3 8 8 YH. F. DAY Oh' THE ( S E O R I I S P I I I C A T ~

Geo~raphical Distribution of ludiuii Freshwater Pisheu. - I'art 11. The Siluride. By PRAXCIS DAY, Esq., F.L.8.

[Rcncl April 19, 1877.1

IN [he first part of this paper I gaTe an outline of the geogra- phical distribution of the Acanthopterygian Freshn-ater fishes as existing in Sind, India, Burma, Ceylon, and the Bndaman Islands. I now propose giving a siiiiilnr sl,ctcli of the Sheat-fishes or Silu-. ricltE', which form a large family amongst the Physostonii of Asia. Mostly scaleless, their mouths are provided n i th sensitive feelers, ahich, serving a3 organs of touch, assist them when seeking for their prey in turbid waters. Vision in such localities mould be but of slight s e n ice ; and, as might be anticipated, their eyes are comparatively sniiill, IT liilst n ith advancing age these organs atrophy, riot iiicreasiiig 50 rapidly as the remainder of the body.

I n addition t o augniented facilities for feeling about in muddy water, thcy have a considerable dc\ elopment of the anditory organa, which doubtless must be of essential service.

The air-vessel or swim-bladder in fishes is found possessing two distinct functional offices. I n tlie Acmthoptcrygiaiis, deutitute of a pueurnatic duct, its use (excluding the question of its conliexi011 with the inlernal ear) appears primarily to be a mechanical one, viz. for the purpose of maintaiiiing a required lerel in the water and permitting the fish to rise or fall as desired.

I n the majority of Carps (Cyprinina), in addition t o the fore- going function, a pneumatic tube connects it with the pharynx, or upper portion of the alimentary canal, and also a chain of ossi- cles with the interual ear. I n fact, it is employed both for ]]ear- ing and flotation.

Bu t in the Sheat-fishes (Siluridre) the power of employing the air-vessel as a float appears to he subservient to that of hearing. Living, as they do, a life of ground feeders, this organ is more use- fully restricted to acoustic purposes.

I f rre briefly consider where these fishes are found in Asia, i t assists us in understanding this. Almost absent froin the clear waters of tlie Red Sea 3, they commence being numerous at the

Journal Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. siii. p. 138. Tlie Anacanthini, having no solely freshw'rter representatives. do not c d l for

3 Arzm fhalasszi~vs and I'lotosirs a ~ a h nl'c the only two species of Silurolds reillark.

t l r p t haTe been recorded from the Red Pea

DTSTBIBUTION O F INDIAN FRESHWATER FISEES. 339

more turbulent coasts of Beloochistan, at the mouths of the larger rivers and marine mud-flats off Sind and India, more espe- cially Bengal and Burma. They are comparatively rare in the open sea ; in fact at the Andamaris they become scarce, except such species as reside where small streams empty themselvcs into muddy creeks. On the other hand, in the turbid sea near Xoulinein and amongst the i~laiids of the nIergui ardiipelago they abound.

I n short, they resort to niuddy waters ; and in such pl Ices their feelers permit them to move about Kith ease, whilst their organs of hearing enable them t o ascertain the vicinity of any enemy or the approach of some incautious prey.

W e perceive the same thing amongst those inhabiting the fresh; the larger and muddier the rivers the more are they resorted to by Siluroids. Siluroids are found froni the sea-coast to the base of the Himalayas; but as they generally deposit their ova in the waters of the plains, and not (like many Carps) in the rivers of the Subhiinalajan range, they very sen- sibly dirninisb on nearing the hills. Still oue or tKo species of Callichrous and a illacrones find their way into the hill-n atera, where an Amhlyceps arid Silurus, a s well as the mountain-torrent genera of Psezcdecheneis, Glyptosternum, Ezcglyptosternum, and Exostoma find a congenial home. Those genera which are almoat exclusively found in hill-streams are provided \I ith an adhesive apparatus on the thorax, which, enabling them to adhere to stones, prevents their being carried away by the stream. As might be anticipated, their barbels are short, whilst in all the air-vessel is more or less enclosed in bone.

Reverting again to the air-vessel, me find it in Siluroids i n two ways. In the marine forms it has an outer thick fibrous layer, and is attached t o the lower surface of the bodies and transverse processes of some of the anterior vertebra, whilst from it a chain of ossicles passes to the internal ear. As, ho\?ever, we proceed inland or tomards mouiitaiiis a difference occurs, aud in many genera the air-vessel becomes partially or entirely surrounded by bone. This may be efYected by a trumpet-shaped extension of tlie lateral processes of the first or second \ertebra, or else by an expansion of the most posterior of the auditory ossicles ; but in either case tlie chain of boiies is continued to the internal car. The majority of those forins which have the air-vessels ericlosed in a bouy cayaulc being adapted to a mountain-torrent lift: leads me to co:ijcct IIPI, that sncli may hale some roiiuexion with sound ;

34.u NIL. r. DAY ON TKE UEOC+RAPHICbI.

certainly such an organ, being almost incapable of expansion, wodd scarcely be of much service as a compressible float.

These fishes are generally Tell provided with weapons of offence' or defence ; they haye mostly strong dorsal and pectoral spines, often serrated and with wliich tliey can inflict dangerous wounds. This spinal arinature j, invariable in the marine and estua.ry forms, as there tliey are most called upon t o resort to offensive or defensive measures. The auciitory apparatus is more developed in the inlaud genera, where, instead of having to battle for their existence, they becoine the tyrants of the waters they in- habit.

Wieth(:r any East-Iridinn genera of Siluroids possess a diat.int.t Iioison-apparatus or glaiid coiinected by a duct to rl, wound-in- flicting-spine has not as pet bceii proved. But that iiiost dangerous syn>.ptoriis are occasiotietl by tlicir dorsal and pectoral spines, iz lill(i\Tn not only to men but e w n to the lower aninials.

On June l8th, 1869, I v\.ns p n w n t in Burma \\lien the famous Kcn.yoy-gyee lnlie was fished, whicli is done by placing a stationary weir ;cross the I\ ater (which is a sort of river encircling an island) ; a i d R movable one is wit11 great labour dragged LIP t o it by Iargc gaiigs of men , aliose labours are continued for months. The final point had iiom been renclicd ; and all round this enclosure nets were reared t o about teu feet above the water to prevent the fish escaping', and which the ca'pt'iyes, wild with alarm, %-ere trying to

' Lnns liare been cnectccl in sexera1 rountries rcndering it. penal to bring three fielies to the markets for sale with their spines intact. Omitting any con- sideration o€ the state of the health of the individual v-onlded, me find fislics occasion t h e e distinct mrieties of wounds :-

d wounds iuflicted by a spine destitute of a poison-gland or & I C I ,

as seeii in the European ViTeevils (Tmchinus) or the East-Indian Iblyac.crzth,w, But as distinct irritating effects extend for Some distance from the woundeli F l l U t , and remain for a considerable period, i t seems questionable whether some mncoiis or other sukstance causing them symptoms may not be prrsent on the

spine. ;3. Zuconfcd ZtG'lmdS, surh as may be caused by the dorsal or pectoral spii;cp

of Silnroids or the 8errsted Apirie on the tail of the skates. I11 t h e m c a w s nlsu irritation may be occasioi:ed by some mucous secretion.

iiktinct poison-gland leading up a canal existing in a serrated spine by n-liicll the wound i s inflicted (Giinther, P. 2. S. 1164,p. 155). The ~ T y m v r e i a W T P Z ( C ~ , . C /

has also been shown to hare a tube a t each of its dorsal spirit3 am1 a 1:oieon-yla1l~l a1 its base.

y. Poisoned wouizds. Tlir Siluroid TllalassophTym has been shown to hare

The wounds,as might bc anticipated, are TerF ~ r n n ~ ~ i n i i s . Salt for preserving them had riot arrired.

UISTRIBUTION O F INDIA3 FRESHWATER FISHES. 341

jump over. Pelicans and cormorants were numerous and con- stantly devouring the spoil; but it was very curious to see how when fish sprang out of the water the birds opened their mouths, but sheered off t o a respectful distance, evidently dreading the fall of the spined Siluroids on themselves. I have talien the sea- snake (Enhydrirza) with the pectoral spine of an drius projecting through its integuments from the intestinal canal.

There is also a difference perceptible in the manner in which some at least of Siluroids deposit their eggs. The marine and estuary Avius and its allies have large eggs ; and as they are fre- quently found in the mouths of the males, m-hilst their intestines are destitute of food, it appears probable tliat they either carry them about in thai, manner for protection until hatched, or else remove them from what they consider t o be a dangerous locality'. I n the freshwater species, on the contrary, we find the eggs very small ; and the difference between those of the marine A r k and freshwater Macrones is very striking.

Regarding their respiration, I have already pointed out' that some, as Saccobrancln.~ and Clarias, are truly amphibious, whereas I have no reason for believing that any of the other genera of Siluroids in India are so.

Amongst thc Siluridz, me know of thirty-one genera repre- sented in India, Burma, and Ceylon ; and of these we haTe tmenty- six wholly or entirely confined to fresh water.

1. MACRONES~, Dumeril. The fishes of which this extensive genus is comprised extend through most parts of Asia, more especially in the tropics. They are numerous in the fresh waters of Sind, the whole of Hindustan, Ceylon, and Burma, and are common through Siam to the Malay archipelago.

2. LIOCASSIS~, Bbeeker. Eastern Bengal and Assam t o the 3lalay archipelago.

3. ERETIIISTES5, .&?ller & Henle. These small fishes are found from Orissa and Bengal, through Assam and Burma. M'Clelland also records a species from Chusan.

These fishes are found in the Iiidus and 4. RITA', Bleeker. See paper by Prof. Turner, Camb. Jour. of Anat. and Zool. vol. i. p. 78.

a JourilalLmn. Soc. 2001. vol. xiii. 30. 68, p. 198. 3 Includes :-Bagrus, pt., Cuvier & Valenciennes ; Hqxelobngrus, Hemibagrus,

Pseudobagms, and Asp~dobug~us. Ifeeker. Includes Ir'ama, Bleeker; i i i i t j . w e note to species.

5 Incluzes Haw, Blyth. 5 Inclitdes Gogrius, Day.

3 $2 MR. F. DAY ON THE BEOGBAPHICAL

its afnuents, in the Jumnn and Ganges, a!so in the Irawaddi in Burma to far above Nandalay.

Larger rivers and estuaries of India and B~irrnn to the Nalay archipelago.

These fishes are common in the waters of Sind, India, Ccylon, and Burma, but at the nfnlay archipelago appear t o be represented by a single species.

There is a very similar genus ( E u t r o p i z ~ ) separated from the foregoing orring to the position of its two pairs of mandibular barbels, the pair on either side being anterior to the inner ones, ~i hereas in Pseudetitropius they arise on a transverse line.

All autlirnticnted specimens of Eutropius are African ; but one spcciea, said t o have come from India, aas purchased in Lirerpool and is in the British Museum. Thcre is no other record of this one having been found in Afi-ica, neither lias i t been brought from India by any other party ; a d , until rediscovered, the land>\-hich gaw it birth ma) fairly bc considered an open question.

Pseudetctropius, on tlic contrary, has not been found in Africa ; and I believe that our present knolvlcdge only warrants our con- sidering the one geiius African, the other Asiatic. I should mention here that a fossil fish has been discovered in the tertiary forination at Sumatra (deficicnt of its head), and has been assigned to this genus (Gunther, Geol. IIng., Oct. 1876).

7 . OLPRA~, WClelland. These small fishes appear to be re- stricted, so far as me know, t o the hills in Upper Assail1 and Pegu.

8. CALLICIIROUS I , IIaniilfon Buchnnalz. Bind, India, Ceylon. Burma to the Malay archipelago and China.

9. WALLAGO, Bleeker. Sind, India, Ceylon, Burma to the ilialay nrchi pelago.

10. SILURUS ', Art& From Eastern Europe arid Turliestan, a h g the Himalayas t o Akyab, Tenasserirn, Cocliin China, the SIalny archipelago, and China j also along the hills of the Malabar coast of India.

5 . PAXGASIUS', Cicvier 4. TTn2enciennes.

6. PSEUDEUT~WPIUS', Bleeker.

DISTXIBGTION OF INDIAX FRESHWATER FISHES. 343

Bengal, Assam, and Burma to the Malay archipelago.

These amphibious fishes are found throughout Africa and Western Asia to India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, the Malay archipelago, Hongkong, the Philippines, and beyond.

A nearly allied genus (Hefero6ranchus) is found in Africa ; and Bleeker has discovered a species of it in the Malay archipelago.

13. SACCOBRANCHUS’, Cuvier & Valenciennes. These are like- wise amphibious fishes, but not found in Africa. They frequent the fresh waters of India, Ceylon, Burmah, to Cochin China, but have not been recorded from the Malay archipelago. 14. SILUNDIA, Ciivier $ VRlenciennes. These fishes frequent

the large rivers of India and Burma. 15. RILIA, Gray. Sind, the larger rivers of the Punjab, N.W.

Provinces, Bengal, Orissa, and Assam. 16. AILIICHTHYS, Day. Indus and Punjab rivers, also Ganges

and Jumna. 17. EUTROPIICHTHTS, Bleeker. Large rivers of India and

Burma,. 18. ANBLYCEPS, Blyth. Himalayas, valley of the Ganges,

Eastern Bengal, to Burma. 19. SISOR, Hamilton Bzichannn. Indus, Jumna, and Ganges

rivers. 20. GAQATA3, Bleeker. Sind, India (except its northern por-

tion), Assam, and Burma. 21. N A N ~ R A , Day. Sind, Deccan, N.W. Provinces, and Bengal. 22. BAQARIUS, &v. 4 lhlenciennes. Larger rivers of India

and Burma l o Java. 23. GLTPTOSTERNUM~, .WClelland. Hill-streams and rapid

rivers of the plains of the Himalayan region, and Iiidia, to the I\lalay archipelago. Fishes of this genus are provided n i th an adhesiPe apparatus consisting of longitudinal folds of skin and plncccl be tmen the bases of the pectorsl fins on the thorax.

24. EUQLYPTOSTERNUM 5 , Bleeker. Syria, upper portions of’

’ Includes :-~~[icropteronotzis,Lac6pi.de; Cossyphztsnnd Phagortts, M’Cldland .

11. CHACA, Cuvier 4 Valenciennes.

12. CLARTAS ’, Gronovius.

Includes Hetcropneztstes, Muller. Includes :-Bntasszo, pt., Bljth ; CalZo/,iysta+, Gunther.

Inclndm Aglypfoosfewmn, Bleeker. 4 Includes Glyptotho?.nx, Blyth.

344 MR. F. DAY ON TEE GEOBBIPIIIC.SE

the Jumna, and Upper Assam. This genus possesses an adhesive thoracic sucker, as in the last.

Head waters of the Ganges and on the I-Iimalayas, also the Khasya hills. Fishes of this genus hare a very viell-developed adhesive sucker on the chest, composed of transverse folds of skin.

26. EXOSTONA~, Blyth. Head waters of Indus, along the Hima- layas and hilly districts t o Assam, Pegu, Tenasserim, and the confines of China. Although these fishes have no adhesive sucker on their tuberculated chest, it is flattened, while the pectoral and ventral fins are evidently adaptcd for adhesion.

Examining the foregoing genera composing the freshwater Siluroids of India, we Gild that, of the 26 genera, 10 reach the l la lay arclipelago, G are restricted to India on the m s t , 6 to India and Burma, whilst Ej.et7Liste.y extends to China, Xnccobi*a~t- chus to Cochiii China ; and Clai.ias ranges from Africa, through Syria and India, to the Nalay archipelago and beyond.

In short, out of 26 genera, 11 have Malayan and Chinese repre- sentatives, whilst only 1 has African ; aiid this gcnus is coinnioii to the Malay archipelago.

I will now follow out the geographical distribution of each species, so far as such have been as yet recorded or have fallen wider my own observation.

25. PSEUDECHENEIS, Z Clellcind.

Genus nfACRONES.

1. MACRONES CILRTSEUS, Duy. Rivers in Canara and Ma- labar.

2. 31. AOR 2 , Hamilton Buchanaiz. Throughout the fresh waters of Sind, India, Assam, and Burma.

3. M. BEENQHALA~, Sykes. Sind, Salt range of Punjaub, the Jumna and Ganges rivers, certainly as low as Delhi ; the Deccan and Kistna river to its termination. 4. M. BLPTHII 4, Bay. Tenasserim. 5. M. QULIO 5 , Hamilton. Buchanan. This is the only Indian

species of this genus recorded as from the sea; it frequents estu- Includes Chimcrrichthys, Saurage.

Includes :-Bagrits Lnmctrrii, Cuv. & Val. ; B. aorelhs, Blyth. a Inclucles :-? Bcyms aorzn2~s, Val. ; B. norides, Jerdon.

4 Includes Bataszo afiizis, Blgth. ’ Includes :-Bagrus alhtlabrus, fuscus, Birmannus, and alrbretwtits, CUT. d

Val. ; B. gulcoides, ?%elas, Schkgelii, and rhodopterygius, Bleeker

UISTltIBUTION OF INDIAN FRESHWATEU PISHES. 345

aries and tidal pieces of water as far as the Malay archipelago. I t s ova are small, and like what obtain in the rest of the genus, and not similar t o the largo ova of the marine Brim and its allies. 6. 14. PUNCTATUS, Jerdon. Bowany river at base of the Neil-

gherries in Madras. '7. M. CORSULA', Hamilton Bzcchanan. From Orissa, through

Bengal and Assam. 8. M. NICROPHTHALNUS, Day. Burma, along the course of

the Irrawaddi. 9. M. CAVASTUS 2, Handtoit Buchanan. From Sind, throughout

India, Assam, and Burma. 10. M. TERG-U~", Zawziltolz Buchanan. Northern India, Pun-

jaub, and Assam. 11. M. OCULATUS, Jerdon. Malabar coast and Coiinbatore

district . 12. N. VITTATUS B70ch. Sind, Indian Assam, Burma, Siain,

and also Ceylon. 13. &I. LEucormsIS, Blyth. 14. 31. NORTAXUS 5 , Jerdon. Wynxad range of hills in Madras. 15. M. immTms, Cuv. 4 Val. Madras and iiiland to Mysore

and Coimbatore ; also Ceylon. 16. M. MALABARICPS, Day. Malabar coast of India. 17. M. ARMATUS, Bay. Malabar coast and western Ghauts. 18. &I. BLEEKERI', Buy. Siiid, Jumna, Ganges, and Burma. Of the foregoing 18 species of' Macrones, 2 have barbels not

longer than the head, one (No. 1) is restricted to the Malabar coast, the second (No. 4) to Tenasserim. I n all of the others the feelers reach at least to the ventral fin.

The following shov s their distribution :-3 Malabar and west-

Rivers of Burma.

Includes :--Amelodiis niemdn, Ham. Buch. : Bur~rzls f~nthacanthzta, CUV. L Val.

a Includes Wmelodus seeiigtee, Sgkes. Includes :-Pimelodm 6afuszzrs, Ham. Buch. (figure, not desrription) ; 7 P.

4 Includes :-Pznzetodzts curczo, Ham. Buch. ; ? P. i?zdzcus, M'Clellanc7 ; &gru8 aniaurus, M'Clelland.

a$inis, Jerdon. Includes ? Bagrus agricobis, Jerdon. Includes : - Bngrus kelefius, Bleeker ; ? B. fengrrrrc. mr., Blyth

346 MR. F. DAY ON THE GEOGRAPlTlCdL

ern Ghauts ; 4 western Glittuts or their bases, or through Mysore to Madras ; 3 Sind, India,, Assam, and Burma (1. also in Ceylon) ; 1 Dcccan, Jurniia, and Ganges rivers; 1 Sind, Jumna, Ganges, and Burma ; 1 Northern India and Sssam ; 1 Bengal, Oriss:r, and hssain ; 2 Burma ; 1 Teiiasserim ; 1 coasts of Sind, India, Ceylon, and Burma.

Thus, if we exclude the half-marine XacroPLes gulio, lye find 7 restricted to M:labar and Madras ; 1 to the Deccan, Jumna, and Indus ; 4 Incius, Ganges, Jumua. Brahmaputra, and Burma rivers ; 2 10CallJ' in Ben@ arid hssain ; 3 Burma.

Genus LEIOCARSIS.

1. L. RAMA', Hamil ton Buchnnan. Eastern Bengal and Assam.

Genus ERETHISTES. 1. E. H A R A ~ , Haini l fon Buchanan.

2. E. COXTA~, H a m d f o n Buclianalz.

3. E. JERDONII, Bay. Sylhet. 4. E. ELONGATA, Duy. These four species have a somcwhat confined distribut.ion, 2 ex-

tending from Orissa throughout Bengal, Assam, and Burma, and 2 being confined to the hills in the vicinity of Assam.

Orissa, Bengal, Assam, Pnd

Eastern Bengal, A ~ J H I D , Burma.

and Burma.

Naga Iiills.

Genus RITA. 1. R.. BUCHANANI~, Bleeker. Indus, Jumna, and Ganges

2. R. PBVIMENTATA', Val . Deccan and Kistna river t o its ter-

3. R. CHRYSEA, Day. Orissa. 4. R. HASTATA~, Val. Deccan end Kistna river to it.s termi-

1 Includes :--P Pi?nelo&ts chnndrananm, Ham. Buch. ; Silonie diaphimz,Swain-

Includes :- Erethistes piLsillcs, &fuller & Troschel ; HWCC Bitchunani, Blyth. 3 Includes Wnra Jilu~neizfosn, Clytll. 4 Tncluc!ea:---Pi.,)2eZodlrs riin, Ham. Buch. ; Arius ritoides, Cuv. & Val. ; Hiin

rivers a,nd their afflnents, Burma.

mination.

mtion.

8011 ; Rama Buchnnani, Bleeker.

rrucigepa (Owen), Biinther.

* Includes :. - h i w pu Includes :-~PhractocqAnZ,is gogrn, Sylies ; Goypius Xgkraii, Day.

E. l'al. (yoimp) ; Phrnrtocrpkahs k / , t i r / I c c , S~kes .

DISTRIBUTION O F I N D I A N FIlESHWATER PISIIES. 347

1 species is sprea.d through the region of the Indus, Jumna, and Ganges rivers to Burma, 2 through the Deccan and Kistna river, and 1 appears to be restricted t o Orissa.

Genus PAXGASIUS. 1. P. BUCHANANI', Cuvier 4 Valenciennes.

Genus PSEUDEUTROPIUS.

Large rivers of India,, Assam, Burma, and perhaps the Malay archipelago.

1. P. GOONOWAEEE', Sykes.

2. P. TAARILEE 3, Sykes. 3. P. ACUTIROSTRIS, Bay. 4. P. MURIUS 4, Hamilton Buchanan.

5. P. STEESII 5, Jerdon. 6. P. ATHERINOIDES~, Bloeh. Sind, India (excluding the

wester11 coast and Assam). 7. P. GARUA~, Hamilton Buchanaio. Throughout the larger

rivers of Sind, India (except its most southern portion and the western coast), Assam, and Burma.

Of the foregoing seven species, 1 is spread through the Indus, Jumna, and Ganges t o Bengal, Orissa, and Assam ; 1 the same, but continued to Burma ; 1 Sind, India (excluding the western coast), and Assam ; 1 Deccan, Ganges, and Jumna, also Burma ; 1 locally in Malabar ; 1 restricted t o Burma ; and 1 restricted to the Malabar coast.

Thus 2 Indian forms are found in Burma ; 1 Burman form ap- pears t o be restricted to that country, but t o be a representative of an Indian form which does not extend t o Burma.

Deccan, upper waters of Ganges

Rivers of the Deccan and the Jumna. and Jumna, Burma.

Rivers of Burma. Rivers of Sind, Jumna,

and rivers of Eengal and Orissa ; also Assam. Malabar coast of India.

Genus OLYEA. 1. 0. LONGICAUDA, M'Clelland.

l Includes :-PimeZodzts pangasius, Cuv. & Val. ; ? P. djambal, Bleeker. 2 Includes Eutropius maerophthalmw, Blgth. a Includes Pseudeutropius lonyinrnitus, Giinther.

Khasya hills.

Includes :-Pachyp ferns melainurus, Swainson ; 1 Pseudeutropius megalops, Gunther.

5 Includes Pseudeutropim Mitchelli? Gunther. 6 Includes :---Pimelodus a?igi;is and zcriia, Ham. Buch. ; Pachypterua trifasci-

' Includes CZupisomcc aiycnfnfa, Swainson. atus, Swainson ; Bag~us exodon, Bleeker.

3b8 MR.. F. DAY O X TUE OEOOEAPUIOAL

2. 0. BURXAXICA, Bay. P e p hills. 8. 0. LATICEPS, iWClelland. 2 of these species are locally restricted t o Assam and 1 to Pegu.

Khasya hills.

Genus CALTSCHROUS. 1. C. QANGETICUS, Peters. Ganges. 2. C. SINDENSIS, Day. River Tndus. 3. c. BINACULATUS', Bloch. Fresh waters of Sind, India,,

Ceylon, Assam, and Burma, to the Malay archipelago and beyond. 4. C. PABO~, IIamiltolz Buchannn, Jumua and Ganges rivers,

and Burma. 5. 0. MACEOPIITHALMUS Blyth. h a s , A ssnm, and Burma. 6. 0. NALABARICUS, Cuvier 4 T'hlenciennes. Malabar coast of

Iudia. 7. 0. PABDA~, Handton Bzcchanalz. Indus and its afflucnts,

Ganges, Jumna, Brahmaputra, and also Orissa. These 5' species have a peculiar distribution: 1 is found from

Sind through India and Ceylon to the Malay archipelago and beyond ; 1 Indus, Ganges, Junina, and Brahmaputra to Burma ; 1 Ganges and Jumna and to Burma; 1 Madras, Assam, and Burma ; 1 locally to Sind ; 1 Malabar ; 1 Ganges.

Genus WALLAGO. 1. W. ATTU 5 , Bloch. Throughout Sind, India, Ceylon, Assam.

Genus SILURUS. and Burma.

1. S. WYXAADENSTS, Day. 2. S. AFOHANA~, Guizther.

Western Ghauts of India. From Afghanistan along the Rima-

layas to Darjeeling. l Includes :--OmpaF silicroides, Lacepede ; Silltrm checkra, canius, and duda,

Ham. Buck ; 8. miwocephalits and mysoricirs, Cuv. & Val. ; Cnllichrzcs inmzn- cirlcrfus, ?lebuIoms, and oqjhis, Saainson ; Silzirus i?ldiczts, M'Clellsnil ; Schilhe pnho, Sykes ; $'hn~acronohLs silzwoides, Bleeker ; Cnl2ichrous ceyfonensis, Giinther.

Includes Cnllickous i~otat i~s , D q . Includes :-SilzLrzisnnnslonmus, CUT. & Val. ; S. Iamnghur, Heckel ; Cnllichrus

+*iftilt IS, Swainsou ; Cryptopterus Infoilitfa fus, Playfair ; Callichrozcs $pr?owii,

Includes :-Silurm bodis, Hamilton Buchansn ; S. walkgo and cisofus, Cur. &Val. ; Ciallichrzrs ?nncrosfomu.s, Swsinson ; Silurus Miifkri. Bieeker ; Wnllqoo RasseNii, Bleeker.

2 Includes Cnll ichms wigrcscens, Day.

Shy.

rl1cldrs Si1irrzr.s DuAtri. Day.

DISTETBUTION OE INDIAN FRESIIWATEE FISUES. 349

3. S. COCHINCHINESSIS Caw. 4 Val. Rills above Alryab, also Tenasserim t o Cochin China.

Of these three species, 1 appears to be found along the Hima- layas from Afghanistan to at least Dayjeeling ; 1 is spread from the bills above Akyab to Tenasserim and Cochin China ; whilst the third is confined to the western Ghauts on the Malabar coast up to about 2500 feet elevation.

Genus CHACA. 1. C. LOPHIOIDES ', Cuuier 4 Valenciennes. Ganges, Brahmn-

putra, a i d Irrawaddi rivers.

Genus CLARIAS. 1. C. TEISMANNI~, Bleeker. 2. C. DUSSUMIERI 4, Cuv. 4 Val . Coasts of India and the Malay

3. C. MAOUR', Hamilton Buchman. Throughout India and

4. C. ASSANENSIX, Day. Assam. Of the 4 species of Clarias, 1 is generally distributed through

India and Burma to the Malay archipelago; 1 Malabar and Madras to the Malay archipelago; 1 Ceylon and the Malay archipelago; 1 restricted to Assam.

Ceylon, Java.

archipelago.

Burma to the Malay archipelago.

Genus SACCOBRANCHUS. 1. 5. MICROPS, Giinther. Ceylon. 2. S. POSSILIS~, Bloch. Fresh waters of Siad, India, Ceylon,

Assam, Burnin', and Cochin China.

Genus SILUNDIA. 1. S. SYKESII', Day.

Ristna and Godavery. Rivers of Deccan mid throughout the

1 Includes Silwichtlys Berdnwrei, Blyth. a Includes :-Platystacus chace, Ha.milton Euchanaii ; Cham Buchawnni,

:j Includes ? Clc/rias bmchysoma, Giinther. 4 Iucludes Clnrias mektnosoma, Bleeker.

G iinther.

Includes :-Siktrus bntrctchus, Eloc!h; S. mguillaris, Russell ; Cld~ias nzarpus

Includes :-Silurus singio, Ham. Bnch. ; 8. Iaticcps and biscl'rafus, Swain- ; Snccobranchics microcephulus, Giinther.

and punctatzcs, CUP. & Val.

7 Includes ? Age?wioszts cbic'a'veni. Sykes.

350 UR. F. DAY ON 'TEE G E O G R A l ' l l l C L ~ ,

2. S . GANGETICA', Cuv. YnZ. Larger rivers of India and Burma.

Of these two species, 1 appears to be restricted to the Deccan rivers, the other is spread through the larger rivers of India and Burma.

Genus AILIA. 1. A. COTLA', Hamilton Buchanan. Sind, the large rivers of

the Punjab, N.W. Provinces, Bengal, Orissa, aud Assain.

Genus AILIICITTHYS. 1. A. PUNCPATA, Day. Indux, riPera of the Punjab, and upper

portions of the Gauges and Jumua.

Genus EUTROPIICHTRTS. 1. E. VACHd3, Unmilton Buchanan. From the Punjaub, through

the large rivers of Siud, Bengal, and Orissn; whilst ci variety (2. Bzcrrnnnicus) is found iu Burma.

Genus AJIBLPCCPS. Along the Himalayas

coininencing at the Punjaub, in the Jumna for some considerable distance from the hills, also through Burma to Moulmein.

1. A. MANGOIS&, Hanailton Bucltanan.

Genus SisoR. 1. S. RHABDOPHORUS, Hamilton Buchanan.

and Jumna rivers, as low as Bengal and Behar. Indus, Ganges,

Genus GAGATA. 1. G. CENIA', Hamilton Buchaaln. I d u s , (Tanges,and Jumna

rivers ; also rivers of Orisea and Burma. 2. G. TTCHPEEA, Xykes.

8. G. BAIASIO, Ham. Buch. 4. G. 'PENC~ANA. Ham. Bzcch. Assam.

Rivers of the Deccan.

River Testa.

Includes :-Pinzelodus silondin, Ham. Buch. ; SiZonia Zurida, Swainson. Includes :-Silurus Cuuieri, Gray ; Mulqterus bengalensis, Gray ; Acan-

thonotas Hardwickii, Gray ; Ailirc njinis, Giiather. Includes Pnchypterus pimetatus, Swainson.

4 Includes :-Amdyceps cmcutiens and A. tenuispinus, Blyth ; A l p i s Arutrzji,

'I ~nr,ludes:-Pinielod,i/,s gapfn , Ham, Buch. ; Gqntalypus, Bleeker. Day.

DISTRIBUTION QP INDIAH PRESHWATER FISHES. 351

Genus NANGRA. 1. N. BUCHANANI', Day. 2. N. PUNCTATA, Day.

3. N. IEIDESCENB, Ham. Buch.

Indus, Ganges, and Juinm rivers.

Sone river.

North Bengal and Deccan.

Genus BAGARIUS. 1. B. YARRELLII~, Sykes. Large rivers of Sind, India, and

Burma to the Malay archipelago.

Genus GLYPTOSTERNUX. 1. G. LON AH^, Sykes.

Jumna near its upper portion.

2. U. TEILINEATUM 4, Blyth.

3. G. CONIROBTRE, Steindachlter. the Indus and Jumna, as at Kangra and Simla.

4. G. BOTIA, Hamilton Bzcchanan. leaves the Himalayas ; common about Delhi.

5. G. TELCHITTA, Hamilton Buchnnam. rivers from the Himalayas as low as Bengal and Behar.

6. G. STRLATUM, M'Clelland. 7. G. MADRASPATANUM~, Day. Boaany river at the foot of

the Neilgherry hills. 8. G. PECTINOPTERUM 6, X'CZelland. Himalayan region from

affluents of the Indus, Jumna, and Ganges j found from Nangra and Simla to certainly as far as Darjeeling.

9. G. CAVIA, Hamiltolt Buchanan. Rivers of northern Bengal. These fishes appear to have a somewhat local distribution, 1 spe-

cies being restricted to the Jumna and Deccan, one to southern Madras, 3 to the Himalayas (one of which is likewise found in Burma), 1 to the Khasyas in Assam, and 3 t o the Jumna, Gangeti and rivers of northern Bengal.

Poona and rivers of Deccan, also the

Nepaul, Burma, and Tenasserim.

Himalayas from affluents of

From the Jurnua after it

Ganges and Jurnnn

Khasya hills in Assam.

1 Inclndes Fimelodzcs naizgva, Earn. Bucli. 2 Includes:-Pirnelodus bugarius, Ham. Buch. ; P.platespogon, Val. ; P. car-

nntieus, J erdon ; Bagarius Buchanani, Bleeker. 9 Includes G. dekkanense, Giinther. 3 I cannot detect any air-vessel in this species. 6 G. Roliczks, Steindachner (adult ;) G. nodes stun^, Day (young)

J,IXN. JOUBN.-ZOOLOGY, vOL. XIII. 30

4 Includes G. gmcile, Gunther.

352 ON TIIE QEOGRAPlIIOAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDTLN FISHES.

Genus EUOLTPTOSTERNUN.

1. E. LINEATUM, Day. Head waters of the JLiinna. Upper -4ssam, from the neighbourhood of the Himalayas.

Genus PSEUDECHENEIS. 1. P. SULCATUS, M(C1eZZmaad. Darjeeling and Khasya hills.

Genus EBOSTOMA. 1. E. L.ZBIATUN, N'CZeZZand.

2. E. BLYTHIT, Duy. Dajeeling. 3. E. BERDJIOREI, B7,yfA. Tenasserim,

The foregoing 86 species of Indian freshwvater Siluroid fishee

l i id in i i region L ......................

Mishmee Mountains in IERsS- Assam.

4. E. SToI,ICZK.B, Do?/. Head waters O f hdu8.

are thus distributed.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tr to Malay archipelago (excluding Sind) to Burma . . . . . . Ceylon and Burma . . . . . . . . . .

(excluding Southern India and Malabar)

(excliiiling Southern India and TdInlnbar) t o Curm a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

t o Assam.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (excluding Southern India and the

to Assam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (excluding Southern India and the

to Burnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:

,

9 , t o Cochin-China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I lndus, Ganges, and Juninn rivers . . . . . . . . . . .

Ganges, Juinna, and the Deccan

Deccan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beiigrtl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B c q n l , Orissa, and

Beripl , and Assnni t o Burma, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Indus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

> )

> I , I

9 1 3 , ,> ,, and Burina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Himala'yan regioii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 7 ,) mid Rurnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

1 This iiiclucle+ Iiidirl. Silirl, nnd the Punjauh only.

Oh’ TIIE GENUS ALTEOLITES ETC. 353

Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,, aud Cochiu-China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Assam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Orissa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Madras, Assam, and Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Base of Neilgherrj. hills in Madras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 South India and Malabar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Ceylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,, and Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

,) Ceylon . . : . 1 ........................

West coast of India and Malay archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 , 2,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 , 7, and Coimbatore 1 The foregoing shows that the 78 species are restricted to the

Indian region (including Burma and Ceylon) ; 6 are distributed froin the Indian region (excluding Ceylon) to the Malay archi- pelago, and 1 extends from Ceylon to the Malay archipelago. Couspquently we find no species of Indian freshwater Siluroid extending its range to Africa, whereas 6 do to the Malay archi- p elago.

Of the genera, as I have already remarked, only 1 is common to India and Africa, whilst that is also found in the Malay archi- pelago, which possesses 10 more Indian genera.

So far, results would appear to show us that the present race of freshwater fishes of India is much more closely related to a IIalayan than it is to an African fish-fauna.

Notes on the Genus Alveolites, Lamarck, and on some allied Forins of Palaeozoic Corals. By Prof. H. ALLETKE NICHOL-

SON, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.L.S.,and ROBERT ETtIERIDUE,

Jun . , F.G.S.

[Read May 3, 1Si7.1

(PL.4TE9 XIx. & xx.) I V E have recently had occasion to examine a large series of sp- cimens of that group of corals to wliich the name of “Alveolifes ” is generally given, as well as of wrious allied forms, from the Carboniferous rocks of the north of England and south of Scot- land, the Devonian rocks of Devonshire and North America, 2nd

30*