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Page 1: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Genetics

Page 2: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and

phenotype ratios of a cross Types of Inheritance:

. . . . . .

Page 3: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Heredity and Genetics Heredity is the passing of traits from _________ to

_________ Traits are controlled by _________, so… Genetics is the study of how traits are _________

through the action of _________

Page 4: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics Mendel, an Austrian

monk (born in1822) is responsible for the laws governing the i _________ of traits

Mendel cultivated and tested over 28,000 _________ plants

Mendel performed _______________ by transferring pollen from one plant to selected ova of other plants, thereby controlling which plants mixed

Page 5: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Traits Observed

Page 6: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Traits Continued

Page 7: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Genetics Vocab Traits: any characteristic that can be passed

from parents to _________ Heredity: the _________ of traits from _________

to offspring Alleles: a type of gene, either _________ or

_________

Page 8: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Complete (Single) Dominance Complete Dominance: _________ gene with the

possibility of _________ alleles _________ _________

Page 9: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant: an allele whose effects mask the

effects of a _________ allele represented by a _________ letter. Ex: Brown hair: _________

Recessive: an allele whose effects are masked by the _________ allele represented by a _________ letter Ex: blond hair: _________

Page 10: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Heterozygous v. Homozygous “Purebred” species

have two of the same alleles; this is also called _________

Homozygous: species with two of the _________ alleles: _________

(homozygous dominant)

_________(homozygous recessive)

Heterozygous: Species with two _________ alleles _________

Page 11: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Genotype v. Phenotype Genotype: the alleles present in the organism,

i.e., _________ , _________ or _________ Phenotype: the physical expression of the genes;

what is _________

Page 12: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Genetic Crosses Monohybrid Cross:

cross involving _________ trait Ex: eye color

Dihybrid Cross: cross involving _________ traits Ex: Shape and Color of

Fruit Offspring’s genotype and

phenotype is determined using a _________ square

Page 13: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Punnett Squares Punnett squares can be used to determine the

probabilities for _________ (genetic information) and _________ (expression of gene) combinations in _________ crosses.

Page 14: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Genotypes and Phenotypes in Flowers

All genes occur in pairs, so _________ alleles affect a trait.

Possible combinations if:R = Red flowerr = Yellow flower

Possible Genotypes _________ _________ _________ Phenotypes _________ _________ _________

Page 15: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Punnett Square: Example A father has brown hair and is heterozygous

What is his phenotype?_______ What is his genotype? ________

He is ________________________

A mother has brown hair and is homozygous What is her phenotype?_______ What is her genotype? ________

She is ________________________________

Page 16: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Punnett Square: Example What are the possible phenotypes and

genotypes for their child?

Genotypic Ratio: ________

Phenotypic Ratio: __________

Page 17: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

More Punnett Square Examples

Page 18: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Page 19: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Incomplete Dominance Incomplete Dominance: _________ allele for a

trait (gene) is completely dominant over the other _________ Results in the heterozygous genotype having a _________ phenotype

Page 20: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Incomplete Dominance F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat

_________ the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.

Example: snapdragons (flower)red (RR) x white (WW)

RR = red flowerWW= white flower

Page 21: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Incomplete Dominance

21

RW

RW

RW

RW

R

R

r

All RW = _________(_________ pink)

produces the

r

copyright cmassengale

Page 22: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Incomplete Dominance

Page 23: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Codominance Both alleles for a gene are expressed in the

phenotype of an individual with the _________ genotype

Example: Coat color in cattle

Page 24: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Codominance Example In some cattle, the genes

for brown hair (B) and for white hair (W) are codominant. Cattle with alleles for both brown and white hair, have both brown and white hair. This condition is this combination of two separate hair colors is called Roan. It’s genotype is BW. Cross a Roan Cow and a white bull. Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the offspring.

Page 25: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Codominance Example Cont.

Genotypic Ratios: __________________ Phenotypic Ratios: ___________________

Page 26: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Multiple Alleles Multiple Allele Traits: The trait is

determined by genes that have more than _________ alleles

Ex: Humans: _________ blood groups Rabbits: Fur Color

Page 27: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Multiple Alleles Blood type in humans is determined by one gene and three

alelles Each person inherits 2 alleles

_________ : IA _________ : IB _________ : i

Possible Combinations: 1. type A = _________ or _________ 2. type B = _________ or _________ 3.

type AB = _________ 4. type O = _________

Page 28: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Multiple Alleles Problem 1 A man with Type AB blood is marries to

a woman who is also Type AB blood. What is the potential of each of the following blood types? Type A: Type B Type AB: Type O:

Page 29: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Multiple Alleles Problem 2 A man who is homozygous for Type B

blood is married to a woman who is Type O blood. What blood type will all of the children

have?

Page 30: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Multiple Alleles Problem 3 A woman with Type O blood is claiming that a

man with Type AB blood is the father of her child who is Type AB blood. Could this man be the father of her child? Show the Punnett square and explain your result.

Page 31: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Sex Linked Traits Genes Reside on

Chromosomes Sex-Linked Traits: the

trait is determined by the gene on the _________ chromosomes

Most are located on the _________ chromosomes

Sex-linked traits in humans are usually defects or diseases that are _________

Ex: _________, _________, _________

Page 32: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Ex: Sex-Linked Traits Hemophilia (H: Normal blood clotting, h:

hemophilia)

XX chromosome - female Xy chromosome - male

Hemophilia

Page 33: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Sex-Linked Traits Sex-Linked Genes and Traits

Because males have only one X chromosome, a male who carries a recessive allele on the X chromosome will exhibit the sex-linked trait.

Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome

Page 34: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Sex Linked Trait Example

34

Cross a homozygous normal female with a male who has hemophilia.

Female Genotype: Male Genotype:

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia?

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia?

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia

copyright cmassengale

Page 35: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Sex-Linked Problem 2

Cross a carrier female with a normal male?

Female Genotype: Male Genotype:

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia?

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia?

Probability of Producing female child with hemophilia

Page 36: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Female Carriers In sex- linked traits (ie. hemophilia), women are

_________ (they have the gene, but it is not expressed) and men have the phenotype more often. Can you explain why?

Page 37: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Polygenic Polygenic:

_________ than two genes control a trait (“_________ genes”)

Results in a wide range of _________

Ex: _________, _________, _________

Page 38: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Mendel’s Law of Segregation Mendel’s Law of Segregation: _________ of

alleles during _________ formation This is seen with _________ squares

Page 39: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment Genes for different traits are inherited _________ from each other (ie. your eye color does not depend on the shape of your eyes)

Page 40: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dihybrid Crosses A breeding experiment that tracks the

inheritance of _________ traits Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment”

Each pair of alleles segregates _________ during gamete formation

Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)Example:

1. RrYy: 2n = 22 = _________ possible gametes_________ _________ _________ _________

2. AaBbCCDd: 2n = 2__ = ____ gametes _________ _________ _________ _________

_________ _________ __________________

Page 41: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dihybrid Crosses Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles: R round

r wrinkled Y yellow y green

RrYy x RrYy

___ ___ ___ ___

All possible gamete combinations

____ ___ ____ ____

Page 42: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dihybrid Cross: With Ratio

42

RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY

ry

copyright cmassengale

Page 43: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dihybrid Cross

43

RRYY

RRYy

RrYY

RrYy

RRYy

RRyy

RrYy

Rryy

RrYY

RrYy

rrYY

rrYy

RrYy

Rryy

rrYy

rryy

Round/Yellow: 9

Round/green: 3

wrinkled/Yellow: 3

wrinkled/green: 1

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY

ry

copyright cmassengale

Page 44: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Dihybrid Cross

Round/Yellow: 9Round/green: 3wrinkled/Yellow: 3wrinkled/green: 1

9:3:3:1

Page 45: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Inheritance of Traits Pedigrees

Geneticists use _________ to trace _________ or traits through families.

Pedigrees are diagrams that reveal _________ patterns of _________

Page 46: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Pedigree for Cystic Fibrosis

Page 47: Genetics. Objectives ________’s Experiments and Laws Inheritance ________ Square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross Types of

Some Important Genetic Disorders


Phenomics: Genotype to Phenotype

Evolutionary Robotics The Genotype-to-Phenotype Map The genotype to phenotype map: the algorithm that transforms the genotype into the phenotype. Direct

Chapter 12 – Patterns of Inheritance What is inheritance? What is the relationship between genes, alleles, phenotype and genotype? How does inheritance

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From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Dominant vs. Recessive and Genotype vs. Phenotype Dominant vs. Recessive and Genotype vs. Phenotype

The Importance of Phenotype in Genotype-Phenotype Studies ... · The importance of phenotype in genotype- ... 2.0x10-5 16.4 (1) 5.12x10-5 ... The Importance of Phenotype in Genotype-Phenotype

Genotype-phenotype correlation In PKU

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LINKING PHENOTYPE TO GENOTYPE IN PSEUDOMONAS …

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype and phenotype in cystic fibrosis

Lesson 5 Terminology Practice Genotype and Phenotype

The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype

Studies Genotype Phenotype Association

Couplage genotype-phenotype et biais d’echantillonnageecobim.inrs.ca/Archives/ecobim_2007/presentations_pdf/s2...Couplage genotype-phenotype et biais d’echantillonnage Anne-Leïla

8.1 Studying Inheritance. Lesson Objectives Distinguish between a genotype and phenotype. Understand what dominant, recessive and co- dominant alleles

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Genetic characterization and genotype phenotype

Chapter 12: From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype CHAPTER 12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype

Genotype‐Phenotype Correlation and Molecular Heterogeneity in … · mutation p.R479H, n=55) were also excluded from the main genotype-phenotype analysis. Thus, the genotype-phenotype

Gene Allele Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous

Protecting Participant Privacy in Genotype-Phenotype ...etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-11052014-180906/... · PROTECTING PARTICIPANT PRIVACY IN GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATION

A systematic approach to Genotype-Phenotype correlations

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Genotype-Phenotype Association - UMIACSusers.umiacs.umd.edu/~hcorrada/CFG/lectures/lect16_gwas/gwas.pdf · Genotype-Phenotype Association CMSC702 Spring 2014! Hector Corrada Bravo!

HEREDITARY - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP4/HEREDITARY.pdf · Genotype and Phenotype • Genotype: ... Dominant-Recessive Inheritance ... Affected female

Phenotype-Genotype Integrator (PheGenI) Updates

Statistical association of genotype and phenotype

MENDELIAN INHERITANCE 2002 - Michigan Medicine · 2002-10-29 · MENDELIAN INHERITANCE 2002 • Genotype • Phenotype • Locus • Allele • Homozygote/ Heterozygote • Compound