‘’Genome Database”

Group 4:1 -Abdullah Zein.

2 -Ali Hameed.3 -Hussein Hassan .

4 -Mena Hanna.5 -Mohammed Ibrahim.6 -Mohammed Mostafa.

Presented to Dr Ahmed Hisham

Eng Ahmed Abd ElHadyEng Enas Abd ELFattah

living organism

s

According to

Presence of cell

The non-cellular

organism

The cellular

organisms

According to Type

the Eukaryote

s

the prokaryot

es

Introduction

human plants

animalsvirus

The cell of bacteriaThe animal cell

nucleus

cell wall

cytoplasm

mitochondrion

The genome is the total DNA in a cell of an organism

Genome Gene:

The segment of the genetic material (1 character ). Each gene codes has certain protein and hence a specific function.

Location of genome: Eukaryotic: In nucleus and mitochondria. prokaryotic: In the cytoplasm. Virus Genomes are composed of RNA, not DNA.

Structure of Genome

The exons: the coded parts of the gene. The introns: it is the non-coded parts

between the exons in the gene.

Types of Genome in Eukaryotes

A chromosomal genome: inside the nucleus in form of chromosomes & it comes from our parents together.

A mitochondrial genome: outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the cell. It comes only from the mother.

The Plastome: It is the DNA found within the chloroplast .

Does Everyone has the Same Genes?

When you look at the human species, you see evidence of a process called genetic variation.

This means that the gene's sequence is slightly different in the two individuals, and the gene is called polymorphic.

So all people generally have the same genes& the genes do not have exactly the same DNA sequence.

The Genome database It provides views for a variety of genomes,

complete chromosomes, sequence maps. The database is organized in six major

organism groups: Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotae Viruses Viroids Plasmids

The Genome database Researchers compare traits such as

Chromosome number (karyotype). Genome size. Gene order. Codon usage bias. GC-content.

The genome size: the amount of DNA in a haploid complement which is reported as the total number of base pairs.

Organism Genome Size (Mb) Gene Number

S. cerevisiae (yeast) 12.155 6300

D. melanogaster (fruit fly) 137 13600

Homo sapiens (human) 3000 20000-30000

The Genome database An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that

of instructions stored in a library: The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes). The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages

(genes). which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book. Hence the library contains over six billion letters

total. The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a

pinpoint. A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in

almost every cell of our body.

Why do we need the database?

1- Democratized Data Help the now common practice of making

scientific data freely available online. Enable researchers to make discoveries much

more quickly than in the past.

2-Microbial Genomes Resources: Presents public data from prokaryotic genome

sequencing projects ( finished genomes - draft assemblies ).

Why do we need the database? 3- Identification of SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP

): is a DNA sequence variation occurring

when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between members of a species or paired chromosomes in an individual.

Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and other agents.

Why do we need the database? 4- Added DNA to Human-Origins Tool Kit: Studying human origins and the history of

our species' migrations.5- Supercharged Genetic Research: Helped in creation of newer, faster, and

cheaper methods of gene sequencing. That's because the rough draft of the

human genome serves as a reference against which the data from new sequencing methods can be compared.

The Next Step: Functional Genomics Transcriptomics: Analysis of mRNAs transcribed

from active genes to follow when, where, and under what conditions genes are expressed and what's actually happening in the cell than gene-expression studies. This capability has applications to drug design.

Structural genomics: 3-D structure of protein - drug design.

Experimental methods for understanding the function of DNA sequences and the proteins they encode include knockout studies to inactivate genes in living organisms and monitor any changes that could reveal their functions.

References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome http://mbgd.genome.ad.jp/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer

/genetics_genome.html http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hu

man_Genome/project/info.shtml Bioinformatics Lectures …. Dr Mohamed

Abouelhoda.

Thanks For Listening