GENES, ENZYMES, AND POPULATIONS

BASIC UFE SCIENCES Alexander Hollaender, General Editor Biology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory and The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

1973: Volume 1 • GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION Edited by F. T. Kenney, B. A. Hamkalo, G. Favelukes, and J. T. August

Volume 2 • GENES, ENZYMES, AND POPULATIONS Edited by A. M. Srb

In preparation:

Volume 3 • CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION Edited by B. B. Biswas, R. K. Mandai, A. Stevens, and W. E. Cohn

• REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS Edited by F. Fuchs and E. M. Coutinho

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

GENES, ENZYMES, AND POPULATIONS

Edited by Adrian M. Srb

Section of Genetics, Development, and Physiology Cornell University Ithaca, New York

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK - LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Genes, enzymes, and populations.

(Basic life sciences, v. 2) "Proceedings of the twelfth International Latin-American symposium, held in

Cali, Columbia, November 27-December 1,1972." Includes bibliographical references. 1. Genetics-Congresses. 2. Plant-breeding-Congresses. 3. Tropical crops­

Latin America. I. Srb, Adrian M., ed. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Animals, Domestic­Congresses. 2. Breeding-Congresses. 3. Plants-Congresses. S494 L357g 1973] QH426.G46 575.1 73-15867 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2882-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2880-3 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2880-3

Proceedings of the Twelfth International Latin American Symposium, held Cali, Colombia, November 27 -December 1, 1972

© 1973 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1973

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011

United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.

Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW10 6SE, England

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher

Organizing Committee

Honorary President Alexander Hollaender, Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

Oak Ridge, Tenn. Alvaro Alegria, Departmento de Ciencias Fisiol6gicas, Bioqulmica, Universidad del Valle,

Cali. Eduardo Alvarez, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, C.I.A.T., Palmira. Jorge Allende, Departamento de Bioqulmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile,

Santiago.

Rafael Bravo, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, I.CA, Palmira. Francis Byrnes, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, C.I.A.T., Palmira. Nelson Castelar, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional, Palmira. Gabriel Cer6n, Departamento de Morfologla, Universidad Nacional, Bogota. Alvaro Figueroa, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional, Palmira. Marlo Guimaraes Ferri, Facultade de Filosoffa, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade

de Sao Paulo. Hugo Hoenigsberg, Departamento de Biologla, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota. Adrian Srb, Department of Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Henrique Tono, Bogota.

General Secretary Carlos Corredor, Departmento de Ciencias Fisiol6gicas, Bioquimica, Universidad del Valle,

Cali.

Sponsors

Departamento de Ciencias Fisiol6gicas, Secci6n Bioquimica, Universidad del Valle, Cali. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional, Palmira. Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (I.C.A.), Palmira. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, (C.I.A.T.), Palmira. Cornell University, Ithaca,'N.Y. National Academy of Sciences (USA), Washington, D.C. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biology Division, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Panamerican Association of Biochemical Societies (PAABS). Asociaci6n Colombiana de Ciencias Biol6gicas.

Supporting Institutions

Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Asociaci6n Colombiana para el Avance de la Ciencia (ACEACE). Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Clentificas y Proyectos Especiales Francisco Jose

de Caldas' (COLCIENCIAS). Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educaci6n Superior, (iCFES). Organizaci6n de Estados Americanos, OEA, Programa Regional de Desarrollo

Cientifico tecnol6gico. Ford Foundation (USA). U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. U.S. National Science Foundation. Federaci6n Nacional de Cafeteros, Colombia.

Acknowledgments: The following institutions and companies have extended generous collaboration and assistance:

Federaci6n Nacional de Cafeteros Laboratorios Bayer Gobernaci6n del Valle Secreta ria de Fomento y Agricultura Oficina de Turismo Carvajal y Cia. CELA colombiana Quaker de Colombia Corporaci6n del Valle del Cauca, (C. V. C.>.

Foreword

The present volume includes the large majority of papers given at the symposium entitled "Fundamental Approaches to Plant and Animal Improvement," held at Cali, Colombia, in November, 1972. The primary focal points were on various genetic mechanisms, including gene action and mutation, the development of phenotypic attributes, and on evolution, including that controlled by man for agricultural purposes. In fact, very little referring in any particular way to animal improvement was included, while a great deal of attention was paid to higher plants and to microorganisms. On the other hand, both the population genetics of insects and insect control were considered. Thus Genes, Enzymes, and Populations, the title given to this published work, seems to me to represent somewhat more fairly the contents than does the original symposium title.

Given the intent of the symposium, which is expressed in the original title, the published record cannot be expected to be a neatly packaged presentation of some highly defined subject matter. Indeed the diverse subjects represent some, but by no means all, of the varied and dynamic scientific activities that need to be components in the improvement and production of agriculturally Significant plants at a time when world populations are rapidly increasing and shortages of food occurring. In any case, the organizers of the symposium wisely decided that considerations of environment as well as of genetics should be introduced into the thinking of the group and that physiology and molecular biology could not be ignored.

One of the aims of the symposium was to foster interactions among representatives of basic and applied science and to establish communication, in reference to common goals, among representatives of scientific fields who generally use rather separate methodologies and manners of thought. How far such aims were met is not easy to evaluate, but certainly they were met in part. The mere presentation of papers found in this volume, excellent as they may be,

vii

viii

cannot convey the excitement of certain conversations among participants as these conversations occurred before and after the formal sessions.

Much of the excitement emerged from consideration of the implications of increasing ability to utilize cell culture techniques in order to manipulate higher plants in the ways used by microbial and molecular geneticists. Thus the paper by Rasse-Messenguy and Fink, on yeast, turns out to have close ideological and procedural interrelationships with the paper by Carlson et oZ., who report work on disease tolerance in tobacco. I have placed these papers in sequence in the published work, because of their interrelationships, and otherwise in ordering the material have taken a few liberties with the sequence followed at the symposium itself.

In any case, a reading of the various papers reveals increasing cross-infusions of technique and of problem orientation among basic and applied scientists. Perhaps eventually something like a continuous spectrum in direction of efforts will emerge, so that gaps in communication will be bridged. Nevertheless, a major challenge to the biology of the future is evident. None should doubt the validity and relevance of efforts so diverse as represented in Ferri's survey of the ecology of Latin America on the one hand or in Skoog's highly molecular treatment of plant growth regulators on the other. How to muster rapidly and effectively this information in reference to agricultural problems in areas of Latin America presents the challenge. And the final paper, by Marquez-Sanchez, makes clear that sociological perceptiveness is an essential ingredient in success­fully applied biology.

I myself found satisfying, in the context supplied by the intent of the symposium, that the natural world retains magnificent untapped genetic re­sources. These emerge dramatically in Rick's fascinating account of wild tomato species whose varied germ plasms appear to have great potential for further improvement of one of our important garden crops.

Adrian M. Srb

Introduction

Cali, Colombia, situated at the head of one of the most fruitful valleys in the country, plays a unique role in the development of strong agricultural research. The location of the Tropical Agricultural Station at Palmira, just outside Cali, and many other aspects of agriculture, suggested that the topic for our 1972 Latin American Symposium, "Fundamental Approaches to Plant and Animal Improvement," would be an excellent opportunity to combine the basic aspects of biochemistry and genetics with the application to the improvement of plants and animals. This twelfth in our series of Latin American Symposia turned out to be most successful, and will surely influence the status of agriculture not only in Colombia and other southern hemisphere countries but worldwide as well. The Proceedings volume will, I am sure, be an important contribution to the literature on new developments in plant and animal breeding. Dr. Adrian Srb of Cornell University has done an outstanding job as editor of these Proceedings.

Early plans for the Symposium were initiated in cooperation with Dr. Henrique Tono, who was Associate Dean of the Medical School at the University of Cali. Dr. Tono later resigned this position, and Dr. Carlos Corredor of the Biochemistry Department of the Medical School took over the organization of the Symposium and did an excellent job under sometimes complicated circum­stances.

While travel restrictions in certain countries made it impossible for some individuals to attend the meeting, many scientists were there from various Latin American and other countries.

This Symposium, as previous ones, was supported by special grants from the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation and by a Ford Foundation grant administered through the United States Nation­al Academy of Sciences. The Office of American States and other groups, especially in Colombia, made important contributions. Cornell University was the U. S. university cosponsoring the Symposium with the Pan American

x Alexander Hollaender

Biochemical Society. I want to thank the various groups that helped so much, often under emergency conditions, to make the Cali Symposium a success; we are most grateful.

A complete list of previous Latin American symposia, with publication information on each, is given below.

1961

International Symposium on Tissue Transplantation-Santiago, Villa del Mar, and Valparaiso, Chile. Published in 1962 by the University of Chile Press, Santiago; edited by A. P. Cristoffanini and Gustavo Hoecker; 269 pp.

1962

International Symposium on Mammalian Cytogenetics and Related Problems in Radiobiology-sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Published in 1964 by The Macmillan Company, New York, under arrangement with Pergamon Press, Ltd., Oxford; edited by C. Pavan, C. Chagas, O. Frota-Pessoa, and L. R. Caldas; 427 pp.

1963

International Symposium on Control of Cell Division and the Induction of Cancer-lima, Peru, and Cali, Colombia. Published in 1964 by the U.S. Depart­ment of Health, Education, and Welfare as National Cancer Institute Monograph 14; edited by C. C. Congdon and Pablo Mori-Chavez; 403 pp.

1964

International Symposium on Genes and Chromosomes, Structure and Func­tion-Buenos Aires, Argentina. Published in 1965 by the U.s. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare as National Cancer Institute Monograph 18; edited by J. I. Valencia and Rhoda F. Grell, with the cooperation of Ruby Marie Valencia; 354 pp.

1965

International Symposium on the Nucleolus-Its Structure and Func­tion-Montevideo, Uruguay. Published in 1966 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare as National Cancer Institute Monograph 23; edited by W. S. Vincent and O. L. Miller, Jr.; 610 pp.

1966

International Symposium on Enzymatic Aspects of Metabolic Regulation­Mexico City, Mexico. Published in 1967 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare as National Cancer Institute Monograph 27; edited by M. P. Stulberg; 343 pp.

Introduction xi

1967

International Symposium on Basic Mechanisms in Photochemistry and Photo­biology-Caracas, Venezuela. Published in 1968 by Pergamon Press as Volume 7, No. 6,Photochemistry and Photobiology; edited by J. W. Longworth; 326 pp.

1968

International Symposium on Nuclear Physiology and Differentiation-Belo Hori­zonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Published in 1969 by The Genetics Society of America as a supplement to Genetics, Volume 61, No.1; edited by R. P. Wagner; 469 pp.

1969

International Symposium on Fertility of the Sea-Sao Paulo, Brazil. Published in 1971 by Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York; edited by J. D. Costlow; 2 volumes, 622 pp.

1970

International Symposium on Visual Processes in Vertebrates-Santiago, Chile. Published in 1971 by Pergamon Press as Volume 11, Supplement No.3, Vision Research; edited by Thorne Shipley and J. E. Dowling; 477 pp.

1971

International Symposium on Gene Expression and Its Regulation-La Plata, Argentina. Published in 1973 by Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, as Vol. 1 Basic Life Sciences Series (Alexander Hollaender, General Editor); edited by Francis T. Kenney, Barbara A. Hamkalo, Gabriel Favelukes, and J. Thomas August.

Alexander Hollaender Biology Division

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee

and University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Contents

1. Introductory Address Carlos Co"edor ........................................ .

2. Ecological Problems in Latin America Mario G. Ferri .......................................... 5

Basic Molecular Genetic Mechanisms

3. Recent Studies on the Origins of Cellular Organelles Seymour S. Cohen ...................................... 27

4. Some Molecular Aspects of Mitochondrial Complementation and Heterosis

Igor V. Sarkissian and H. K. Srivastava ...................... 53

5. Studies on Protein Synthesis Elongation Factor 1 from Plant Seeds Simon Litvak, Adela Ta"ago, Beatriz Levy, Lucia Manzocchi, Marta Gatica, and Jorge E. Allende .............................. 61

6. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Fungi J. Polacco and S. R. Gross ................................ 71

7. Feedback·Resistant Mutants of Histidine Biosynthesis in Yeast Francine Rasse-Messenguy and Gerald R. Fink ................ 85

Plant Tissue and Cell Culture: Genetic Aspects

8. Defined Mutants in Higher Plants Peter S. Carlson, Rosemarie D. Dearing, and Brenda M. Floyd .... 99

xiii

xiv

9. Potential of Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques as Aids in Econom­ic Plant Improvement

Contents

Louis G. Nickell and Don J Heinz ......................... 109

10. Factors Favoring the Formation of Androgenetic Embryos in Anther Culture

C Nitsch and B. No"eel

Plant Hormonal Mechanisms

11. Cytokinins in Regulation of Plant Growth

129

Falke Skoog ......................................... 147

12. Environmental and Hormonal Control in Seedlings Jochen Kummerow .................................... 185

13. Factors Affecting Flowering of Coffee Paulo de T. Alvim ..................................... 193

Mutation and Mutation Repair

14. Increasing the Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Specificity of Muta­tion Induction in Flowering Plants

R. A. Nilan .......................................... 205

15. Repair of Radiation and Chemical Damage to DNA in Human Cells Steven N. Buhl ....................................... 223

Evolution and Distribution of Economically Important Species

16. Geographical Distribution of Cultivated Cottons Relative to Prob­able Centers of Domestication in the New World

S. G. Stephens ........................................ 239

17. Potential Genetic Resources in Tomato Species: Clues from Obser­vations in Native Habitats

CharlesM. Rick ....................................... 255

18. Chromosome Knob Patterns in Latin American Maize Almiro Blumenschein .................................. 271

Contents

Population Genetics

19. Population Genetics in the American Tropics. IX. Rhythmic Genet­ic Changes That Prove the Adaptive Nature of the Detrimental Load in Drosophila melanogaster from Caracolisito, Colombia

xv

H. F. Hoenigsberg, L. E. Castro, L. A. Granobles, and S. Saez 281

Applications of Genetics

20. Breeding for Specific Amino Acids Oliver E. Nelson, Jr. ................................... 303

21. Genetic Manipulation of Plant Protein Quality and Its Value in Human Nutrition

Alberto Pradilla and C. A. Francis ......................... 313

22. Solanum tuberosum X S. andigena Hybrids and Their Importance in Potato Breeding

Nelson Estrada Ramos . ................................. 317

23. Plant-Rhizobium Interaction and Its Importance to Agriculture P. H. Graham ......................................... 321

24. Exploratory Induction of Solid Mutations in Yams by r-Irradiation Francis K. S. Koo and Jose Cuevas Ruiz .................... 331

25. Insect Control with r-Rays Juan E. Simon F. ...................................... 337

26. Social and Economic Orientation of Crop Improvement: An Ap­proach to Maize Breeding

Fidel Marquez-Sanchez ................................. 347

Index 355