Genetic Technology

Genetic Engineering

• Making changes to DNA

• Like changing the code of a computer program

• Scientist use their knowledge of structure and chemical properties to make changes

Terms used to show it’s not the organism's natural reproductive process:

• Genetic engineering• Recombinant DNA technology• Genetically Modified(GM)• Gene Splicing• Transgenic Organisms

Manipulating DNA

1. DNA Extraction – chemical procedure ruptures cell & separates the DNA from cell parts (Strawberry Lab)

2. Cutting DNA – restriction enzymes cut the DNA into smaller pieces called fragments (This 1 only between AAG)

3. Separating DNA – a gel electrophoresis chamber separates DNA fragments to be analyzed

4. Make unlimited copies of DNA (PCR)

5. Study, Compare, & Analyze Results

Gel Electrophoresis• An Electric Voltage is applied to the gel to separate DNA fragments• The fragments move to the (+) positive side of the gel because

DNA is (-) negatively charged & attracted• Bands are made of different sized DNA fragments• Smaller fragments move faster through the gel

G.E. can be used to:

• Identify a DNA Fingerprint• Solve forensic cases• Determine Paternity• Examine specific proteins• Locate and identify particular

genes (to tell if you are more likely

to get Breast Cancer or Alzheimer's Disease)• Allows researchers to identify similarities and

differences in the genomes of different organisms.

• Your Genome is your particular set of chromosomes (Your unique DNA)

• DNA Fingerprint – uniqueness of an individual’s DNA .01% Difference (Fingerprint)99.99% Same DNA as everyone else

Gel Electrophoresis Questions

1. What are the bands made of?

DNA Fragments2. Which bands move faster? Why?

Shorter bands b/c they are smaller3. What is the purpose of the restriction

enzyme?

To cut DNA into fragments

Gel Electrophoresis Questions

4. Why are the bands moving towards the positive side?

B/c they are negatively charged and attracted to the positive

5. Are the samples identical? How do you know?No, the bands of all 3 samples don’t line

up (same pattern)6. Why is the electrical voltage applied?

To supply the -/+ current for attraction/movement

Gel Electrophoresis

DNA plus restriction enzyme

Mixture of DNA fragments

Gel

Power source

Longer fragments

Shorter fragments

Results

Virtual DNA Extraction

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

Virtual Gel Electrophoresis

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/

Selective Breeding

• Only allowing desired organisms to mate

• Breeders increase the genetic variation in the population by causing mutations.

• Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by this breeding. Ex: Dogs, Horses, Fruit, etc.

• Hybridization causes hardier animals than the parents with desired traits Ex: Mule

• Inbreeding helps ensure that breeds will continue to have unique characteristics Ex:Dogs

• Serious genetic problems can result from excessive inbreeding Ex: mad dog disease

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv10_WvGxo

Cloning

• A genetically identical organism produced from a single somatic cell.

• In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly.

Dolly and Bonnie

Pros vs. Cons of Cloning

• Could Help Endangered Species Repopulate

• Superhuman Race• No need for males• Medical

Advancements• Plenty of Food

• Moral Problems• Genetic Disorders• Health Problems• No Variety• Body Part Harvesting• Superhuman Race• No Males

What do you think?

Cloning Questions

1. Which Sheep provides the egg cell? The black faced/legged Sheep B

2. Which Sheep provides the nucleus (DNA)? The white faced/legged Sheep A

3. Why is the nucleus removed from the egg? We only want DNA from Sheep A and there would be to much if not removed.

Cloning Questions

4. Which animal is the clone? The little lamb

5. Which 2 animals are genetically identical? The white faced/legged Sheep A and the little lamb ***Notice that Sheep B and C (Foster Mom) Look the same but they are not GENETICALLY

6. Why is an electrical voltage applied? To jump start the cell cycle for growth

Cloning

Donor Nucleus

Fused cell

Embryo

Egg Cell

Sheep C – Foster MomCloned Lamb

Sheep A

Sheep B

A donor cell is taken from the sheep’s udder

The two cells are fused using electricity

Egg cell is taken from other female

The nucleus is removed The fused cell

begins dividing normally

Embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother

The embryo develops normally into a lamb