genetics i. i. mendelian 1. history a. introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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GeneticsI.
Mendelian
1. History
A. Introduction
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a. C. Darwin & A. Wallace == blending
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b. In 1860, G. Mendel & F. Unger == mixing
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1. Monohybrid Cross
B. Experimental Design
a. Definition
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b. Terms
i. Self vs. Cross Fertilization
ii. Traits vs. Characteristics
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c. Process
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Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
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i. Outcomes for a one trait cross or Monohybrid crossesii. Principle All traits are paired and sorted into gametes
Figure 10.3
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d. Terms
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Gene versus Allele
Homozygous versus Heterozygous
Dominance versus Recessive
Genotype versus Phenotype
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e. Testcross
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Figure 10.4
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2. Dihybrid Cross
a. Definition
b. Process
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Always start these crossing questions by figuring out how many and what type of gametes are produced by the parents.
i. Outcomes for a Dihybrid crosses
Figure 10.6
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Dihybrid Heterozygous cross =
Phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1, Genotypic ratio= 1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1
Dihybrid Heterozygous cross Homozygous Dominant =
Phenotypic ratio = all dominant, Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1
ii. Principle Each pair of alleles and chromosomes sort independently into gametes.
AaBb X AABBGametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab; AABB=
AB only
i. Outcomes
AaBb X AaBbGametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab
for both
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II. Variation on Mendel
A. Incomplete Dominance
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Incomplete dominance appears to be a blending of the two alleles vs. complete dominant. Figure
10.9
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B. Co-Dominance
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Co-dominance expression of alleles yields both traits in heterozygote.
AA aa
Aa
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C. Multiple Alleles
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Multiple alleles are needed to give the expression of the trait.
Figure 10.10
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D. Penetrance
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Timing of expression of traits in the phenotype.
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1. Pleitrophy
E. Gene Interactions
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Pleitrophy one gene = many different effects
Figure 10.13
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2. Polygenic
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Polygenic = Continuous Variation of Expression of traits
Figure 10.11
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3. Epistasis
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Epistasis = Interference of expression between different genes
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III. Classical Genetics
A. History
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1. W. Bateson & R. Punnett (1908) Punnett Square
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2. T. Morgan (early 1900’s) used fruit flies
WHY?
Recombination experiments
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Developed karyotyping techniques,
Figure 9.1
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Figure 10.17
linkage group studies,
Figure 10.16
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& sex linkage studies
Figure 10.15
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3. A. Sturtevant
a. mapping
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V. Detection of Problems
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A. Karyotyping
B. Amniocentesis == Cellular and Chemical Analysis
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C. Ultrasound gives a visual image of the fetus
D. Chorionic Villi Sampling== placenta samples
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E. Fetal Tissue
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F. Pedigrees == familial history
Figure 13.7
Figure 13.8
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Figure 13.9
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