le o

f th

e 5t

h H

arm

on

ic

LV MV HV

PQ REPORT: HARMONICS



PQ REPORT: FLICKER

Maximum flicker levels quite below CLs in generaltheir Plt distribution showing maxima between 0,2 and 0,6 higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

but: Maximum flicker levels exceeding CLs in some networks

Rural

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

1 2 3

Mean

Mean

Compatibility

Mean Plt levels obtained in measurements in Denmark

Urban

Plt

Rural CL



PQ REPORT: VOLTAGE DIPS

Need for an increased awareness of the phenomenon among electricity users and the manufacturers of electrical equipment

Characteristic numbers:

Rural areas supplied by overhead MV lines: up to hundred or even several hundreds of dips per year, depending in particular on local meteorological conditions.

Cable MV networks: An individual customer connected at low voltage may experience from around ten to a hundred dips per year,depending on local conditions.

due to

- increasing sensitivity on equipment side and- increasingly degrading performance of equipment- impossibility of elimination but options for - reduction of their incidence

without affording high costs at equipment side



PQ REPORT: TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES

Product standard values do not cover the range of occurring transient overvoltages

Characteristic values:

• typically: up to 2 kV in case of atmospheric origin

with rise times from < 1 ms to a few ms

• seldomly: up to 6 kV and even higher *)

*) Values recorded in AT and SE: > 10 kV, with rise times of some µs



PQ REPORT: SUMMARY

Without corrective action / Relaxation of EN 61000-3-2 limits :

Steady increase in the level of voltage distortion on public electricity supply networks, mainly caused by electronic equipment < 16 A1

Increasing loss of production and competitiveness

Network operators as well as their customers will face an

increasing number of equipment failures



Trends as foreseen in former UNIPEDE Reports confirmed

-- although to a lower degree (investment in networks)

PQ REPORT: SUMMARY

2

EURELECTRIC aiming at further completion of related documentation

High importance of PQ measurements and documentation

-- cost component, but appropriate investment for obtaining a serious base for related standardization / regulation

„With a view to optimising the operation of public electricity networks, utilities will continue to conduct network monitoring. However, it has to be accepted that the cost of this monitoring represents an additional operating cost that will ultimately be borne by the wider customer base.“

EURELECTRIC Summary Paper to EC DG III „EMC in European Electricity Supply Networks“



PQ REPORT: SUMMARY

Indispensable need for

• controlling the increasing loads of distortion by network operators

• ensuring the availability of the financial means for that task -- and not getting penalyzed in case of degraded PQ

3

Deterioration in the PQ would become inevitable

otherwise



Already today DNOs are challenged to keep the PQ level as it is when facing steadily reduced budgets

4 Over-Regulation concerning network tariffs

Danger of lowering impact on PQ

Below a certain point of budget the current level can no longer be maintained



Considering

• the options of controlling voltage distortion

• considerable costs in supply networks due to unduly high emissions

• minimization of costs by avoiding disturbances at the place of their possible creation

PQ REPORT: SUMMARY

5

Specification of appropriately stringent emission limits,

considering the cumulative effect,

appearing as the most effective solution



PQ REPORT: SUMMARY

Network operators striving for

ensuring an appropriate PQ level at justifiable costs

EMC and PQ cost money --additional loads of distortion cost additional money

finally to be paid by the customerat purchasing electric equipmentat paying the electricity billfor repairs in case of damagesdue to loss of (production) time, data aso

6

gerhard bartak at session 2 – pq and emc barcelona 12-15 may 2003...

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