geology 1001/1101

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Geology 1001/1101

Sec 003 Chris PaolaClass 13: energy

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Key ideas about energy

• Energy use is linked fundamentally to population, population density, and GDP

• Total world energy consumption, now and projected

• Geology-related energy sources

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Geology & energy

• ~85% of current energy use is from fossil fuels: oil, gas (hydrocarbons) and coal

• All fossil fuel energy is fossil solar energy• All fossil fuel energy is linked to life and thus

to carbon• Are we running out of hydrocarbons? The

“peak oil” debate• Nuclear energy• Geothermal energy

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Key points

• How hydrocarbons form• Measuring the reserves, oil field sizes• Definitions: oil and gas units,

discoveries, proven reserves, ultimate recoverable reserves

• “Unconventional” hydrocarbons: shale gas, shale oil, tar sands

• A little about coal

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Energy and power

• Energy (work) – Joules– BTUs: 1 BTU = 1055 J– Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055x1018 J (1.055 ExaJ)– Kilowatt-hour: 1 KWH = 3600000 J– Calorie (food): 1 Cal = 4187 J

• Power: energy per time (energy rate)– 1 Joule/sec = 1 Watt– 1 HP = 746 Watt

• US energy consumption (power), per capita: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)

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Energy and power

• Energy (work) – 1 gallon [U.S.] of automotive gasoline = 131.8

Mjoule– 1 gallon [U.S.] of automotive gasoline = 31470

Calorie [nutritional]– Kilowatt-hour: 1 KWH = 3600000 J– Calorie (food): 1 Cal = 4187 J

• Power: energy per time (energy rate)– 1 Joule/sec = 1 Watt– 1 HP = 746 Watt

• US energy consumption (power), per capita: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)

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Energy equivalents

• 1 Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055 x 1018 J =8 x 109 Gallons (US) of gasoline 172 x 106 Barrels of oil293 x 109 Kilowatt-hours (kWh) 36 x 106 Tonnes of coal 970 x 109 cubic feet of natural gas (~1 TCF)6 x 109 UK gallons of diesel oil 25 x 106 Tonnes of oil

• solar input at surface: 168 W/m2 x 106 x 510,065,600

km2 x 3.1x107 sec = 2.66 x 106 EJ per year

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Energy per person

• Our per-person average consumption: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)

• In one year: 3.59 x 105 MJ = 359,000 MJ (mega joules) = 59 barrels of oil OR332,000 cubic feet of natural gas OR15 tonnes of coal OR67.9 m2 of sunlight (at 100% conversion)

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World energy consumption

2008 total world energy consumption, per year:

474×1018 J (474 EJ or 449 Quad)

80-90% derived from the combustion of fossil fuels

Oil equivalent: 77 x 109 (billion) barrels (Bbbl)

Actual world annual, oil only: 31 x 109 (billion) barrels (Bbbl)

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Total world energy consumption

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/World_Energy_consumption.png

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Where in the world was oil first produced for human consumption?

Texas?

Middle east?

California?

Caucasus?

JMAJMA

The Goal - ‘Black Gold’The Goal - ‘Black Gold’

Light Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field

North Texas

Light Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field

North Texas

Heavy Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas

Heavy Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas

Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG

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What is Petroleum?What is Petroleum?

• Petroleum:Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black a natural yellow-to-black flammable flammable liquid hydrocarbon found liquid hydrocarbon found beneath beneath the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface

• Hydrocarbon:Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made an organic compound made up up of carbon and hydrogen of carbon and hydrogen atomsatoms


JMAJMA

Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

Gasoline - 19.5 gallonsGasoline - 19.5 gallons

A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:

Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallonsFuel Oil - 9.2 gallons

Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallonsJet Fuel - 4.1 gallons

Asphalt - 2.3 gallonsAsphalt - 2.3 gallons

Kerosene - 0.2 gallonsKerosene - 0.2 gallons

Lubricants - 0.5 gallonsLubricants - 0.5 gallons

Petrochemicals,Petrochemicals,other products - 6.2 gallonsother products - 6.2 gallons

One Barrel =One Barrel =42 gallons42 gallons

American Petroleum Institute, American Petroleum Institute, 19991999Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG

JMAJMA

024839-2

Projected World Energy SuppliesProjected World Energy Supplies

19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100100 BILLION

BARRELS

Billion Barrels

of Oil Equivalent

per Year (GBOE)

Billion Barrels

of Oil Equivalent

per Year (GBOE) Natural

GasNatural

Gas

HydroelectricHydroelectric

Crude OilCrude Oil

Solar, Wind Geothermal

Nuclear Electric

1993

CoalCoal

24929

Decreasing

Decreasing

Fossil F

uelsF

ossil Fuels

Ne

w T

echno

logies

Ne

w T

echno

logies

World Energy DemandWorld Energy Demand

after Edwards,AAPG 8/97

Careers inCareers inOil & GasOil & Gas

Remain ImportantRemain Important


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Global ExplorationGlobal Oil and Gas Fields

GasGasOilOil


JMAJMA

US HydrocarbonUS HydrocarbonOccurrenceOccurrenceLargest 25 Oil FieldsLargest 25 Oil Fieldsby Ultimate Recoveryby Ultimate Recovery



Deposition

Erosion

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Hydrocarbon formation

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JMAJMA

Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes

24803

Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements

120° F120° F

350° F350° FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

OilOil

WaterWater

Gas CapGas Cap

EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation

Source Source RockRock


JMAJMA

Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes

• Generation Generation -- Burial of source rock to temperature and Burial of source rock to temperature and pressure regime sufficient to convert organic pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter into hydrocarbon matter into hydrocarbon

• MigrationMigration - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the source - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the source rock toward and into a trap rock toward and into a trap

• AccumulationAccumulation - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into a trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an a trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an

accumulation accumulation

• PreservationPreservation - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is not altered by biodegradation or “water-washing” not altered by biodegradation or “water-washing”

• Timing Timing - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon migrating migrating Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG

JMAJMA

A hydrocarbon “trap”: anticlineA hydrocarbon “trap”: anticline

GasGas

OilOil

WaterWater

Petroleum Accumulates in Structural ClosurePetroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure


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More hydrocarbon traps

JMAJMA

3D Seismic Image - Submarine Fan3D Seismic Image - Submarine Fan

Armentrout Armentrout et al.et al., 1996, 1996

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22

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11

22

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Less Less Confined Confined

FlowFlow

Confined Confined FlowFlow

New Tools Better Data Improved UnderstandingNew Tools Better Data Improved Understanding

Hummocky Channel Levee

Lobate Mound

Sheet-Form Fan

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Hydrocarbons: drilling

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Where in the world was oil first produced for human consumption?

China (349)

Pennsylvania (1859)

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Are we running out of oil?

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Who was M. King Hubbert and what is “Hubbert’s Peak”?

Hubbert the person… …Hubbert the icon

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/DJCrossley/energy/images/MKingHubbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/DJCrossley/energy/week1/introduction.htm&usg=__wv-WW2qxcsbWLX1dO9bGNfcu6Ek=&h=477&w=378&sz=43&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LD65CMSU5Pe0VM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dm%2Bking%2Bhubbert%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2GGLL_en%26tbs%3Disch:1

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Hubbert’s prediction

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Source: J. LaHerrere, Oil & Gas Journal, 2000

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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.

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Resources have limits, but is the limit quantifiable?

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Hubbert’s prediction revisited

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Note: we have used ~ 1 Trillion bbl so far

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Unconventional hydrocarbons

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Tar sand

Athabaska sands, Alberta

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Tar sand reserve: 3.6 x 109 (trillion) barrels in Canada and Venezuela alone

For comparison:

Current world total energy consumption in oil equivalent: 77 billion bbl

Conventional oil reserves: 1.75 trillion bbl

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Shale gas

Gas-bearing shale, Alberta

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Shale gas

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Shale gas

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Shale gas reserve: 616 x 109 (trillion) cubic feet (TCF) in US alone

For comparison:

Current world total energy consumption in gas equivalent: 77 billion bbl

Conventional gas reserves: 6300 TCF

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What we don’t like about hydrocarbons…

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Gulf Coast Oil Spill, 2010

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Coal: fossilized marsh

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Coal reserves

• Estimated total reserve: 843 Gton

• Current usage: 6.4 Gton/yr

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Other Earth-based energy sources

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