genomics, genetics, genome, gene, proteins, proteome, proteine chemistry, proteomics, …
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Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome, Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics, …. Attempt of an overview and systematics Uttendorf 2004. Overwiev. Cells Molecules of live Genes and genome Proteomics On some concepts of signal processing in life science. 1. Cells. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome,
Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics, …
Attempt of an overview and systematics
Uttendorf 2004
Zentrum für Technomathematik Mathematik / InformatikFachbereich 3
Overwiev
1. Cells
2. Molecules of live
3. Genes and genome
4. Proteomics
5. On some concepts of signal processing in life science
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1. Cells• procaryotic
/eucariotic
• nucleus (chro-mosomes) / cytoplasma (i.e. mitochon- dria, ribosomes)
• Cell cycle
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2. Molecules of liveSmall molecules• nucleotides (i.e. DNA bases A, C, G and T)• 20 different amino acids as the building blocks for proteins, i.e.
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Proteins
• main building blocks and functional molecules of the cell
• 20% of cell weight (water: 70%)
• four levels of structure
• 3 – 10 nm
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DNA• main information carrier molecule in a cell
• polynucleotide, i.e. consists of several nucleotides A, G, C and T
• simplest case: single stranded; directed chain of 4 different small molecules called nucleotides, i.e. A → G → T → C → C → A → A → G → C → G → A → A → T → G
• Complementary strand: mutually exchange A with T and C with Gand change direction; for our example:T ← C ← A ← G ← G ← T ← T ← C ← G ← C ← T ← T ← A ← C
• Complementary nucleotides bind weakly → longer compl. strands tend to stick together A-G-T-C-C-A-A-G-C-G-A-A-T-G-C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |T-C-A-G-G-T-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-C-G
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RNA
• similar to DNA, but single stranded
• functionally different types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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3. Genes and genomesGenome: an organism‘s complete set of DNA
Organism No. ofChrom.
Genome size in base pairs
Bacteria 1 ~400.000 - ~10.000.000
Yeast 12 14.000.000
Worm 6 100.000.000
Fly 4 300.000.000
Weed 5 125.000.000
Human 23 3.000.000.000
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Genes and protein synthesis
• Gene: continuous stretch of DNA, from which a particular type of proteins can be made
• Proteine syntesis
1. Transcription
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2. Splicing
pre-mRNA
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3. Translation
Result: Preprotein
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Protein synthesis (summary)
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Genetics vs. Genomics
Genetics: Study of single genes and their effectsGenomics: study not just of single genes, but of the
functions and interactions
Qualitative shift in medical applications:
concept of one desease ↔ concept of information (Genetics) (Genomics)
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4. ProteomicsOne genome -
different proteomes!
Proteome: Constellation of all proteines in a cell
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Just one special tool: 2D-Gelelektrophorese
I.e. analysis of proteine pattern for brain tissue
More proteine GFAP is produced in case of Alzheimer
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Proteine Chemistry vs. Proteomics
Proteine Chemistry Proteomics
• Individual proteins• Complete sequence analysis• Emphasis on structure and function
• Structural biology
• Complex mixtures• Partial sequence analysis• Emphasis on identification by database matching• Systems biology
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5. On some concepts of signal processing in life
science
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Summary
DNA
mRNA
Proteins
Cell functions
Genome“Genomics”
Proteome“Proteomics”