Geography GCSE Mock and Examination Preparation booklet.

Name:

Students should bring the following to the Examinations:

Black Ball Point Pen Pencil Rubber Ruler Calculator Colouring Pencils.

Year 10 Mock Examination.

Areas that will be examined. – These will be the same as for the real examination in the summer – but clearly different questions!

Section A – ONE QUESTION

The Restless Earth.

1. The distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes.2. The reasons for earthquakes and volcanoes at the 3 plate margins 3. Diagrams of each plate margin4. How Earthquakes are measured.5. General Map skills – 4 and 6 figure grid references.6. Causes and responses to a Tsunami.7. Tsunami Case Study – Remember rule of Thumb – convincing facts specific to

the PLACE studied.

Section B – TWO QUESTIONS

Water on the Land (Rivers)You will find the Rivers Fieldwork booklet a useful tool to revision as it not only prepares you for the fieldwork day but also acts as useful revision.

1. Cross sections along a Long Profile of a River.2. Formation of a waterfall – diagrams.3. Flood hydrographs – their features and what they tell us.4. Water Supply in the UK.

Coastal Zone. Mass Movement Features of coastal landforms. Formation of Arches, Stacks and Stumps. Formation of sea cliffs. Sea Level Rises Impact of coastal flooding. Hard and Soft engineering.

GlossaryGlossary

Abrasion – waves erode coastline by throwing pebbles against cliff faces

Arch – rocky opening through a headland formed by wave erosion

Bar – ridge of sand or shingle across the entrance to a bay or river mouth

Beach – sloping area of sand and shingle between the high and low water marks

Cave – hollow at the bottom of a cliff eroded by waves

Cliff – steep rock outcrop along a coast

Constructive wave – gently breaking wave with a strong swash and weak backwash

Cross profiles of river valleys – V-shaped sections, changing downstream from steep to gentle

Destructive wave – powerful wave with a weak swash and strong backwash

Discharge – amount of water in a river at any one time

Earthquake – shaking of the ground

Effects – primary (first effects) and secondary (later effects), positive (good) and negative (bad)

Erosion processes – wearing away the land surface by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution

Flood plain – flat land built of silt on the sides of a river, usually in its lower course

Flooding – water covering land that is normally dry after a river bursts its banks

Fold mountains – long, high mountain range formed by upfolding of sediments

Gorge – steep narrow valley, with rocky sides

Hard engineering strategies – strong construction methods to hold floodwater back or keep it out

Hazard – natural hazards are short-term events that threaten lives and property

Hydraulic power – erosion of rocks by the force of moving water in waves

Levée – raised bank along the sides of a river, made of silt from river floods

Long profile of a river – a summary of the shape and gradient of a river bed from source to mouth

Managed retreat – abandon defence of present coastline in a controlled manner

Management of problems – making changes for improvement, planning ahead to stop them occurring in the future

Management strategies – ways to control development and change, to preserve and conserve, and to plan for a sustainable future

Meander – bend in a river, usually along its middle or lower course

Natural hazard – short-term event that is a danger to life and property, caused by natural events; examples are earthquakes, volcanoes and tropical storms

Ox-bow lake – semi-circular lake on the flood plain of a river, a cut-off meander

Plates – large rock areas that make up the Earth’s crust

Precipitation – all moisture that reaches the Earth’s surface from the atmosphere

Renewable energy – natural source of power that will never run out

Resource – something useful for human needs

Responses – actions immediately after the event or in the long-term

Soft engineering strategies – more natural ways to reduce the impact of flooding on humans, with less intervention and more preparation

Soil erosion – loss of fertile topsoil by action of wind and water

Spit – ridge of sand or shingle attached to the land, but ending in open sea

Stack – pillar of rock surrounded by sea, separated from the coastline

Sustainable management – planning ahead and controlling development for a long future

Tectonic activity – movement of the large rock plates of the Earth’s crust

Transportation processes – movement of sediment by traction, saltation, suspension and solution

Tsunami – giant sea wave travelling at high speed

Volcano – cone-shaped mountain formed by surface eruptions of magma from inside the Earth

Wave-cut platform – gently sloping surface of rock, in front of cliffs, exposed at low tide

Weathering – breakdown of rock in the place where it outcrops (in situ)

The Restless Earth – Flash Cards.

1 Plate Margins

Plate margins are the action zones

Destructive (plates move together)

Constructive (plates move apart)

Conservative (plates slide past each other)

2 Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes at constructive margins

Wide cone with gentle slopes, lava only

Composite cones at destructive margins

Tall, steep, lava and ash, violent eruptions

3 Effects of volcanic eruptions

Negative during eruptions

People killed, farmland destroyed

Positive after eruptions

Fertile soils, tourism, geothermal power

4 Responses to volcanic eruptions

Immediate – during the eruption

People moved out of danger zone

Long-term – recovery and development

Some and unusable development, forced

migration

5 Supervolcanoes

Erupt massive volumes of material

At least 1000 times more than normal

Global effects: dust cooling world climate

Last eruption: Toba 75 000 years ago

6 Earthquakes

Most at destructive or conservative margins

Focus: underground where quake occurs

Epicentre: point above focus on surface

Richter Scale measures their strength

7 Effects of earthquakes

Primary effects – immediate effects

Buildings collapse, people killed / injured

Secondary effects – later effects

Fires, landslides, disease, tsunamis

8 Immediate responses to earthquakes

Emergency / relief aid needed

Specialist rescue and medical teams

Blankets and tents for sleeping outdoors

Supplies of clean water and medicines

9 Long-term responses to earthquakes

Preparation for the next earthquake

Hold earthquake drills

Train emergency and rescue teams

Buildings that are earthquake-proof

10 Predicting volcanoes and earthquakes

Volcanoes can be monitored

Detect movement / higher temperatures

Known zones with high earthquake risk

But earthquake prediction is impossible

11 Fold mountains

Formed at destructive plate margins

Sediments in sea bed compressed

Folded up into long, high mountain ranges

Recent, some still rising e.g. Himalayas

12 Human uses in the Alps

Traditional: farming and forestry

More recent: tourism, winter skiing

Summer mountain scenery and lakes

Industry: HEP for sawmills, metal smelters

Water on the Land - Revision flash cards.

13 Processes of river erosion

Hydraulic action: force of the water

Abrasion: sand, boulders erode channel

Attrition: load breaking up smaller pieces

Solution: some rocks dissolve in river water

14 Processes of transportation

Traction: boulders roll along river bed

Saltation: small pebbles bounced along

Suspension: sand / silt carried in flow

Solution: dissolved minerals carried away

15 Valley long and cross profiles

Upper course long profile: irregular, steep

Lower course: lower, smoother, less steep

Upper course cross profile: steep V shape

Lower course: gentle V shape, flat

16 Landforms of river erosion

Mainly found in upper course

Waterfalls, gorges, interlocking spurs

Formed by vertical erosion

River cutting down towards sea level

17 Formation of waterfall and gorge

Alternate outcrops of hard and soft rocks

Hard is eroded slowly, soft is eroded fast

Soft rocks undercut by water splashback

Waterfall retreats upstream, leaving a gorge

18 Landforms of river deposition

Mainly found in lower course

Levées, flood plains, deltas

River carries a large load of sediment

Deposited where water flow slowed down

19 Formation of meander and ox-bow lake

Outside bend: strong flow, erosion, cliff

Inside bend: weak flow, slip-off slope

Meander size increased by lateral erosion

Narrow meander neck broken in a flood

20 River discharge

Volume of water flowing in a river

Factors: the weather, rock type, relief

High discharge after heavy, prolonged rain

Particularly impervious rock, steep slopes

21 Causes of flooding

Physical: factors favouring high discharge

Wet weather before; ground is saturated

Snow melts, cool weather, little evaporation

Human: deforestation, building construction

22 Hard engineering strategies

Structures built to prevent flooding

Dams and reservoirs

Concrete / stone channel sides

Raising the height of river banks

11 Soft engineering strategies

a. Measures to reduce the scale of flooding

b. Plant trees on steep valley sides

c. Zoning: stop more building on flood plains

Issue flood alerts; prepare e.g. sandbags

12 Water supply in the UK

Water surplus: north and west of UK

High precipitation, lower population density

Water deficit: south and east England

Lowest precipitation, highest population

The Coastal Zone – Revision Flash Cards

23 Destructive and constructive waves

Destructive: high, large, breaking frequently

Stronger backwash down beach than swash

Constructive: long, breaking gently

Stronger swash up beach than backwash

24 Processes of coastal erosion

Hydraulic power: weight / force of water

Abrasion: pebbles flung against cliffs

Attrition: rocks worn down into sand

Solution: chemical action dissolving rocks

25 Longshore drift

Movement of sand and pebbles by waves

Waves may approach beach at an angle

Sediment rolls down beach at right angles

Waves move sediments further along coast

26 Landforms of coastal erosion

Cliffs retreat leaving a wave-cut platform

Caves widened to form arches

Arches collapse to form stacks

Headlands and bays; hard and soft rocks

27 Formation of cliffs

Erosion at base forms a wave-cut notch

Overhang formed; eventually it collapses

Waves remove the pile of rock

Erosion begins again; cliff retreats

28 Formation of caves, arches, stacks

Joint in cliff widened by waves into a cave

Cave made bigger; opened up into an arch

Continued erosion; more pressure on arch

Arch collapses leaving a rock stack

29 Landforms of coastal deposition

Beach: sand / shingle sloping down to sea

Between the high and low water marks

Spit: beach which ends in open sea

Bar: beach which goes across a bay

30 Formation of beaches

Grow in sheltered places e.g. bays

Constructive waves favour deposition

Longshore drift carries new sediment

Often deposited at bends in coastline

31 High rates of coastal erosion

Destructive waves during storms

Atlantic waves with a long fetch

Loose / unconsolidated rocks (boulder clay)

Soft rocks, with many lines of weakness

32 Impacts of coastal erosion

Economic: lost homes, farms, caravans

Social: villages lost, people forced to move

Political: governments / councils blamed

Environmental: cliff retreat, sea invades

11 Coastal protection: hard engineering

a. Structures built to keep the sea out

b. Sea walls in coastal towns

c. Groynes to preserve beaches, increase

size

Rock armour in front of cliffs and sea walls

12 Managed retreat and soft engineering

Do nothing, let the sea invade lowland

Create marsh, soaks up flood waters

Beach nourishment; sand accumulation

Dune regeneration; protect sand dunes