geologic criteria for eastern kentucky permanent co …basal sands) kyccs ... sea level datum the...

KYCCS

Geologic Criteria for Eastern Kentucky

Permanent CO2Storage

(Saline reservoir test)Stephen Greb

Warren Anderson

Kentucky Geological Survey

KYCCS

House Bill 1

“…the research shall include the drilling of deep wells in both coal fields (Illinois and Appalachian) in Kentucky, and performing the analysis necessary to estimate the potential for enhanced oil and gas recovery, enhanced coalbedmethane recovery, or permanent storage of sequestration of carbon dioxide.”

$5 million appropriated to research use and storage of CO2 in Kentucky

KYCCS

Storage (sequestration) research to build on

Past researchDOE-sponsored research in Kentucky

• MIDCARB

• Phase 1- Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP)

• Phase 1- Midwest (Illinois Basin) Geological Carbon Sequestration (MGCS) Consortium

GOEP-sponsored research in Kentucky• Kentucky’s FutureGen proposal

KYCCS


• Kentucky’s industrial plant site bank

Past researchDOE-sponsored research in Kentucky

GOEP-sponsored research in Kentucky

• Phase 2- Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP)

• Phase 2- Midwest (Illinois Basin) Geological Carbon Sequestration (MGCS) Consortium

• Phase 2- Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB)

KYCCS


From this research we have gathered some geologic background to aid in planning a test for deep CO2 storage in eastern Kentucky:

• Minimum depths for miscible injection

• Principle reservoir targets and seals

• Other potentially limiting factors

• Wisdom from similar tests within the DOE-sponsored projects

KYCCS

Minimum storage depths

At increased pressure and temperature, CO2 behaves as a super-critical fluid (has properties of a liquid and gas) and is reduced in volume ~250 times.

Supercritical fluid10,000

5,000

1,000

500

100

50

10

1

5

0.1 0 100 -100

Solid (dry ice)

Liquid

Gas

Typical Reservoir Conditions in

Midwest

Temperature (F)

Pres

sure

(psi

a) Critical Point

(87.8ºF,1,071 psia)

KYCCS


Because future large-scale CO2 storage will need supercritical conditions, our deep well needs to test reservoirs at depths where any injected CO2 would be at supercritical conditions

Supercritical fluid10,000

5,000

1,000

500

100

50

10

1

5

0.1 0 100 -100

Solid (dry ice)

Liquid

Gas

Typical Reservoir Conditions in

Midwest

Temperature (F)

Pres

sure

(psi

a) Critical Point

(87.8ºF,1,071 psia)

KYCCS


Research by the MRCSP and MGCS indicate that the critical point for CO2 in the Midwest and Kentucky should occur at a depth of ~2,500 ft

Rapid density change

From MRCSP Phase 1 Final Report (Wickstromand others, 2004)

KYCCS

Kentucky data at minimum storage depths

2,500-4,0004,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi

Existing well data in eastern Kentucky at depths greater than 2,500 ft

Eastern Kentucky Coal Field

Draft map

KYCCS

Kentucky data at minimum storage depths

4,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi


Existing well data in eastern Kentucky at depths greater than 4,500 ft

Draft map

Kentucky data below minimum storage depths

KGS also has access to seismic data to aid in interpretation of the deep subsurface

KYCCS

KGS also has access to seismic data to aid in deep subsurface analyses

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Miles0 25 50

• Seismic data will likely be needed prior to drilling a site in eastern Kentucky

Eastern Kentucky structure

KYCCS

Our site evaluation needs to consider that there are several distinct geologic areas in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field:

Structures and faults map

Rome Trough

• In and out of the Rome Trough

KYCCS

Deep rock units in eastern Kentucky

Previous research has established which rock units in the deep subsurface are possible saline reservoirs and which are possible sealing or containment intervals

Metamorphic and igneous rocks (mostly seal)

Sink or seal (depends on location)

Unconformity

Caprock-containment interval

Potential CO2 sinks/ reservoirs

Rock units

Black River Gp(High Bridge Gp)

St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls

Kope/Clays Ferry Fm and Upper Ordovician

Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower

Granite-RhyoliteComplex

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

KYCCS




Unconformity



Known, deep saline reservoirs include:

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

• Rome Fm. (basal sands)

KYCCS




Unconformity





• Mt. Simon Ss.

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

KYCCS




Unconformity





• Mt. Simon Ss.• Rose Run Ss.

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

KYCCS




Unconformity





• Mt. Simon Ss.• Rose Run Ss.

• St. Peter Ss.

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

KYCCS




Unconformity



Other reservoirs may also occur and may need to be evaluated in different areas

Also, some units may contain both sealing intervals and saline reservoirs:

• Knox Gp.

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

KYCCS




Unconformity



• Conasauga Fm

• Wells Creek and High Bridge carbonates

• Kope Fm

• Devonian Shale (ultimate seal)

Just as important in an injection project are the containing (sealing) units:

Rock units


St. Peter Ss

Lexington Ls


Wells Creek Ls.

Middle

Beekmantown Fm

Copper Ridge Dol.

Lower


Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

?

Ord

ovic

ian

Cam

bria

n

Proterozoic

?

System Series

Kno

x G

p.

Gunter Ss

Mount Simon Ss

Conasauga Gp.

Rome Fm

basal ss

Rose Run Ss

Potential reservoirs at depth: Rome basal sands

KYCCS

Rome Formation basal sand structure (ft)

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-100

00-1

0000

-110

00-1

1000

-120

00-1

2000

-5000-5000

-900

0-9

000

-7000-7000

-140

00-1

4000

-6000-6000

-800

0-8

000

-13000-13000-1

5000

-150

00

-16000

-16000

-400

0-4

000

-120

00-1

2000

-900

0-9

000

-5000-5000

-8000-8000

-110

00-1

1000

-900

0-9

000

-800

0-8

000

-10000-10000

-5000-5000

-800

0-8

000

-11000-11000

-10000-10000

-150

00-1

5000

-8000-8000

-6000

-6000

-700

0-7

000

-6000

-6000

-11000-11000

-11000-11000

-12000-12000

-7000-7000

-140

00-1

4000

-9000-9000

-150

00-1

5000

-9000-9000

-150

00-1

5000

-800

0-8

000

-11000-11000

-6000-6000

-6000-6000

-14000-14000

-12000-12000

-9000-9000

-900

0-9

000

-800

0-8

000

-900

0-9

000

-8000-8000

-900

0- 9

000

-8000-8000

-800

0-8

000

-140

00-1

4000

-5000-5000

-12000

-12000

-6000-6000

-100

00-1

0000

-11000-11000

-10000

-10000 -12000-12000

-800

0-8

000

-12000-12000

-5000-5000

-12000-12000

-10000-10000

-14000-14000

-11000-11000

-10000-10000

-10000-10000

-130

00

-130

00

-6000-6000

-10000-10000

-16000-16000

-11000-11000

-110

00- 1

1000

-7000-7000

-900

0-9

000

-7000-7000

-13000-13000 -14000-14000

-11000-11000

-11000-11000

-10000-10000

-5000-5000

-14000-14000

-13000-13000

-6000-6000

-7000-7000

-16000-16000

-7000-7000-6000-6000

-130

00-1

3000

-5000-5000

-110

00

-110

00

-6000-6000

-10000-10000

-120

00-1

2000

-12000

-12000

-130

00-1

3000

-1300

0

-1300

0

-12000-12000-6000

-6000 -110

00-1

1000

-9000-9000

-500

0-5

000

-9000-9000

-8000-8000

-11000-11000

-12000-12000

-500

0-5

000

-9000-9000

-12000-12000

-12000-12000

-900

0-9

000

-6000-6000

-100

00-1

0000

-6000-6000

• Complex depth, thickness, and dip relations because of faulting

• Depths: 6,000 to more than 16,000 ft

Sea level datum

The basal sandstones of the Rome Formation are a saline-water bearing unit (saline reservoir)

Miles0 25 50

Draft map


KYCCS

• Basal sand thickness: 0 to >300 ft • There can be several Rome sandstones in the Rome Trough in addition

Sandstones are restricted to areas south of the Kentucky River Fault System (Rome Trough)

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100

Miles0 25 50

Rome Formation basal sand thickness (ft)

KRFS

Well data

Draft map

>300 200-299 100-199 0-99


KYCCS

• Thickness changes across some faults

Sandstones are restricted to areas south of the Kentucky River Fault System (Rome Trough)

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100

Miles0 25 50

Rome Formation basal sand thickness (ft)

KRFS

Draft map

KYCCSPorosity is documented in a series of sand wedges along the margin of the Rome Trough

Potential reservoirs at depth: Mount Simon

KYCCS

The Mt. Simon Sandstone (basal sand) is the saline reservoir being targeted for CO2storage in much of the Midwest

Map from MGCS data

Mt. Simon thickness

2,490

0

Thickness (ft)


KYCCSMap from MGCS data

Mt. Simon thickness

2,490

0

Thickness (ft)

Gibson Co.Mt. Simon Class 1 well sites (based on EPA UIC data)

The Mt. Simon is already used for industrial waste injection in other states


KYCCS

Mt. Simon thickness

Map from MGCS data

East BendDuke Energy-

MRCSP

FutureGenMattoon

OhioTuscarawas Co.

MountaineerAEP-BattelleBasal sand tests for

CO2 injection

Planned Mt. Simon CO2 injection tests

2,490

0

Thickness (ft)

There are also recently completed and planned deep tests for CO2 storage in the Mt. Simon and similar basal sands


KYCCS

The Mount Simon Sandstone is restricted to the area north of the Rome Trough in eastern Kentucky

Mt Simon structure (ft)

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Miles0 25 50

. Rome Trough

-1,000 to -1,999 -2,000 to -2,999-3,000 to -3,999-4,000 to -4,999-5,000 to -5,999

• Depths: -2,500 to -7,000 ft

Well data

Sea level datum

Draft map


KYCCS


The Mount Simon is 0 to 300 ft thick in eastern Kentucky

Mt Simon thickness (ft)

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..

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>300 200-299 100-199 0-99

Well data

Miles0 25 50

Rome Trough • It will be tested in north-central Kentucky at Duke Energy’s East Bend plant as part of the MRCSP

Draft map


KYCCS

From Hoholick and others, 1984, AAPG Bulletin

Research indicates decreasing porosity with depth (with large variation) in the Illinois Basin

Data is mostly from Illinois and Indiana


KYCCS


…but variable porosity where shallower than 7,000 ft.

Data is mostly from Illinois and Indiana


Initially targeted Mt. Simon for waste injection

• Depth: 5,193 ft

• Thickness: 761 ft

Case in Point:

Dupont No. 1WAD,

Louisville KY

KYCCS

0 200GR

5 15CALI

2 3RHOB

30 -10SNP

140 40DT

Kno

x G

roup

Cop

per R

idge

Dol

.Ea

u C

laire

Precambrian Basement

Mt.

Sim

on

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

Core 2Core 3Core 4Core 5

Core 6

Core 7

Core 8

Core 9Core 10

Core 11

Core 12

Core 13Core 14

Core 15

Core 16

5000

Bee

kman

tow

n

Depth

Mt. Simon

Location

Potential reservoirs at depth: Mount SimonCase in Point:

Dupont No. 1WAD,

Louisville KY

KYCCS

0 200GR

5 15CALI

2 3RHOB

30 -10SNP

140 40DT

Kno

x G

roup

Cop

per R

idge

Dol

.Ea

u C

laire

Precambrian Basement

Mt.

Sim

on

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

Core 2Core 3Core 4Core 5

Core 6

Core 7

Core 8

Core 9Core 10

Core 11

Core 12

Core 13Core 14

Core 15

Core 16

5000

Bee

kman

tow

n

Depth

Mt. Simon

Initially targeted Mt. Simon

Encountered tight sand, and came up the hole into the overlying Knox Formation

Location

Potential reservoirs at depth: Knox

KYCCS

The Knox is a widespread, thick, unit

• Dominantly non-porous dolomite, but known to have several different porosity zoneslocally

Well data

Miles0 25 50

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Knox thickness (ft)

> 3,0002,000 to 2,999 1,000 to 1,999< 999

Draft map


IMCO Recycling Waste Injection Site,

Butler County, Kentucky

The only active waste injection site in Kentucky

• Multiple, thin porosity intervals in the upper 1,760 ft of Knox

• Inject open hole through interval

• 11 years, 3.5 million bbls injected

• No coresLocation

KYCCS

KYCCS


30 miles

Gas storage fields in central Kentucky

Several Knox gas (methane) storage fields at shallow (immiscible) depths in unconformity traps at the top of the Knox in north-central Kentucky

• Numerous Knox oil fields associated with unconformity “highs” and fractures in south-central Kentucky

• Requires closely spaced data or seismic to detect unconformity traps

Knox gas storage CountyKnox oil field area

Potential reservoirs at depth: St. Peter

KYCCS

The St. Peter Sandstone overlies the Knox

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St. Peter structure (ft)

1 to 999

0 to -999

-1,000 to -1,999

-2,000 to -2,999

-3,000 to -3999

-4,000 to -4,999

-5,000 to -5,999

-6,000 to -6.999

-7,000 to -7.999

Miles0 25 50

Sea level datum

• It has an irregular distribution

Draft map

?

?

?

?

?

?

??

?

?

? ?


KYCCS

St. Peter thickness (ft)

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PIKE00

2020

0

0

>120

100-119

80-99

60-79

40-59

20-39

0-19?

?

?

?

?

....

....

?

??

?

?

St. Peter thickness ranges from 0 to more than 120 ft

• Thickness is influenced by faulting in the Rome Trough

Draft map

? ?

Miles0 25 50

KYCCS


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PIKE00

2020

0

0

???

??

........

?? ?

?

?

Location

Thickness variation across faults in the Homer Field, Elliott County, Kentucky

KYCCS



In western Kentucky and Illinois basin there is decreasing porosity in the St. Peter with depth

…we need to see if eastern Kentucky is similar

Fault Leakage issues

KYCCS

Faults can act as both reservoir seals and pathways for leakage

4,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi


Draft map

Fault Leakage issues

KYCCS

Faults can act as both reservoir seals and pathways for leakage

• If storage-plume areas intersect faults, sealing properties will need to be determined

4,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi


Draft map

Old Well Bore Leakage Issues

KYCCS

Another potential leakage pathway is old well bores

2,500-4,0004,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi


Draft map

Old Well Bore Leakage Issues

KYCCS

4,000-5,0005,000-6,0006,000-8,000>8,000

Well depths (ft)

Faults0 50 mi


• Saline formations not penetrated by large numbers of wells are favorable to units that are widely penetrated

Draft map

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/products_data/images/nshm_us02.gif

Seismic risk Issues

KYCCS

In the FutureGen proposals, seismic risk limits were set at peak acceleration of 0.3% g with 2% probability of exceedence in 50 years by the Federal government

• Such a limit would not preclude any of eastern Kentucky

KYCCS

Water supply issues

Existing power plantsProposed plants

Another issue for site criteria might be proximity to large water supplies

KYCCS

Water supply issues



• Power plants and potential coal-to-liquids plants that will need CO2 storage also need large water supplies

KYCCS

Water supply issues



• Not needed for test hole, but may need to be considered when choosing sites

Potential site selection method

KYCCS

We can use the existing site bank developed for commercial-scale CTL and CTG plants by the Governor’s Office of Energy Policy or look for other available areas for drilling. Then we need to compare site characteristics through a series of weighted criteria

The following shows how an initial geologic site selection might be done. It is not the final selection. It is only meant to show how a set of criteria might be used to help select an area. The actual criteria used have yet to be decided.

• Geologic and non-geologic criteria will have to be considered

KYCCS

Potential site selection method to show how a set of criteria might be used to help screen sites

For example, if we want to test the major regional saline reservoirs, including basal sands, but at depths not exceeding 8,000 ft. in order to maximize potential for porosity in deep sandstones (may not be as important in eastern KY), then….

Depth to the Precambrian basement

Draft map

KYCCS

10,000 ft or less8,000 ft or lessPrecambrian tests

Depth to basement

Knox injections

Draft map

…this would result in site selection weighted toward the northern and western margin of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field


KYCCS


Depth to basement

• Basal sands in the Rome Trough and to the southeast would require deeper and more expensive wells

• In those areas, shallower horizons would have to be evaluated

Knox injections


Draft map

KYCCS

• If we further restrict area to where there is basal sands, Mt. Simon, St. Peter (or other deep sandstones including some Silurian sands) at depths between 8,000 to 2,500 ft, in order to intercept multiple horizons in this range, the area is more limited


Depth to basement

Knox injections


Draft map

KYCCS

This example scenario shows how a set of criteria might be developed to aid in determining the area best suited for a test well

• It is not the final set of criteria

• Geologic and non-geological criteria will be evaluated with the ultimate goal to drill a well (or wells) that meets the objectives of House Bill 1 with the available funding and industry participation


KYCCS

• Finalize site screening criteria

• Choose a potential test site or sites

• Final site characterization– Subsurface mapping– Purchase existing or acquire new seismic data – Characterize potential reservoirs with existing data– Characterize seals with existing data– Design monitoring plan (subsurface and surface)

Eastern Kentucky Deep Well Planning

A working committee that includes KGS and industry partners must work together to:

KYCCS

• Well design and engineering• Permitting• Drilling

– Obtain whole core and side-wall cores in reservoir and seal intervals

– Run and interpret extensive suite of well logs– Collect brine samples from target zones for geochemistry– Analyze core samples for porosity, permeability,

mineralogy, cements, mechanical strength, and other physical properties

– Conduct injection tests using fluid, air or CO2

• Monitoring, verification, and closure• Public education and outreach• Reporting and technology transfer


KYCCS


Thank you

Let’s open the floor for questions

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