geography - population and settlements
TRANSCRIPT
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7/31/2019 Geography - Population and Settlements
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Birth rate: Number of live babies born per 1,000 people each year
Death rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people each year
Natural increase: The rate at which the population naturally increases. Calculated using the
difference between the birth and death rates
Optimum population: The correct size population to be able to be sustained by the areas
resources without lowering anybodys quality of life
Migration: The movement of people from one region or country to another
Emigration: Is people (emigrants) leaving a region or country
Immigration: Is people (immigrants) entering a region of country
Urban growth: The expansion of towns and cities so that they cover more land, as well as
gaining larger populations
Mega-city: A city with over 10 million inhabitants
Millionaire city: A city with over 1 million inhabitants
Brownfield sites: Land which has been built on beforeDoughnut effect: When too many businesses move away from the CBD there is a danger of
leaving a dead heart in the city centre.
Carbon-neutral home: Homes where carbon emissions dont add to the net amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5
High
fluctuating
Early
expanding
Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Birth rate
Death rate
Population
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Stage 1 (high fluctuating):
-A region before economic development
-Birth and death rates are high which results in a stable population
Stage 2 (early expanding):
-A region beginning to develop
-Death rates fall (due to better medicine etc.)
-Birth rates remain high
-Population increases
Stage 3 (late expanding):
-Death rates continue to fall
-Birth rates begin to fall (better education, contraception and family planning)
-The population continues to increase, but more slowly
Stage 4 (low fluctuating):
-Low birth and death rates due to a higher standard of living-Shows good education and more women in education (choose to have fewer, or no
children)
-The population remains stable
Stage 5 (decline):
-Death rates are slightly higher than birth rates
-Medicine keeps people alive longer which results in an ageing population-Fewer people in the reproductive age range, so birth rates fall
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Effects of
overpopulation in
rural areas
Not enough
schoolsNot enough land
Overgrazing and
over-cultivationInadequate health services
Lack of clean water and
sanitation
Food
shortages
Deforestation
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Effects of
overpopulation
in urban areas
Unemployment Overcrowding
Growth of shanty
towns
Traffic congestion
Overcrowded
schools
Inadequatehealth services
Problems of wastedisposal
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Lower birthrates
Better education for all
Migration to cities
Higher literacy rateLater age of
marriage
Improved health
care lowering infant
mortality rate
Betteremployment
prospects
Raising standards of
living
More women
in paid work
Family planning
information and
advice
Contraception more
widely available
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Reasons for ageing populations:
-Increasing life expectancy
-Low birth rates
Consequences of ageing populations:
-Growing market for leisure industries as older people spend money on holidays
-House prices in popular retirement places may rise
-The cost of supporting the elderly through state pensions increase
-A great demand on medical services and long-term nursing care
Solutions to ageing populations:
-Raising the age of retirement so old people work for longer and pensions are paid later
-Raising taxes on the working population to pay for care for the elderly
-Providing incentives to encourage people to have more children
-Encouraging immigration of young, skilled adults to fill the gaps in the labour market
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Push factors:
-Low wages so low standard of living
-Lack of job opportunities
-Poor quality of life
-Lack of amenities (e.g. hospitals and schools)
-Conflict (e.g. civil war)
-Natural hazards (e.g. drought or volcano)
Pull factors:
-High wages and improved standard of living
-Improved job opportunities
-Better amenities and services
-Improved quality of life
-Better environment, not natural hazards
-Freedom from oppression
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Pull factors:
-The hope of work and the chance to make money-Better schools
-Healthcare
-Entertainment
Push factors:
-Poverty
-Fewer jobs, except in farming-Fewer schools
-Less entertainment, especially for younger people
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Problems causedby urbanisation
Traffic congestion
Waste disposal
Overstretchedhealthcare services
Overcrowdedschools
Inadequate power
supplies
Not enoughhousing
Not enough jobs
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Self-help schemes:
People build a simple house and then, over time begin to improve upon it. This is only
possible if theyre confident that theyre not likely to be randomly thrown off. People thenneed to be given legal ownership of the land
City authorities may provides clean water, help with sanitation and waste collection, bus
operators may start bus services and health centres may be built. These are a few of the
ways in which areas that were previously dirty and illegal become better quality and legal.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs): Such as Oxfam and Save the Children encourage
people to help themselves through micro-credit schemes. This is where the companies
provide small grants or loans to poor people who would be rejected by the banks. NGOs
also provide advice and training. This training, together with the loan helps people to start
their own businesses (e.g. a market)
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Consequences of counter-urbanisation
Benefits:
-More people to support local shops
-Many old and derelict buildings are renovated-Opportunities for local businesses
-Younger people settle in villages, creating a more balanced population structure
Problems:
-House prices increase
-Green belt land may be built on-There are more cars which results in traffic and park problems
-Main roads into the city become congested as people commute to work
-Tensions may develop between the older residents and the newcomers
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Aims of a green belt:
-To prevent urban sprawl
-Prevent towns and cities merging into each other
-Protect the countryside
-Encourage development within the town, not around it
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Residential:
Land used for housing
Takes up the largest area Cities often have many different residential areas
Open space:
Land used for parks and playgrounds
Spread throughout the city
Derelict or unused land is open space and is often found in older, more central areas
Commercial:
Land used for shops, offices, banks and other businesses
The biggest concentration is in the central business district (CBD)
Green belt land
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The CBD is the heart of the city, there are many high-rise buildings occupied by shops,
offices, banks and other commercial functions. All these functions group together because
the CBD is the most accessible part of the city. As a result of this, the land is more valuable.Because of the high cost of rent in the CBD you dont find some land uses such as : housing,
industry and large areas of open space. The buildings are tall in order to maximise the
amount of space.
Pull factors:
Accessibility: its easy for customers and employees to reach the businesses
Many businesses benefit from locating near similar businesses (e.g. entertainment shops
and comparison shops)
Having a central address is prestigious and therefore attracts customers
Push factors:
Theres very little room for expansion
Land prices are high
Theres lots of traffic, noise and pollution
Local government planning restrictions can restrict development
Changes due to push and pull factors:
New buildings, pedestrianized areas and one-way streets, shopping malls, new types of
transport (e.g. trams), public open spaces and conversion of old buildings for a new use
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Detached houses
Semi-detached houses
Bungalows
Flats
There is such a variety of housing because different people need and can afford different
sorts of houses. Building styles have changed in the last 100 years.
Outer-city council estates
Theyre often built on greenfield sites. They usually have a mixture of high-rise and low-
rise houses together with a shopping centre, school and open space. In some cities these
are popular and successful but in some they have become rundown housing areas with
the residents feeling isolated from the central parts of the city
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This is where the town and countryside merge. It usually has both urban and rural land
uses.
Changes to the rural-urban fringe
The rural-urban fringe is often targeted for new developments (e.g. housing estates,
shopping malls, office parks or waste disposal facilities) since the land is often cheaper
and more readily available. Main roads and motorways can make this area more
accessible and greenfield sites are preferred by developers. Decision makers have the job
of balancing the need for new developments with sustainability.
Impact of new developments:
Countryside is lost as the town spreads outwards. This land could have been used for
recreation or farming
Traffic increases, causing more pollution and congestion
Inner city areas and brownfield sites remain undeveloped as its easier and cheaper
develop greenfield sites in the rural-urban fringe
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Ways to make cities more sustainable:
Build zero-carbon homes and offices
Use local food supplies instead of transporting food across the world Involve local people in decision making
Make sure people live closer to their work so they can walk or cycle
Improve public transport so people do not use cars so much
Use brownfield sites for new developments so derelict land is re-used
Reduce waste by re-using products such as bottles and plastic containers and recycle
glass, paper and textiles
Provide more open space and greenery to improve quality of life
Use renewable energy sources such as wind, water or solar power
Zero-carbon living
Roughly 25% of UKs carbon emissions come from homes. There are ways to reduce this:
Improving insulation and installing double glazing to reduce heat loss
Encourage people to be more careful with how much energy they use , for example by
switching to low-energy light bulbs, turning off standby switches and turning down
heating.
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Benefits of eco-towns:
The towns are planned to be sustainable
They will provide thousands of new houses, many of which will be affordable
They help tackle climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
Disadvantages:
They will be built of greenfield sites, using up valuable countryside and green belt
land
Not enough houses will be built to make a significant difference
They will generate more traffic which will generate more carbon emissions
How it all works:
Houses will be zero-carbon and generate their own energy from renewable sources (e.g.
solar or wind). The towns will have smart meters to track energy use, community heat
sources and charging points for electric cars. About 40% of the town will be parks,
playgrounds and gardens. There will be efficient public transport, cycle routes and
footpaths, and shops and a primary school within easy walk of every single home
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Hierarchy of shoppingcentres in a town One major shopping centre
in CBD
Several large
suburbancentres
Many neighbourhood
shopping centres
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Changes:
More people have more money to spend (disposable income)
Many more families have a car, giving them access to new shopping centres Electrical appliances such as freezers and microwave oven means people buy food for
several days or weeks in advance and no longer buy fresh food every day
More women work and have less time to shop every day than in the past