136 MR. F. DAT ON THE GEOGBAPXITCAL DISTRIBU’IIOX O F

only sparingly punctured ; the middle part, indeed, is almost free from punctures. Scatellurn large, quite impunctate. Elytra oiily finely and sparingly punetiirecl, the pnnrtures arranged alinust in lines, the sides towards the apex and the apes stripose. Pygidiurn strigose, bat shining. Under surface green ; sides of thP breast with scanty pale hairs and coarsely strigosn, the centre smooth and shiuing. The me- sosternal process very short and broad, tlciisely pubesceiit along its front. Front tibiz aeutrly tritleiidate.

This species is allied t o Gtoiz ia f~~Ty ida , Fab. (genus EvLrhipis, Bum.), but is larger, without pale marlis, and has the liead diferentl y shaped.

Though I lime examined a series of ten individuals of this spe- cicu, I sce no iiidiwtiom of any external sexual distinctions.

Geographicid Distribution of Iiidiaii Freshwater Fishes.-Part I. Tlio Aca~ithopter~gii, Spiny-maxed Telcosteaii Fishes. Hy Fi ia~crs DAY, E.L.S., F.Z.Y., &c.

[Re id Decexber 7, 1876.1

DLJRIXG comparatively recent times much interest has becii mani- nifcsted regarding the geographical distribution of the fmna of Jndia, and arguments haw been adduced l o dcmonatrate the predominance in it of tlie 1lalay:iii o r African eleincnt.

As a srriall coiitribution to the facts which are being accumu- lated, I propose R consideration of the distribution of the fresh- water fidies, believing they must oford evidence upon which some coriclusioiis may be b a d . My liniits a i l1 be Hilidustan proper, including the Puiijab and Sind, as \Tell as Cqlou , Assam, Burma, the Andarnans, and the Sicobars.

The fresh\vater fishes consist :- (1) Of those which reside entireIy in fresh water. ( 2 ) Of those wliicli enter it from the sea for breeding or pre-

daceous purposes. The seeorid nil1 be briefly considered, and only \Then the spe-

cies belongs to a genus which likeaise inhabits fresh uater. I n such iiistances i t mi11 be necessary to trace out every species of which the geuus is composed.

INDIAN FREBIIWATER FISHES. 139

The freshwater fishes, thus circumscribed, consist of :- (a ) Hill-residents, whether entirely or occasionally. ( b ) Fishes of the plains, some of which are migratory, extend.

ing their range over vast regions, whilst others are more locally distributed, such as being confined to Cutch, o r Western or South- ern India including Ceylon, or restricted to the deltas of large rivers.

This investigation may, for convenience, be divided into :-

I. The distribution of Acanthopterygii. 11. 9 9 ,, A n a c a n t h i and Silurids.

JII. 91 ,, Cyprinidq Clupeids, and their allies. Restricting myself in this paper to the Acanthopterygian or

Bpiny-rayed Teleostean fishes, we find nine families which possess t r u e freshwater representatiree in India. They are as follom :-

1. PERCTDB. Genus 1. Ambassis', Commerson. a. Fresh waters throughout India, also in Malay archipelago. b . Narine, both Malay archipelago and Africa.

2. NANDIDB. Genus 1. Badis%, Bleeker. Fresh waters of India (excluding Sind and Ceylons) and

Burma. Genus 2. Nandus4, Cuv. & Val.

Genus 3. Pristolepis 5 , Jerdon. Malabar', Burma, Siam, and Malay archipelago.

Fresh waters of India to the Malay archipelago.

This genus includes :-Chanda, pt., Ham. Buch. ; Hamiltoizia, Swainson ; Bo-

Includes Beduln, Gray. The fishes of Ceylon have been so little worked out, that none of this fam3y

have been afi yet recorded from that island ; hut such is by no means conclusive eTidence that they do not live there. 1 suspect Naqcdus marmorafus will be found in the waters of the plains, and some species of Pristolepis in those of the hills. Whilst writing this paper I discovered in the Indian Museum a collec. tion of Ceylon fishes made by Dr. h'elaart, amongst which are several common to the continent of India.

godn, Parambassis, and Pseudnmbassis, Bleeker.

4 Includes Beduln, Gray. Includes :- Catoprn, Meeker ; Paranandtls, Day. By Malabar I do not understand the districts so designated in Bloch's time ;

I only mean the western const of India from below Mangalore. I n former days the lower portion of the Coromandel coaqt was so termed ; and even now the natives of Madras designate those residing to the south as Malabars.

140 MR. F. DAY ON THE OEOQRdPHICilL DISTRIBUTION OF

3. SCIRNIDX Genus 1. Scimna I .

a. Fresli waters of India and Burma to the Malay arclii- yelngo.

6. Marine species found also in Africa and the &fal,zy archi- pelago. This family does not appear to be represented iii the Red Sea, doubtless due t o the water being too clea'r, and no large rivers opening along its coasts.

4. GO~IIDB. Genus 1. Gobius 9 , Artedi. a. Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, Malay archipelago, and

6. Marine, in India, Ceylon, Malay archipelago, and Africa.

a. Fresh waters of Cannra 4 and Burma t.o the Malay archi-

Africa.

Genus 2. S'icydiumJ, Cuv. & Val.

pelago aiid beyond. Genus 3. Pei~iophtlinlii~us, Sc1111.

Larger rirers of Bengd mid Burma to the Malay arcbipelago and beyond, also West Africa.

1 Inclndcs :--Jofi,;izis, Bloch ; Corvi7~u and SfeZZ&r, Cuv. ; f inla, pt., IT. B. ; Leiosfonzzq Cnv. &Val. ; C'oracizrrs, Pall. ; Hoiizoprio-i~, Solb . ; Aiiiblyodo??. (Raf.). Gill ; Cdcilotremrr, v. Tscli. ; Genyowmzcs, Plugtoscion, Scimops, Dairdielln, fi"ploi~ioclofzis, I:diiioxioit, and OpJiioscEon, Gill ; Diplolepis, Steind. ; I'scitclo- scirpin(i, Illeeker.

2 For synonyms see ' Fishes of India,' p. 282. 3 Includes :-Siryopterus, Gill ; Cutylopus, Guich. ; Sirydiops and X o o s i c y -

The folloving species was obtained from the fresh water of Canar;l, but As, liowemr, its

dium, Bleeker.

lmring been mislaid, was omitted from the ' Fishes of India.' existence is of importance in the geographical distribntion, I describe i t here.

S I C Y D ~ U I ~ ORISEVX, n. sp. B. iv. D. G/L, P. 17, V. 6, A. 11, C . 13, L. 1. 80, L. tr. ca. 25.

10

Length ofhead 56. of caudal fin 68, height of body G in the total length. Eyes, dimieter 4 in the length of the head, rather above 1 diameter from tlie end of snout, and 1% apart. Body subcjlindricnl ; upper snrfnce of the head flat, and its greatest breadth equalling its width. Cleft of irioutl~ e i - tending to below tlie first third of the eye. Lower jaw horizontally placed. Lips thick, the upper with a coarsely fringed edge : snout not orerhanging the mouth. No barbels. Teeth-in the upper jaw, sinall, closely set, and implanted in the gums in a single row : in the lower jaw the outer row ho- rizontal ; posterior to them, and above the symphysis, are two strong re- curved canines. Fins-dorsal spines filiform and projecting beyond the membrane ; caudal rounded. iScnles strongly ctenoid, of irregular sims and shapes, and in irregular rows; they extend forwards to nearly as far as tho eyes ; none on tlie head. Colours-brownish, with eight o r nine rings of a

TNI)I.\U FRERHXA TVR FLSITES. 1 1 t L

Genus 4. Eleotvis 1, Cronovius. Large rivers of India, Africa, and the Malay arcliipelago.

5. RHTNCHOBDELLTDAC. Genus 1. RJiynchobdelln, Cuv. & Val. From Syria through Sind, India, Ceylon, Burma, to the Malay

archipelago. Genus 2. Nastacembelics, Cuv. & Val.

Prom Syria through Sind, India, Ceylon, I3imna. to t h e Malay archipelago ; also West Africa.

6. MUMLIILE.

Burma.

G e m s 1. iUziyyiZ, Artedi. a. Fresh Taters of Sind, N.W. prorinces, Bengal, Assam,

b. Marine, t o the Malay archipelago arid Africa.

7. OPIIIOC!EPf€ALIDJG. Genus 1. Ophioceyha~zcs, Bloch. Fresh vsters of Beluchistan, Afghanistan, throughout India

and Ceylon to the Malay archipelago. Genus 2. Chamn, Gronov.

Ceylon and Chiiia.

8. L LBIRINTRICI. Genus 7 . Ambas, Cuvier. India and Ceylon to the Malay archipelago.

Canara, Southern India, Ceylon, to the Malay archipelago.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, t o the Malay archipelago.

Sind, through India (except Madrm and s m t h of the KiBtna,

Genus 2. Polyacmithzcs, Ciiv. & Val.

Genus 3. Osphvowzeitus ', Lacep.

Gmus 4. Trichqqastev I , Bloch.

Malabar, and Ceylon) to Burma and Siam.

9. Cl fROMIDES. Genus 1. Etvoplus, Cuv. & Val.' Western and Southern India, also Ceylon.

If we examine the foregoing 9 families and 19 genera, w e

darker tint surrounding the body and wider than the ground-dour; fins dark, most deeply 80 at their edges.

Hub. South Canma, where I procnrecl two specimens in fresh water, the longest being 3 inches. For genera included me ' Fishes of India,' p. 309.

Ineludes Colisu, Cuv. & Val. IncluctCrS Psmi?etmplus, Bleeker.

a Includes :-Trirhopus, Lackp. ; Cfrnops, M'CleIl. ; T~irdopni.c, Kner.

LTh". JOURN.-ZOOT~OGP, T O L . STIl. 13

142 MR. F. D.4P ON T l f E ffEOQl1hPHICIT. DISTRIBUTION OF

cannot help observing that they do not give one single instanca of a freshwater genus being restricted to India and Africa, whilst the m?jority are common to tlic Indian and Malayan fannze. In short, they may he divided as follows :-Of the 19 freshwater genera, 16 reach the Malay archipelago; of the remaining 4 genera, Bndis exists in Burma, and may extend to Siani and beyond, Tvlchoguster is found in Siam, whilst Cha:ina is common to Ceylon and China. Thc reinaining genus, EtropZm, is coii- fined to Western and Southern Indin, also Ceylon ; ~ h i l s t recently Dr. Bleelwr lias discovered that a nearly allied genus (Pcrretrop- Zus, Uleeker) is present in Madagascar. This island, hovever. may or may n o t originally hare been joined on to Africa. It has been observed that " Madagnscar, divided from Sfricn by a deep channel 300 miles wide, possesses so inany peculiar features as t o indicate separation at a very remote antiquity, or even to render i t doubtful whether the two countries have evw been absolutelg united " (Wallace, ' Malay Archipelago,' ii. 11. 11).

Out of the foregoing 19 freshwater genera existing in Indin, only 3 have as yct been recorded froin :ifrim, hut 15 from the Blsiay archipelago, n-hilst all the marine g m w a common to Africa and India extend t o the Malay archipelago.

T t may therefore be fairly assumed t h t amongat the freshwater Acanthopterygian fishes of India aud Ceylon a wc.ll-innrked Malayan character is pesent, whereas an African element is hu t slightly apparent.

Having thus briefly disposed of the families and genera, it he- comes necessary t o show There the various species reside, and tho range within which they are limited, in order t o attempt to evolve whether any, and, if so. what subregions exist.

Fam. P E R C I D ~ E .

Genus AMTM~~TS. 1. A, NANA' , Ham. Buch. Sind, the entire plains of India (esclutling the Malahar coast and Assam),

2. A. RANGAS, %lam. Biich.

1 Includes :-ChrrndrL phuln and C. bngoda, Ham. Buch. ; Amhnssis oh1on.p.

1 Includes:-Chandrr laln, H a m . Buch. (young) : C. ritconiits, M'Clelland :

to Burma.

Cuv. & Td. ; A . indica, M'Clellnnd.

Amhamis Borloii, Sgkes: A alto, CUV. &Val.

TKDTAN ~RESIIWATEII . FISHER. 143

Sind, the entire plains of India (excluding the Malabar coast and Asmm),

3. A. RACULIS, Ham. Buch. From the Pnnjab to Bengal, Orissa, and Burma.

4. A. THOMASSI, Day. Western coast of India, from Sooth Cnnara, rertaiirly as low

to Burma.

Cochin.

5. A. DAYI ', Bleeker. Malabar coast of India, cspecially its mom southern portions.

The representatives of this gems in India :XI-3 disivible into three classes :-

A. iKarine.-l. A. Comnersonii, Cav. & T r d . , froin the Xed Sea and east coast of Africa, throughout the Ilidian Owan. 2 . A. iiztewzipta, Bleeker, from tbe Antiainaiis to the M.ilaj. archi- pelago. 3. A. gymnocephnlus2, Lac6p., from the east coast of Africa, through the seas of India, to the illlalag archipelago. 4. A. urotenia 3, Bleeker, froin (T Red Sea,) Seychelles and Anda- mans to the Malay arcbipelago.

Out of the foregoing 4 marine species, 3 appear to be coiriiiion to both the African and Malayan faun%, and 1 to the !L* 1 aiiirzns aa well as to the Rlalay n~chipelngo.

B. Z'stuary.-This comprises species concerning n4iich it is very difficult to decide whether they mostly prefer brackish water or extend their range downwards to the sen 01- upwards into the rivers. Thus we have A. nalua, H. B., which appears t o fre- quent the entire coast of India, the Andamans, and the Malay archipelago.

C. PvesAwater.-There are 5 species at present recogoized : 2 are generally distributed t!iroughout Sind, India, and Bui-iiia, ex- cluding the Malabar coast; 1 appears to be absent from Sind and Southern India,but is otherwise distributed as the other two species. The remaining 2 species are found from Cauarn down fhe western or Malabar coast of India.

The deduction from the foregoing must be that South Canera and Malabar possess distinct species of this genus from those distributed elsewhere throughout Sind, India, and Burma ;

1 Includes ?A. malagarkus, Jerdon. a Includes :-A. Dussu?tzieri, C. &; V. ; Priopis nrgyroao??u, C. & 1'. ; Bndassts

s Inclrrdes ?A. dmficulafa, Kiunzinger. Yacklli, Peters.

13*

146 MR . P. I ~ L T ox THE C~XOC~R.APIIICAJ, nrsrnrxu~rror OF

u.hereas thoso in the latter wide extent of couutry appear to be pmprallp difusused. The Maltlabar are lorn1 r;\ceR, wllcreas the ~ [ i n d u q t a n forms we widely spread.

Family NAND I D x.

Genus B.LIJIS. 1. n. BUCHANAWI, Ijlerker. I."rorn the. N.W. Provinces to Bengal, Orissa, and q'estern India ; also

fol1nd in Arsam and Bnrma certainly as high as 3Tnncl:iIsy.

2. Ii. D A R I O , Ham. Buch. Scwthern portions of Bengal, Xehw, and along the western ghnii ts of

In(!ix.

Gcn\w ? L Y D I X

3. , I IAHMORATUSa, CUE. 9 T'al. 'rhroughoiit the wholc of Tiidin a n d I h r m a (esr;iitlinn Ceylon and Sinrl)

t o Sinm.

&!11119 Pl?TSTOr,TCT'TS.

1. P. h,1AHtiINATL'S'3r Jerdow. \Testern ghatits of India and rivers along their bnsca.

'7. p. MALABARICUS, Gintliw. 'rile same localities as the Inst, of which it may lie merely a variety.

3. p. FASCIATUB Bleeker. Fresh waters of Burma, Sam, and the Malay nrclripelago.

The species of the three Nandioid genera found in India give tho f~llowing results :--Naitdus is gecerally distributed except in Sind nlld elevated regions, extending eastmrd at k a s t to Siam. Itj is

Badi s s h o w species (perha.ps the two are varieties of one) extending from the plains 011 t,o moderately ele- vated Iiills, and having a wide distribution t o the east. Prist&- pi.9 is more confined to hilly regions or their bases in India propep, or, rather, il[nlabar; and t h e n a wide hiatus exists, m it has not beell discovered nearer than Burma, w-here i t is fouud in the plains. There is, however, a slight dift'erence in thse fishes, vr.hjcJ1

1 I ham omitt.ed allusion to A. fhermnlis, C. & V., from the warm springs of Cania, in Ceylon, and which may be one of those mentioiled as found in ~ ~ d j ~ , Anyhorn it proves the existence of this genus in the fresh waters of Ceylon.

widely diffused fish.

'1 Includes Bediila. Hnniilfoiuii, pt., Gray & Hnrdm. 3 Tnrlndes Cdqwa tefrncn.nt?iiis. Giinther. 4 I ~ P ~ I I ~ O E Cafopr(i sinniensis. Uiint,her.

lNUIAN ERXSHWATLB FISHES. 145

should be remarked. The Malabar form or foruiv have villiforui teeth on the vomer ; those in Burma and t o tlie east have globular 0Ilev.

Yam. S U I I E N ~ U B .

Genus SCIBNA. 8. COITOR l, Ham. Buch. Throughout the larger rivers of India and Burma, descending to the sea

at certain seasons. It has been taken in the Malayan peninsula by Dr. Cantor.

Estuary and marine examples of this genus are found both along the coasts of Africa, through the sea of India, to the Malay archipelago and beyond.

The following species iuhabit tlie seas and estuaries of India :- 1. S'ciavza Bleekevi, Day, Beluchistan to Bombay. 2. S. miles',

Lacep., s e w of Africa t o the Malay archipelago. 3. S. Pogleri, Bleeker, seas of India to the Malay archipelago. 4. S. sina, Cuv. & Val., from Beluchistan through the seas of India to the Malay archipelago. 5. S. cuju 3, Ham. Buch., estuaries of the Ganges atid Jnpau. 6. S. axillaris, Cuv. & Val., seas of India. 7. S. albida 4, Cuv. & Val., seas and estuaries of' India a d Burma. 8. S. &acanthus 5 , LaeBp., seas and estuaries of India to the Malay archipelago and China. 9. X. ancuss, Bloch, seas of Iudia to the Malay archipelago. 10. S. nzuculata7, 131. Schn., seas of India. 11. S. Belenyeyi ', Cuv. & Val., 8eas of India to the Malay archi- pelago and beyond. 12. S. semiluctuosa, Cuv. & Val., from Be-

' Sccimm (Chruiiin) ~iiisi~s, Steind., from Calcutta, is probably tbia species ; also Johnius Dusszimieri, Cantor, from Piuang, the Malayau peninsula, and Singapore.

2 Includes :-Luhrirs ielki kiitchslee, Russell ; Corvina soldado, Cautor ; 6. WolJi, s a i y d m s i s , and crZdiic/i, Eieeker ; C! dorsalis, Peters,-from the M o ~ a u - biqiie 111r~~iigli the seas of 1cdi;i to tho Malay archipelago.

3 t y c i ~ ~ ~ i m i r l e s . nsper, Nyth I '~.)LIII~) . Inclitdes :-Bok coifur, IIa1u. Buch. ; Johiziiis anei, Blyth ; Curchm X d l i ,

' Includes : --Liikrr!s ~ z e l l ~ i X.(:!cJkclec, Russell ; Bola chap%, H. B. ; Johfiius ciifcdeus a i d Co,.cilici plrifpcc~bnln, C'UT. 9; Val. ; Sci~elzu maciiluta, Gray t Haidw. ; Johriirs Vuleiicioiiici, Eyd. ' Includes O!oZitLi!s ,,iic~.,.o~)h.fAuI,,~its, Bleeker.

Includes I'crcn sari-kv[:rrli, Itc~rs. ' Ineliidas : -S j io~+ R.1~ssd1, iig. csi. ; ? Cbi*'o,.Fi.iiu lobntu, Cur. 6: Td. : C.

Day.

Kah!ii, C!liY. L t vai.

146 MIL. I?. DAY O N THE l3EOUIZAPHIIObL DIBTILIBU'rrOX 08'

luchistan through the seas of India to China. 13. X. glaucus, Day, seas of India. 14. S. carutfa I , Cuv. &Val., seas of India to the Malay archipelago. 15. IS. osseus, Day, Nalabar coast of hdia.

The foregoing 1.5 species of mai-he and estuary Scizenas can be divided thus :-6 as pet recorded only from India ; 8 India t o tlie Malay archipelago, or China, or Japan ; I from India and Africa t o the Malay archipelago. But the fact must uot be overlooked that thew has been no worker along the African coast as Rleeker has I\ orlretl the fish-fauna of the Malay archipelago.

F m . Guur1u2TL

Genus GOUIUS. G . G I U H I S * , FIariZ. BLLC/Z. Fresh water throiigliout the plains of India, Siud, Ceylon, and Burniu to

the Nalay archipelago and east coast of Africa ; also found along the coast.

Thc followiug species inhabit the seas aud estuaries, some as- ceudiiig up tidal rivers :-

1. 12. Lynoensis p, Riclinrdson, sea at Andamans and Malay nrcliipelngo. 2, 6. sexjkxiatus., Day, sea, Madras. 3. Q. h e - t.irosfj*is, C;iiint.her, sea at Kurraehee in Sind, also China. 4. Q. yriaczis, estua.rica, Bfadras. 5. G. poty.ne?xa, Bleeker, sem of India. and N d a y archipelago. 6. G. I I L C I C ~ O S ~ O ~ ~ , Steincl., sea, B o n ~ b ~ y . 7. G. virid(vzmcz!atus 3, CUT. 8; Val., from Sind tlirough the s e x of India t o ilia 3Z:rlay archipelago. 8. (2. ocellntus, Yay, sea, Siiid and B ~ i i i b ~ ~ y . 9. (2. Xasoni , Day, sea, Bombay. 10. G. cyanonzos .%, Bleelier, seas of Iiidia t o the Malay archipdago. 11. LT(. wlTzigerj, Cuv. ti Yal., seas of east coast of Africa, India, 10 the M d a y archipelago. 12. G. puntang 6, Bleeker, estuaries

1 'lricliides 9. C U I ' O ~ U , c'. Ec 6. .* luc!iiclau : -G, korrth mottah, koLv, and bztUee kokuh, Russell ; G. kiaqmh,

Bylies ; G. kokizts, cnfebus, a d korn, CUP. & Val. ; G. platyq~hulzis, Peters ; ( , i. ~ p c t a b i l i s , .. Giinther.

Inc1uC;es G. sl~fr'loi;~mlIl;ikzis, B!eekcr. 3 Includes :-G, ?zziwi mottnh, Euasell ; G. w ~ z e u n t z t . ~ , CUT. & Val. ; G. ch.'u-

~ r n ~ f i ~ ~ i ~ c ~ ~ :':ec!;er. li:elndc; c;. d o s m , Jerclrm (iiot chv. & Val.).

is, Cu\-. S; Val.; G. .F<wfzi, Steind. ; G. cio(ivv.9. ( i i h t l i e ~ ailti I'la~fiii-, Fish. Z;mz. (uot.. CUT R: Val.).

Indotlcs 6. rr~tdaiirnir~.iisO, Thy.

I X U I A N PRLSIIWBTEK FISHES. 147

aud the sea from the Andainaus t o the Malay archipelago. 13. G . Bleekeri, Day, estuaries, Madras. 14. G. zonaltzmans, Day, brackish water, Madras. 15. G. bioceZlatus I , CLW. & Val., coasts of Sind, India to the BIalay archipelago. 16. G. madraspatensis, Day, estuaries, Madras. 17. G. Neil l i , Day, sea and estuaries, Madras. 18. G . melanostieta, Day, estuaries of Madras. 19. G. cristutus, Day, coasts of India. 20. G. te2ttaedai.is ', Cuv. & Val., seas of India t o the Malay archipelago. 21. G. acufz$ennis3, Cuv. & T'al., seas of India to the Andamans. 22. G. striatus, Day, estuaries of Madras and Canara, ascending rivers. 23. G. personutus ', Bleeker, estuaries and seas of India to the Ma1a.y archipelago. 24. G. malabnricus, Day, estuaries of Madras, and ascending rivers in Malabar. 25. a. plnnifrons, Day, sea, Bom- bay. 26. G. elepns, Cuv. & Val., sea, Bombay and Malay archi- pelago. 27. G. omzatm5, Riipp., Red Sea, seas of India, to the Malay archipelago. 28. G. gutum, Ham. Buch., estuaries of the Hooghly. 29. G. albo-punctatuse, Cuv. & Val., Red Sea, seas of India, Andamans, t o Fwjee and beyond. 30. G. semidoliatus, CUT. & Yal., Bed Sea, Andainans. 31. c f . ma.qnynilop~cus, Day, sea, Madras. 32. G. planiceps, Day, sea, Madras. 33. G. sadanun- dio, Ham. Buch., estuaries of Ganges and sea along the coast of Burma. 34. G. rlzelanoso~na 'I, Bleeker, Andamans and Nicobars to the Malay archipelago. 35. G. nzGnus, Ham. Buch., ertxicries of the Hooghly and Burma, ascending rivers.

The foregoing 35 species of marine and estuary Gobies (Gohius) canbe divided thus :-21 as yet oiilp recorded from India ; 11 com- mon to India mid the Malay archipelago; 2 eommon to India and China or beyond ; 1 coininon to Africa, India, and the Malay arehipelago.

1 Inchidea G. ce~ebicus, Cuv. & Val. ; G. sublitus, Cantor. 2 Inc!udes G. m m w u s . Bleeker. 3 Includes G. sefosus, CUV. & Val.

Includes :-G. mclaiiocephnlus and grnmmepomrcs, Bleeker ; G. littuvntus,

Include3 :-G. reiztrdis, Cnv. & Val. ; G. interstiiictzrs, Richardson ; G. ps- Steind. ; G. Siolicekm, Day.

riophthiilnioides, Eleelier. 6 G. pt~?ictiZlatus, Rupp ; G. I'udangensis, Bleeker ; G. brcviccps, Blgth.

Inclitdes G. yobiodon, DRY.

1. 8. BASCIATUPI, UUy. Fresh water of Buriiiu.

2. s. GKISEUM, Day. Fresh water of Canara.

Genus PEUIOPHTEIALUUS. P. SCHLOSSEHI' , P U l l U S ,

Tliis little fish is found in fresh water and also in estuaries from Beugal

Ihe f o l l o ~ ~ i ~ ~ g species likewise illhabits the sea and estuaries :- It extends from India to tlie Malay

to the Nalay archipelago. , I

I-'. KoeZ.i.euteii2, Pallns. iwchipelip.

Geuus ELmwrs.

E. YuSCAJ, ni. sctin. This fish is found far inlalid in fires11 water ; i t also inhabits tlie

west: coast of Africa, seas of India t o the Malay archipelago and

The fvllowiug species of this geiius iiilinbit the seas :ind estua- ries, soine ascending tidal rivers :-1. 2. macrolepidota, Blocli, said to bave wiiie froin India. 2. 3. mwnlis, Cuv. 6; Val., seas of" h d i a t o the Malay archipelago. 3. E. sexpi'fata, Cuv. 6; Pal., Cej-loo t o the Malay mchipelago. 4. E. feZiceps, Blyth, Anda- iiiitiis. 5 . E'. macrodoll, Hleeker, estuaries of Loxer BeiigaI aud 13urn:a. 6. E. yo~oeephalus 4 , cuv. & Val., seas and estuaries of' li1irlrla, :ii!d the ~ ~ 1 ~ c ~ ; ~ ~ i 1 ~ 1 1 1 s t o tlie Malay archipehgo. 7. 3. O p / ~ ~ 6 C q l h d ? f . 9 ~ , C:UV. 6; J-al., coasts of Africa, Andamaus, t o the nralav a~cliipelago. 8. 3. cuujJj'ons, Blytb, Andaniar~. 9. B. caiinrctzsis, Day, C'aiia:,a. 10. E. Iiifeu, Diiy, Andamans. 11. E: sci~afiilans, Blyth, Akyab aiid Andamans. 13. 3. Iitovdis, Day,

1 I I d i d e s :- G. tredec[ni-1.atZiuf~is. ~cpfeni-~cldii~tirs,, nnct 9iocc.}i~-mrliciil1*. Hmi. Uuch. ; I'eriophfhidmus Ei-egciiieti. Cur. R: Val.

2 Includes :-l'~rio~)hfhiiZniiispci~,iIio, B1. Sclm. ; P. orgentiliizeatiis, C'. Pr, V. ; p. Lalolo, Les . ; P. niodestzis, Cantor ; 1). d+s, Bleelier ; I'. fuscatiis, Elk-tli.

3 111cludes :-C/~titispuc7~i~tI, Fui-st. ; CficiZodipteruP cuI1'us, Ilam. Euch. ; Eko- tris 9zigi.~i, QniPy 6 G a h . ; E. m<!u?it&iI?w, Bennett ; E. iwerta, Blyth; E. SIICO'ESI ,

PlaFlair.

beyond.

Indiides H r o t v i s Chiirori..? Glinther. ' J w i d t > . p : ~ E. ,itr:ci;q,/r cn, C'ui - . Fi \-zl, ; L', rkidiz, Blwkrr,

Andamaus. 13. E. cupei*ata ', Cantor, coasts of India, hiidemazls, to the Malay archipelago. 14. 2. butis 2, Ham. Buch., seas and estuaries of India to the Malay archipelago. 15. E. amboinerr- sis 3, Bleeker, seas and estuaries of India to the Malay arcliipe- lago.

The foregoing 15 species of marine and estuary Eleotres can be divided thus :-8 as yet only recorded from Indian localities ; G common to India aud the Malay archipelago ; 1 common to India, Africa, and the Malay archipelago.

Pam. Rrr Y N c II o BYB L L I D X .

Genus HHYNCHOBDELLA. It. A C U L E A T A ~ , Bloch. Estuaries, brackish waters, and deltas of large rivers throngliout the

Indian (? Ceylon) district, and extending to Borneo and beyond.

Genus MASTACEMBELUS. 1. 11. UNICOLOB, CUD. 4 VUZ. Fresh wuters of Burma to Java.

2. M. ZEDKINUS, Blyth. Fresh waters of Burma.

3. &I, PASCAL US^, Ham. Buc?~. Bombay Presidency (inland), deltas of large rivers (excluding those of the

Malabar coast and Madras south of the Kistna), also Assam.

4. &I. ARMATUS', Lac@. This freshwater fish is found throughout the Iudian region re-

ferred to, both on .-the plains aud eren the hills; it extend3 to C hha .

5. 31. GUEXWIE:RI', Cay. Fresh waters along the Malabar coast of India. Tlie 5 species show the following distributioii :--2 throughout

1 Includes E. koilo?iidodon, Uleeker. * Includes :-L'. himernlis, GUY. &Val. ; E. p?*i~i~zutica, Bleeker.

1 Includes :-€fh,gnchobdella oricntdis md arc& U1. Schu. ; I?. ocellah, Cuv. & Includes E. buccnta, Blyth.

Val. ; Mnstoce./nbelus pcntophthnlmus, Gruiiov. Includes LWastacembeltis puncfntm, CUT-. & Val. Inclucles:-iW. poizticerinmm and In.ccpi/.i/lo,.cii!us, Uu\. 8; Val. ; ~lfrccrGy?zufhuE

mitdaatiis, twrditkifirs, aud Haiiiiltotzin, M'Clellsnd. lndudes ?,llas:rrcerizbel!ts nicclabaricus, Jerdoii.

160 X R . F. DAY OX THE QEOURAPlIICAL YISVRIBUTLON U I

lndia to China; 1 Iiidia, excludiug the west atid south w m t s , also -4ssam ; 1 locully in the AIalabar coast ; 1 locally in Burma.

Genus M U G I L .

1 . M. CORSULA, Ham. Buck Kivers and estuaries of Bengal and Burma.

flivers of Burma. 3. M. C A S C A S I A , Hum. Buch. Ganges and Jumna rivers ; also in the Urahmaputrd, iii ASVdlll.

Of the foregoing three species of Nullets1 froin the fresh waters of India nncl Burma, none has been recognized either in Africa 01-

tlrc Bfalay srctiipelago. Following out the sea and estuary apecies of this genus would

lead to n o conclusions. &Iulleta extend their range through m s t regions ; a i d those found in India and Africa appear, with but few exceptions, t o be also present in the %falay archipelago. It is curious, however, that the freslnvater species in India have strongly ctenoid scales, such in the iiiariue forms beiug urually cycloid or feebly ctenoid.

2. bf. I IAMILTONII , Day.

Fain. 0 P HI o c E P H A L I D a.

a€!llUS OPHlOCEPHALU8.

1 . 0. D I A R U L I U S ~ , Ham. Buch. Fresh waters throughout Iritlia and Ceylon to Chins.

Deccan, Coromandel and western coasts of India, China. 3. 0. PSGUDOMAKULICS, Giinther. ? Mysore, probably a hybrid. 4. 0. nI\itCh', Ham. l luch. Large rivers of Ben& K.W. Provinces, and Assam.

' Grela~ errors occur in the distribution of Indian fishes, due to mistukes ori- ginating Kith Euiopean i~inseum-nntuvnlists, who, trmsposing labels, still adhere to their original statements. Thus AI. ?~epa?e?~sis, Giinther, is evidently A skin of 24. d?iss?ciitie?i, Cuv. 6 Val., erroneously labelled N e p l illst,eacl of Calcuttn.

? i?id~tdes ? Opliioceyhrdus l%.eophrctsfi,Val., :tnd 0. ulcroli~tctt lw, Day (youlig).

2. 0. L E E C 0 P ~ J N C T A T U S 3 , SykeS.

Tncludee Russell's pl. 1T3, 0. y r a u d h s a , C . W V. I n e l d r s 10. w i p i c u m , C. 9 V., R I ~ 0. ujnphibitis, &I~Clelland.

INYIhN BHESHWhl'BR FlSIIEY. 151

5 . 0. MICROPELTES', CUV. 4 Val. Canara and Malabar, also Siam to the Malay archipelago. This fish is very peculiar in its colour; having obtained one

at Cocliiu of a bright scarlet with two black bands along the body, in 1863, I naturally concluded it could not be the immature of 0. micropeltes, described in the ' Catalogue of Fishes of the British Xuseum ' as " brown with lighter longitudinal stripes." Return- ing to that coast ten years subsequently, I discovered the 0. mi- cropelteo at Trichoor, about 40 miles north of Cochin ; and a few months subsequently I was enabled to collect in Canara adult and young. At Berlin, and subsequently at Dr. Bleeker's, I have convinced myself of their identity. But it is very peculiar that this fish has such a local distribution in India, reappearing in Siam.

G. 0. STRIATUS', BEoch. Fresh waters of the plains in the Indian and Ceylon region, Burma, to

7 . 0. srEwmTII, Playfair. Cachnr and Assam. 8. 0. G A C I I U ~ ? , Ham. Bwh. Fresh waters of the plains, and also some of the hilly ranges of Belu-

chistan, Afghanistan, the Indian and Ceylon region, Burma, and the fresh waters of the Andamans.

the Malay archipelago and beyond.

9. 0. PUWCTATUS4, Bloch. Fresh waters of the plains in the Indian and Ceylon region, Burma. The 9 foregoing species show the following distribution :-2

throughout India to the Malay archipelago or China; 1 the Indian region, including Ceylon, Burma, and the Andamans ; 1 the Indian region, including Ceylon and Burma; 1 Deccan, Western and Coromandel coast and China ; 1 perhaps Mysore; 1 large rivers of Bengal, N.W. Provinces, and Assam ; 1 Malabar coast, then absent until Siam, whence it extends t o the Malay archipelago ; 1 Cachar and Assam.

The dist,ribution of the Ophiocephali deserves particular atten- tion, one species, identical with 0. gachua of India, being found in the Andamans. Reasons will be subsequently a.dduced favour-

Includes 0. serpentiniis, C. & V., and 0. cliplogra?niwe, Day (young). a Includes 0. wrciWZ, Lac+., and 0. chcnn, Ham. Buch. 3 Includes :-0. koro molta, Russell ; 0. ciurantinczis, Ham. Buch. ; 0. fuscus,

maryi?zatus, and limbntiis, Cuv. 9: Val. ; 0. ?noidanus, M'Clelland ; 0. Kelaarlii, GYin ther.

Includes :-0. kni.rottaei, Lac+ ; 0. Infics, Ham. Uuch. ; 0. i.rldicus, M'C'lel- land; 0. aflflis, Giji i~l ie~. Fresh waters of the pin& of t.ho Indian mgim nird GeJIon.

Is:! MiZ. F. UAY ON THE GEOQXAPliICAL I)ISTBIBCl‘ION OF

lug tlie belief that the freshwater fishes of the Andamam a i d Sicobars are identical with those of India. But as freshwater fishes a n n o t live in the sea, thcy are unable to pass from the inainland t o distant islands ; consequently there must a t soine anterior period have been a laud coniiexion to n.ake the continuity of the fresh waters possible. Admit such to be a fact, there arises the quebtioii, Are the aborigines t o be considered African whilst the freshmater fish are Ifidian? or are we to look to the reitinants of the aboriginal races of the hills of Hindustan to find the relative8 of these people ? Does not the presence of these Iiidian fishes a t the Andatnans afford another link in the evidence that those coral islands are sinking ? for were they rising froin the ocean, how could we expect to find Ophiocepkalus gackua, H, B., and Huplochilus panchax, H. B., in existence in their fresh waters ? Introduced the latter oiie could not have been ; for it to cross the intervening seas is an iin~~ossibility,-lea~iiig us t o believe either in a fornier land coiiiievioii or a new creation, and tha t not of new species but of’ fishes identical with those on the mainland of India. Again the 0. leucopuiictatus appears in the Deccan and around the coasts, reap- 1~earirlg in Ciiina. Bu t the 0. &v-opeltes is still more estraordi- nary : it appears t o be corifined t o Cauara and Malabar marly a s far south as Cocliin ; theu it is entirely absent until Siilul is rsaclied, whence it extends eastwardu.

Genus C u m 2.

c. o K i b w r A L i s ’ , B1. Schn. This species Itas only bw:i fouiid in Ceylon. I t is very siiiiilar

to Ophiocephalus yachzia, L\ iiicli is frequentl? fouiid v i th oiie of its wntrals deficient.

INDIAN FRl:Rl€\I'.\'PCR F I S K E S

2. 2'. SIGNATUS, GiinthPr. Ceylon and Java.

GPnas OSPIIILOUENUS.

0. NOBILIS, WClel land. Rivers of N.E. Hengal a i d . l ~sa rn . eutcnding to those of the hills.

153

Genus TRTPITOG \STET.

1. T. CHUNA', Ham. Bitch. Deltas of the Ganges and its branches, and the Rrahmaiintrn.

2. T. LABIOSUS, Day. Irawaddi.

3. T. F A S C I A T U S ~ , Bl. Schn. Coromandel coast of India as far south as the river Kistna, Sind, Punjah,

N.W. Provinces, Pstiiarirs of the Cinnges, Orissi and Assam, also throughout Bormn.

4. T. L A L T U S ~ , Ham. Bitch. Sintl. Jninna, anit G n n p livers aq low as Calcutta.

Fain. C I I R O ~ ~ I D E S .

GellllS ETROPLTTR.

1. E. CANARENSIS', Day. Fresh waters of Sonth Canara, not estentling down Malithar.

From Canara down the Malabar roast, Madras, and Mysore.

3. E. SURATENSIR', Bloch. From Canara down the western coast, extending inland on to the Ghauts ;

along the Corcrmandel coast as high as the Kistna ; also Ceylon. It is noK necessaiy to examine the foregoing species as R. whole,

showing where they are found, and to where they extend, as oiily by doing so can one ascertain the tendencies show1 towirds either the African or Malayan fish-fauna.

Inrlndes ? Trichopodzu sota, Ham. Biirh.

2. E. MACULATUS5, B h h .

' Includes T. colisa, ht5e7u, and cotra, Ham. Bitch., ;ma Colisnponticptinna, uuv. & Val.

Includes Colisn micolor, Gus. & Val.

' D 22 1 8, A y. L. 1.31, L. tr. 22. Yellowish buff, with abont 8 vertical Moi&blmk bands. Sce ' Fishes of India,' p, 414, pl. 80. fig. 5.

Includes Chetodmz knknzf.w/, Lackp., nnd Efrop11is coriicIi,:Cnv. d Val. ' include^ Etrophs rnelPngrk, C. d V.

15-6 MR. F. DAY ON INDIAN FRESHWATER FlSHER

Iridiaii region" to Africa and the Malay archipelago.. . . . . i! ..................... 11 to the Malay a.rchipelago 5

93 (excluding Malabar and Assam) to Burma 2 7) (excluding &fitlabar, Assam, and Burma) I. 1: (excluding Ceylon and Sind) to Burma .. 1 5 % Ceylon and Burina . ..................... 1

coast). 2

Asmil, and Burma.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. I.

Ceylon, Burma, and rhlldaillalls ............ (escludiiig Soutlierii India and Nalabar

1 ,

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N.W. Provinces and regioua to tlie south, Western India,

Beugd, Burma, aud Malay archipel ................... 1 Burina, Siain, aud N d a y nrciiipelago ........................ 2 B lirInR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. 4 R e r p l and Burma.. .................................. 1 N.E. Beiigal aiid Assani ....................................... 1 Cachar and Assam ............................................... 1 Sirid, Juinna, and Ganges ..... ....................... 1 Gaiiges, Jumna, nud Bssain ....... ....................... 3 Deccan, coasts of India, China ................................. 1 Westera coast of India, Biam, Malay archipelago . . . . . . . . 1 Western coast of I i iJ in , .......................................... 3 Ca11arn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Southern India and Nai:113ar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

.................................................. .I. Ceylon and JaTa ................................................... 1 Mysore ............................................................ 1 It is remarlcable that I am unable t o find a single Acantho-

pterygian freshwater fish restricted to Africa and India : there arc two found in both regions ; but they also extend to the Malay nrchi pelago.

Although out of the foregoing 45 species only 2 are residents of Africa, we find 9 of them in t.lie Malay archipelago which are also in India proper, and 2 coexistent iii Burma and the Malay archipelago. Another species is coninion t o Ceylon and Java. Or they may be thus divided :-

Restricted t o the Indian region .............................. Indian region to the Malay archipelago .................. 9 Burma to t.he Malay archipelago ........................... 2 Ceylon to tlie Malay archipelago ........................... 1

33

* Tiiia is intrnrled t o mean Tnilia. Siud. and the Punjnb only.

XR. R. n. SIIARPF: ON A KPW HORNRTLL. 155

Of the marine and estuary species, I find :-commoii to India, Africa, and the Malay Archipela,go.. . 5 Africa only .............................. 1 Malay archipelago ..................... 30 India only ................................ 35

Acaiithopterygian forms of freshwater fishes in India axe most numerous in maritime districts, next in the deltas of large rivers, whilst they decrease as we proceed far inland. The H i m a l a p appear to be their boundary ; but on some of the lower ranges the ubiquitous Ophicicephalzcs gachua maiiages to esist. It is reniark- able, however, that the family having the widest distribution is that of the amphibious Ophioeephnlida, whilst i t also is the one in which true spines are t,he least developed.

1 propose deferring my general remarks iintil after the com- pletion of my analysis of the remaining orders of the freslirvatw fishes, which must be done by following out the range of each in- dividual species. By such means only can we fairly consider i t proved whether the African or Malayan fish-fauna most. predomi- nates in India: it will show US distinctly the relationship of Ceylon to Southern India ; and likewise by such the former continuity between India and t.he Andamans and Nicobars may be proved or disproved. -- Description of a new Hornbill from the Island of Panay. By

R. BOWDLER SHARPE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Senior Assistant, Xoo!ogical Department, British Museum.

[Rend December 21, 1876.1

IN my paper on the birds of the Philippine Islands, which the Society is about to publish in the ' Transactions,' I have noticed an apparently new species of Hornbill from the Island of Panay ; but as Mr. Elliot is at the present time engaged on a Monograph of this family of birds (Bucerofide), I hare permitted him to figure this interesting species ; and as it is possible that the part of his Monograph containing a description of the bird may appear before my own memoir in the ' Linnean Transactions,' I think i t but due to Professor Steere, myself, and the Society, herewith to furnish a short description.

Professor Steere has given me the following notes respecting ite habits :-" I ehot this Hornbill on the highest ridge of the