GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL COINDUSTRIAL CO22 EMISSIONS EMISSIONS

IN THE BALTIC STATES: IN THE BALTIC STATES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTSPROBLEMS AND PROSPECTSAlla ShogenovaAlla Shogenova11, , Saulius SliaupaSaulius Sliaupa2,32,3,,Kazbulat ShogenovKazbulat Shogenov11

Rasa SliaupieneRasa Sliaupiene22, , Rein VaherRein Vaher11 and Angelina Zabele and Angelina Zabele44

11Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, 22Institute of Geology and Geography, LithuaniaInstitute of Geology and Geography, Lithuania33Vilnius UniversityVilnius University44Latvian UniversityLatvian University

ProblemProblem

Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22), emitted largely from the burning of ), emitted largely from the burning of fossil fuels, is the main agent causing global warming. fossil fuels, is the main agent causing global warming.

According to the Kyoto protocol signed by the Baltic According to the Kyoto protocol signed by the Baltic countries in 2002, the level of air-polluting greenhouse countries in 2002, the level of air-polluting greenhouse gases should be reduced by 8% compared to the 1990 gases should be reduced by 8% compared to the 1990 level. level.

Reduction of carbon dioxide could be reached using Reduction of carbon dioxide could be reached using different measures including different measures including ::

1.1. the improvement of energy efficiency and demand, the improvement of energy efficiency and demand, 2.2. use of renewable energy sourcesuse of renewable energy sources3.3. capture and geological storage of CO2 (CCS). capture and geological storage of CO2 (CCS).

COCO22 capture and storage process capture and storage process

Transport(P ip e lin e )

StorageR ese rv o ir

E O R

P o w ersta tio n

C ap tu rep ro cess

S o u rce

C o llec tio nN e tw o rk

O th e r

so u rces

E lec trica lO u tp u t

H y d ro g en o rC H P o u tp u t

E n erg y E n erg y

O il

Parasiticco n su m p -

tio n

C O 2

R eleasedC O 2

E scap e

F u e l

F u e lP ro d u c t

http://www.gi.ee/co2net-easthttp://www.gi.ee/co2net-easthttp://www.gi.ee/co2net-east/r/http://www.gi.ee/co2net-east/r/

In 2006 the Baltic States, together with other European In 2006 the Baltic States, together with other European countries, started an inventory of major COcountries, started an inventory of major CO22 emission emission sources, assessment of COsources, assessment of CO22 geological storage capacity geological storage capacity and dissemination of information about COand dissemination of information about CO22 capture and capture and storage in the frame of storage in the frame of

EU GEOCAPACITY EU GEOCAPACITY (25 countries) (25 countries) projectproject and and CO2NETEAST CO2NETEAST (8 countries) (8 countries) project project

supported by EU Commission Framework supported by EU Commission Framework Programme 6.Programme 6.

Both project were organized by GEO ENeRG –Both project were organized by GEO ENeRG – European Network for research in GEOENERGYEuropean Network for research in GEOENERGY http://www.energnet.comhttp://www.energnet.com

..

Compared to the other European Compared to the other European countries, the Baltic States are in a countries, the Baltic States are in a rather unique geological setting. rather unique geological setting. Most of the countries contain a Most of the countries contain a number of small basins that have number of small basins that have different characteristics.different characteristics.

Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are situated within one common Baltic situated within one common Baltic sedimentary basin. Therefore, a sedimentary basin. Therefore, a joint study is required for the joint study is required for the assessment of the geological sinks.assessment of the geological sinks.

The source types and emission The source types and emission amounts differ considerably in the amounts differ considerably in the Baltic countries, depending on the Baltic countries, depending on the socio-economic conditions. socio-economic conditions.

Geological conditions are also Geological conditions are also different, as these countries different, as these countries represent different parts of the Baltic represent different parts of the Baltic basin. basin.

Baltic States 1990 – 2005Baltic States 1990 – 2005 GHG emissions GHG emissions in COin CO22 equivalents equivalents

1990: Reduction in 20051990: Reduction in 2005

48 Mt in Lithuania 48 Mt in Lithuania 53% 53% 42.6 Mt in Estonia42.6 Mt in Estonia 51% 51% 26.4 Mt in Latvia26.4 Mt in Latvia

59%59%

Energy SectorEnergy Sector -2005 -2005

89% of GHG in Estonia89% of GHG in Estonia 72% in Latvia72% in Latvia 58% in Lithuania58% in Lithuania

GHG (%) by sectorsGHG (%) by sectors

Sectors Estonia Latvia Lithuania

Energy 89 72 58

Agriculturte 5.7 17.7 17.9

Industrialprocesses 2.7 2.5 16.6

Waste 2.5 7 6.8

Transport 10 27.5 18.2

All registered industrial sourcesAll registered industrial sources(European Trading Scheme)(European Trading Scheme)

12.7 Mt (42 sources) - 59.3% of total GHG in 12.7 Mt (42 sources) - 59.3% of total GHG in EstoniaEstonia

2.98 Mt (92 sources)2.98 Mt (92 sources) - 26.7% in Latvia- 26.7% in Latvia

6.6 Mt (89 sources) - 32.5% in Lithuania6.6 Mt (89 sources) - 32.5% in Lithuania

EEmissions per capitamissions per capita Estonia - Estonia - 11.7 tonnes11.7 tonnes Lithuania - 3.4 tonnesLithuania - 3.4 tonnes Latvia -Latvia - 2.5 tonnes2.5 tonnes

6.6 tonnes in Europe and Central Asia (data 6.6 tonnes in Europe and Central Asia (data of the World Bank).of the World Bank).

Baltic industrial Baltic industrial emmisionsemmisions

24 big emissions (+ 24 big emissions (+ 3 in Lithuania and +2 3 in Lithuania and +2 in Estonia close to in Estonia close to 100100kkt)t)

2005:2005: 11,5 Mt in Estonia 11,5 Mt in Estonia 5,6 Mt in Lithuania 5,6 Mt in Lithuania 1,9 Mt of CO2 in 1,9 Mt of CO2 in

Latvia Latvia

Industrial COIndustrial CO22 emissions in the Baltic States emissions in the Baltic States

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C O em issions, K t (thousand tonnes)

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Industrial COIndustrial CO22 emissions in Estonia emissions in Estonia

COMPANYNAME PLANTNAME CITY REGION

CO2 tons YEAR

Eesti Energia AS (AS Narva Elektrijaamad) Eesti Elektrijaam Auvere küla North-East 7710803 2005

Eesti Energia AS (AS Narva Elektrijaamad) Balti ElektrijaamAuvere küla ,Elektrijaama tee 59

North-East 2253587 2005

AS Kunda Nordic Tsement AS Kunda Nordic Tsement Kunda, Jaama 2North-East 745620 2005

Eesti Energia AS (AS Iru Elektrijaam) Iru Elektrijaam Maardu, Peterburi tee 105 North 373270 2005

VKG AS (OÜ VKG Energia)OÜ VKG Energia Lõuna SEJ Kohtla-Järve, Keemia 2A

North-East 206823 2005

Eesti Energia AS (AS Kohtla-Järve Soojus) Ahtme Elektrijaam Kohtla-Järve, Ritsika 1North-East 190257 2005

AS Silmet Grupp (AS Sillamäe SEJ) AS Sillamäe SEJ Sillamäe, Kesk 2 North-East 148427 2005

Viru Keemia Grupp AS (OÜ VKG Energia) OÜ VKG Energia Põhja SEJ Kohtla-Järve, Elektriku 3 North-East 133570 2005

Kiviõli Keemiatööstuse OÜ Kiviõli Keemiatööstuse OÜ Kiviõli, Turu 3North-East 130843 2005

Viru Keemia Grupp AS (Viru Õlitööstus AS)VKG Oil AS, Järveküla tee 14 Kohtla-Järve, Järveküla tee 14

North-East 70298 2005

Dalkia International (AS Tallinna Küte) Mustamäe katlamaja Tallinn, Punane 36 North 88639 2005

Dalkia International (AS Tallinna Küte) Kadaka katlamaja Tallinn, Kadaka tee 181 North 94415 2005

In LithuaniaIn Lithuania - -LatvianLatvian––Lithuanian Lithuanian border border

(Mazeikiai(Mazeikiai––Akmene area), Akmene area), oil-processing factory oil-processing factory -- 1870 Kt 1870 Kt EPS EPS - - 273 Kt of CO2273 Kt of CO2 In Latvia, In Latvia, - - western part of the western part of the

country. country. Liepaja metallurgical enterprise Liepaja metallurgical enterprise - -

366 Kt of CO2, 366 Kt of CO2, Liepaja EPS Liepaja EPS - - 108 Kt of CO2108 Kt of CO2 cement factory in Broceni cement factory in Broceni - - 285 285

Kt of CO2. Kt of CO2. Three EPSs emit 619, 381 and Three EPSs emit 619, 381 and

136 Kt of CO2 in the Riga area136 Kt of CO2 in the Riga area Cement production Cement production - - northern northern

Lithuania. Lithuania. TThe Naujoji Akmene Boiling he Naujoji Akmene Boiling

Plant for Cement Plant produces Plant for Cement Plant produces 783 Kt of CO2. 783 Kt of CO2.

southeastern Lithuania southeastern Lithuania - - EPS in EPS in Elektrenai (715 Kt of CO2),Elektrenai (715 Kt of CO2),

two EPSs in Vilnius (701 and 260 two EPSs in Vilnius (701 and 260 Kt of CO2)Kt of CO2)

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C O em issions, K t (thousand tonnes)

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C O sources, K t

2000 to 8000

500 to 2000

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10 to 70

0 .001 to 10

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Only industrial sources >100 kt Only industrial sources >100 kt COCO22

will be capturedwill be captured

After capture, COAfter capture, CO22 can be either stored or re-used can be either stored or re-used..

COCO22 can be stored in geologic formations can be stored in geologic formations

including including depleted oil and gas reservoirsdepleted oil and gas reservoirs deep saline aquifers and deep saline aquifers and (salinity >100g/l)(salinity >100g/l) unminable coal seams and abandoned coal minesunminable coal seams and abandoned coal mines COCO22 can also be fixated in the form of minerals. can also be fixated in the form of minerals.

Geological storage for CO2

Baltic Baltic Emissions Emissions and and

natural gas natural gas pipelines Russia pipelines Russia

– Estonia – – Estonia – Latvia – Latvia –

– Lithuania – Lithuania (WP1)(WP1)

Depths of top of the Cambrian aquifer. The P-T fields of gaseous and Depths of top of the Cambrian aquifer. The P-T fields of gaseous and supercritical state of COsupercritical state of CO2 2 ((P P = 73.8 bars, = 73.8 bars, T T = 31= 31ooC) are shown. The C) are shown. The

line of the geological cross-section is indicated.line of the geological cross-section is indicated.

Geological cross-section across Estonia, Latvia, and LithuaniaGeological cross-section across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Major siliciclastic aquifers are shown in yellowMajor siliciclastic aquifers are shown in yellow

Prospective for undeground gas storage Prospective for undeground gas storage structures in Latvia (LEGMA, 2007)structures in Latvia (LEGMA, 2007)

Incukalns local structure in Latvia Incukalns local structure in Latvia (LEGMA, 2007)(LEGMA, 2007)

General Geology of EstoniaGeneral Geology of EstoniaTop of the Precambrian basement is shown by contours. Flexures above Top of the Precambrian basement is shown by contours. Flexures above

the basement fault are shown by yellow linesthe basement fault are shown by yellow lines. .

SSection linesection lines are shown by greenare shown by green....

General Geology of EstoniaGeneral Geology of Estonia

Section along Valga-Letipea line is modified after Puura & Section along Valga-Letipea line is modified after Puura &

Vaher, 1997.Vaher, 1997.

Stratigraphy and properties of Stratigraphy and properties of Cambrian reservoir rocksCambrian reservoir rocks

Hydrogeology of EstoniaHydrogeology of Estonia

Hydrogeological cross-section of Estonian bedrock (compiled by R.Perens, 1997, Hydrogeological cross-section of Estonian bedrock (compiled by R.Perens, 1997, prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project)prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project)

Ordovician-Cambrian Aquifer Ordovician-Cambrian Aquifer SystemSystem

Compiled by R.Perens, 1997. Compiled by R.Perens, 1997. Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project.Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project.

Cambrian-Vendian (Ediacaran) Aquifer SystemCambrian-Vendian (Ediacaran) Aquifer System

Compiled by R.Perens, 1997. Compiled by R.Perens, 1997. Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project by IGTUT.Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU GEOCAPACITY project by IGTUT.

Baltic Emissions and natural Baltic Emissions and natural gas pipelines Russia gas pipelines Russia

Estonia – Latvia – – LithuaniaEstonia – Latvia – – Lithuania

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS TThe Middle Cambrian siliciclastic reservoirs are considered he Middle Cambrian siliciclastic reservoirs are considered

prospective formations for COprospective formations for CO22 trapping in the Baltic region. trapping in the Baltic region. The structural trapping is an option in Latvia having number The structural trapping is an option in Latvia having number

of large anticlinal structures with a total potential of more of large anticlinal structures with a total potential of more than 500 Mt in the Middle Cambrian aquifer.than 500 Mt in the Middle Cambrian aquifer.

The shallow sedimentary basin (100The shallow sedimentary basin (100––500 m), small depth 500 m), small depth of the closed oil-shale mines (60of the closed oil-shale mines (60––65 m) and use of all 65 m) and use of all aquifers for drinking water supply make geological aquifers for drinking water supply make geological conditions in Estonia unfavourable for CO2 geological conditions in Estonia unfavourable for CO2 geological sequestration. sequestration.

Lithuania has a potential for COLithuania has a potential for CO22 solubility storage in solubility storage in Devonian and Middle Cambrian saline aquifers, but without Devonian and Middle Cambrian saline aquifers, but without possibilities for structural trapping (Šliaupa et al. 2005). possibilities for structural trapping (Šliaupa et al. 2005).

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS The Inčukalns underground gas storage operating in The Inčukalns underground gas storage operating in

Latvia, which is used for the supply of natural gas to Latvia, which is used for the supply of natural gas to Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, is a positive example of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, is a positive example of collaboration in the region. collaboration in the region.

The existing infrastructure of pipelines, already The existing infrastructure of pipelines, already connecting the large Baltic COconnecting the large Baltic CO22 sources with Latvian sources with Latvian prospective anticlinal structures, provides a possibility prospective anticlinal structures, provides a possibility of reducing the price of the future COof reducing the price of the future CO22 pipelines and a pipelines and a good prospect for geological storage of the substantial good prospect for geological storage of the substantial Baltic industrial CO2 emissions in the most favourable Baltic industrial CO2 emissions in the most favourable geological conditions available in Latvia. geological conditions available in Latvia.

Other options in EstoniaOther options in Estonia Eesti Energia isEesti Energia is utilizing a process for neutralizing utilizing a process for neutralizing

alkaline ash transport water through a reaction alkaline ash transport water through a reaction with liquid COwith liquid CO22. .

In June of this year Eesti Energia launched a In June of this year Eesti Energia launched a research project to study the potential for COresearch project to study the potential for CO22 capture by the alkaline ash that is generated as a capture by the alkaline ash that is generated as a residue during power generation. This solution will residue during power generation. This solution will be an alternative to the many developing CObe an alternative to the many developing CO22 sequestration technologies. sequestration technologies.