geothermal presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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WHAT DOES THE WORD "GEOTHERMAL" MEAN?Geo = Earth Thermal = Heat
WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?Energy that can be extracted from the heat in the earth
Arizona
Conditions are most favorable for geothermal activity where
the earth's tectonic plates collide and one slides beneathanother. The best example of these hot regions is the PacificRing of Fire
PacificRing of fire
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HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL HEAT GET UP TO EARTH'S
SURFACE? Conduction
Heat from the Earthsinterior flows outward. It istransferred to the outer
layer of rock or the crust.
Rainwater seeping downward through poresand crevices in the crust to depths of a mile or
more is heated. The heated water may bestored at depth in geothermal reservoirs, or thehot water may flow upward out the reservoirsto the surface as hot springs, or boil near thesurface to create geysers, fumeroles, andmudpots.
Convection
In some regions, themantle beneath the
crust may be hotenough to partly meltand create magma.Magma rising upwardout of the mantle canbring intentse
shallow heat into thecrust
Magma or very hot rock
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HOW HAVE PEOPLE USED GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY IN THE PAST? Bathing:
Ancient civilizations
used hot springs forbathing
Medical Therapy:Early Romans usedgeothermal water totreat eye and skindisease
Cooking:Native Americans andothers used geothermal
water for cookingHeating:
Early Romans usedgeothermal water to
heat their homes inPompeii
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HOW DO WE USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TODAY?
Space Heating/Cooling
Water Heating / Spas
Aquaculture : Fish, Shrimp,Abalone, Alligators
Drying of fruits / vegetables /
lumber
Industrial Uses: Dying of cloth,washing wool, piping under
sidewalks to keep from freezing,manufacturing paper
Greenhouses: Vegetables,
flowers and other crops
Electricity Generation
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HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED IN THE U.S.
FROM GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?2700 MW Today
0.4% of all
electricalgenerationEstimated
additional
capacityavailable5,000 18,000MW
Coal 53%
Nuclear 21%
Natural Gas 15%
Hydro 7%
Oil 3%
Geothermal-Wind-Solar - 1%
2003 U.S. Power Resources
Flash Technology Plant
Dry Steam Plant
Binary Plant
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HOW IS ELECTRICITY GENERATED USING GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY?
Dry Steam Power Plant
Geothermal water is passed through a heatexchanger to heat a secondary fluid thatvaporizes at a lower temperature than water.The fluid vapor spins the turbine/generator,
is condensed back to liquid and re-vaporizedat the heat exchanger.
A few geothermal reservoirs produce mostlysteam and very little water. The steam shootsdirectly through a rock-catcher and into theturbine.
The geothermal fluids are brought to the surfacethrough wells that are drilled deep into the earth. Thehot water (300 F or more) is highly pressurized. As thewater pressure is reduced during transit to the surface,30 40% of the water flashes (explosively boils) tosteam. The steam is fed to a turbine/generator toproduce electricity. The remaining water is returnedinto the earth to help maintain pressure and prolongthe productivity of the geothermal well.
Flash Steam Power Plant
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES OF USINGGEOTHERMAL ENERGY TO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY? Clean:No emissions, safe to use
Reliable:Continuous, reliable base-load power
Sustainable / Reusable:Water can be recycled back into theearth and reusedNo other fuel mixture required to createelectricity
Land Conservative:No major land requirements. Can beintegrated into the local area with noadverse effects
Flexible / Modular:Geothermal power plants can havemodular designs, with additional unitsinstalled in increments when needed tofit growing demand for electricity
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ARIZONA LOCATIONS SHOWING TEMPERATURESAND POSSIBLE POWER PRODUCTION
Arizona Thermal Wells and Springs
Higher temperature springs andwells (greater than 50 C) occur inareas that may have potential forspace heating and geothermalgreenhousing
Some of the areas shown with wells and springs greaterthan 60 C may be underlain by reservoirs with 120 - 160temperatures and be suitable for small scale (
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HOW DOES ARIZONA USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
TODAY?
Safford
Marana
AquacultureGila Bend
Shrimp FarmsHyder
Tilapia Fish FarmsMarana
Winter Citrus Irrigation
Hot SpringsTonopah
Safford
Tonopah
HyderGilaBend
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Additional Sources of Information
http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/index.html
http://www.azgs.az.gov/Summer2001.htmhttp://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?BT_CODE=ENERGYSOURCES
http://geothermal.marin.org/hotsites.html
http://www.geothermal.marin.org/http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/geothermal.htm
Contact Janet Crow, APS Outreach Coordinator at
(602) 250-4990 or [email protected]