Generation and x-ray diagnostic characterizationof matter at extreme astrophysical conditions

in the laboratoryP. Neumayer

Extremes of Density and Temperature: Helmholtz Alliance "Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory"

Extremes of Density and Temperature: Helmholtz Alliance "Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory"

High energy density plasma physics

Planetary science - Astrophysical observations

Precise data on planetswithin our solar system:Radius, mass, angular velocity, graviational moments, magnetic fields, surface temperature, chemicalcomposition, …

Exo-planets:Nearly 500 planets outside our solar system, and counting…M, a, R, …

has to reproduce the observational data

IceX

Large-scale computing allows ab-initiocalculations of dense-matter properties

JUGENE (FZ-Jülich)

~300.000 cores>1015FLOPS

need equation-of-state overthe entire parameter range

from Nettelmann et al.,Astrophys. Journal, 683, 1217 (2008)

Modeling of the interior structure in planets

Advances in scientific computation and computing technology

High-intensity drivers

Intense pulseparticle accelerators

X-Ray Free-Electron-Lasers

High-energy lasers

PHELIX (GSI)Omega (UR)

DRACO (FZD)

We want to conduct experiments to test dense matter models, required for planetary structure calculations

Challenges:Theoretical• Strong coupling• Partial degeneracyExperimental• High density• low temperature

10

100

1000

10000

0 5 10 15 20 25

BeCAl

X-rays required to get information from inside

Atte

nuat

ion

leng

th [µ

m]

x-ray energy [keV]

High density multi-keV x-rays requiredLow temperature no keV x-rays emitted

Employ „active diagnostic“

sample

Typical experimental arrangementX-ray image

Samples of HED matter in the laboratory do not hold still!need a fast, bright source (typ. GW peak power in few ps)

x-ray source film

X-rays radiography measures mass density

X-ray radiography of a shock front

∆t=5.6 ns 4.6g/cm3

2.3g/cm3

S. Le Pape et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056309 (2010)].

Careful calibration allowsabsolute density measurement

X-ray radiography: tool to follow hydrodynamicalevolution of HED matter produced at FAIR

N. Tahir et al., New Journal of Physics 12 (2010) 073022

5x1011ions

LAPLAS (LAboratory PLAnetary Science)

Multiple shock reflection increases density near-isentropically

K-alpha backlighter optimization at PHELIX

Hydro-calculations by An. Tauschwitz (EMMI) and M. Basko, PIC calculations by P. Gibbon and A. Karmakar (EMMI)

Target

η(L ehot)~10-30%

Kα

p, ions

MeVbremsstrahlung

0 2 4 6 8 10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.61E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.61E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1.5×1019 W/cm21018 W/cm210191018

K-α

He-α

K-β

coun

tspe

r bin

7.0 8.0 9.5energy [keV]

8.57.5 9.0

0

100

200

K-alpha backlighter optimization at PHELIX

P. Neumayer et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 103103 (2010)

1017 1018 10190.01

0.1

1

data 1-Temp. PIC HXRD

NK

α,n

on-re

fl/ N

Kα,

refl.

Laser intensity [W/cm2]

Modeling of the K-alpha yieldExperimental setup

X-ray spectrometers

Cu,10µm

Al,5000µm

Laser pulse,100J, 0.7-10 ps

Refluxing electrons can make up >95% of the total K-alpha yield!

Collaboration with PHELIX laser operations team: Implementation of 2-beam capability at PHELIX

Adjustabledelay

50:50Beamsplitter

Serratedaperture

Serratedaperture

Glass plate at brewster angle,half side HR coated

Adjustabledelay

50:50Beamsplitter

Serratedaperture

Serratedaperture

Glass plate at brewster angle,half side HR coated

PHELIX frontend

PHELIX Main-amp

PHELIXPre-amp

PHELIX PWpulse compressor

targetchamber

Beams from PHELIX laser pulse compressor

Beam split&delay Individual focusing of 2 full beams

Together with Prof. D. Batani, Univ. Milano: Proposal P046Development of high-resolution x-ray radiography at PHELIX

Having such bright x-ray sources…

… can we do more than (just) followinghydrodynamic evolution and measure density?

Yes, we can!

X-ray Thomson Scattering

X-ray scattering as a diagnostic of plasmas at high-energy density

Chihara, PRE (2000), Gregori et al, PRE (2003)

Ion feature Electron feature Bound-free

Z f See0 (k,ω) + Zb ˜ S ce (k,ω −ω ')Ss(k,ω ')dω '∫S(k,ω) = f I (k) + q(k) 2 Sii(k,ω) +

( )ωσω

σ ,dd

d

0

1Th

2

kSkk

=Ω

E0

~T½

EC

energysc

atte

red

inte

nsity

Simple picture:

Scattering regime for electron structure factor See

1/kS > λD scattering on collective excitations (“plasmons”) ne

Scattering vector |kS| = 4π E0/hc sin(θS/2)

θS

XRTS on shock compressed matter to measure staticstructure factor: Test of dense matter models models

A. L. Kritcher et al., PRL 103, 245004 (2009)

ρ/ρ0=1, T=0.025eV ρ/ρ0=2.7, T=2eV

(B. Holst, R. Redmer, U-Rostock)

FT-DFT-MD results

Insulator-metal transition and corrections to theelectron response

P. Neumayer et al., PRL 105, 075003 (2010)

-100 -50 0 50

coldcompressedsource

energy [eV]

Cold, solid B is an insulator>1.6 Mbar pressure IMT free electrons

-100 -50 0 50

coldcompressedsource

energy [eV]

Strongly correlated electron gas local field corrections

Plasmon damping due to e-i-collisions

From J. Zhao et al.,PRB 66, 092101 (2002)

The „National Ignition Facility“ (Livermore/CA, USA)

Ignition and burn by laser-driven inertialconfinement is expected within

2009 call for proposals for fundamental high-energy-density science experiments at NIF in FY2010-2012

EMMI proposal for N

IF facilitytime

Characterization of

matter at extreme

densities

using x-ray Thomso

n scattering and ra

diography

We will use NIF to compress matter extreme densitiesof >20x solid, while staying on low isentrope

14 15 16 17 18time [ns]

100

200

posi

tion

[µm

]

Mass density [g/cc]0 201010 10

17 ns

17.5 ns

18 ns

0

0 20

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 5 10 15 20

time (ns)

pow

er (T

W)

Drivelaser

Use NIF pulse shaping capability to launch multiple successive shocks

0 4 8 12 16 200

10

20

30

40

tem

pera

ture

[eV

]

density [g/cm3]

4e146.5 ns

3e13/3e14/3e1514 / 3 / 1 ns

1e154.5 ns

4e13/2e1411 / 5 ns

2e14/2e158 / 3 ns

3e1315 ns

4e13/4e1412 / 3 ns

3e13/3e14/1e1512 / 2 / 1 ns

rs=2 rs=1

Te/TF = 0.2

T e/T F= 0.

5

T e/T F

= 1 Γ C

C= 2

ΓCC = 5

ΓCC = 10

Rad-hydro calculations of multi-shock compression at NIF

Multi-angle X-ray Thomson scattering and radiography characterize the compressed material

Multi-channelspectrometerdesign

NIF target chamber

Experimental setup

Target stalk(to Tarpos)

32 drivebeams

96 backlighterbeams

Au-shield

CH target

Scatteredradiation

DIM(0,0)

TCC

~600

mm

GXD

Curvedcrystals

shield

XRTS – the ideal x-ray source…

… are X-ray Free-Electron-Lasers (FEL)• Well-collimated beam can access large scale lengths•

We have joined the FLASH-TS collaboration

HiTRax

FFSS H-dropletsource

FLASH(@13.5nm)

Laser(20mJ, 80fs)

Forward scatteringspectrometer (by EMMI)

FEL

Wide-angle spectrometerdevelopment

October 2010

October 2010: achieved laser-pump/FEL-probing

Our targets at FLASH: Laser-heated droplets

• Currently at FLASH: Elaser~20mJ• Under consideration at FLASH II: >1J• At European XFEL: Eshort>10J

Droplets: „reduced-mass-target“Model for laser-droplet heating

(refluxing!)

Liquid H2-dropletsDroplet size: 20µm

FEL

Laser

Where could we go with more laser energy

0 1 2 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

elec

tron

tem

pera

ture

[eV

]

laser energy [Joule]

dropletdiameter [µm]

20 30 50 100

Model prediction for droplet heating

eHot eColdlaser

adiabatic expansion cooling

ions

Ponderomotiveacceleration collisions

thermal ionization FLYCHK

K-shell ionization

2950 3000 3050 3100 3150

energy [eV]

inte

nsity

[arb

.u.]

Te [eV] 20 60 100 140 180

2950 2960 2970

510152025

2950 2960 2970

510152025

0 10 20 300

10

20

30

40

50

ratio

K-a

lpha

/K-b

eta

electron temperature [eV]

K-shell spectroscopy is suitable as a charge state/temperature diagnostic

Two-temperature equilibration model

ArK

L

MKα

Kβ

Goal: heat droplet targets at PHELIX

Collaboration with R. Grisenti, Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppe HeliJet (Univ. Frankfurt)

Proposal 035: Micro droplet targets irradiated with high-intensity laser pulses

•Cryogenic liquid beam•Triple-point chamber•Piezo-excited Raleigh breackup

S. Toleikis, M. Harmand (DESY), A. Kalinin, R. Costa Fraga, R. Grisenti (IKF, U-Frankfurt), A. Gumberidze, D. Hochhaus, B. Ecker, B. Aurand (EMMI/GSI), N. Winters, D. Winters, Th. Kühl (GSI), B. Zielbauer, T. Stöhlker (HI-Jena, GSI), J. Polz,

M. Kaluza (IOQ, FSU Jena, HI-Jena)

Summary

PHELIXRMT

NIF3-shock

FAIRLAPLAS

Thank you for your attention!