general physics 1 laboratory (lab...

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HCMC

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

GENERAL PHYSICS 1

LABORATORY

(Lab report)

Instructor: Trinh Thanh Thuy

HCMC, September, 2017

General Physics 1 Laboratory 2017

CONTENTS

LAB REPORT 1: PROJECTILE MOTION ................................................................................... 1

LAB REPORT 2: NEWTON’S LAWS .......................................................................................... 7

LAB REPORT 3: CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ........................................................... 12

LAB REPORT 4: CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM ...................................... 20

LAB REPORT 5: ROTATIONAL INERTIA .............................................................................. 23

LAB REPORT 6: SLIDING FRICTION ...................................................................................... 26

LAB REPORT 7: VARIABLE-G PENDULUM ......................................................................... 31

LAB REPORT 8: VIBRATING STRINGS ................................................................................. 36

LAB REPORT 9: GYROSCOPE ................................................................................................. 40

LAB REPORT 10: BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE ........................................................................ 44

LAB REPORT 11: IDEAL GAS LAW ........................................................................................ 48

LAB REPORT 12: GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW ................................................................................ 53

LAB REPORT 13: HEAT ENGINE CYCLES ............................................................................ 56

LAB REPORT 14: BLACKBODY RADIATION ....................................................................... 59


1

LAB REPORT 1:

PROJECTILE MOTION

Date of Experiment: ...........................................

Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


2

4.1 Horizonal launching

Experimental data:

A. Muzzle Velocity

Data Table 1.1

Projectile Height: _________ m

Photogate Spacing: ________________ m

Number of Clicks Time Between Photogates (s)

3rd Click

2nd Click

1st Click

B. Muzzle Velocity v. Time of Flight

Data Analysis Table 1.2

Number of Clicks Muzzle Velocity (m/s) Time of Flight (s)

3rd Click

2nd Click

1st Click

Questions:

1. How would the horizontal range change if the muzzle velocity was doubled? Explain

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3

4.2 Launching at an Angle

Experimental data:

Data Table 1.3 Measured Range

Distance Between Photogates: __________ m

Angle (degrees) Time between Photogates (s) Horizontal Range (m)

25

35

45

65

85

Analysis Table 1.4 Initial Velocity

Angle (degrees) Initial Velocity (m/s)

25

35

45

65

85

Analysis Table 1.5 Calculated Horizontal Range

Angle (degrees) Horizontal Range (m)

25

35

45

65

85

2. Sketch the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at an angle of 25o. Draw 3

qualitative horizontal velocity vectors at different locations on your sketch. Make sure the

lengths of the vectors represent the relative magnitudes of the velocities. In other words,

low velocities should be represented by short arrows and long arrows should represent

large velocities.

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4.3 Launching at an angle from a height

Data Table 1.6: Measured Horizontal Range

Height: ________________________ m

Distance Between Photogates: ______ m

Angle

(degrees)

Time between

Photogates (s)

Horizontal

Range (m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80


5

Analysis Table 1.7: Initial Velocity

Angle

(degrees)

Initial Velocity

(m/s)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80

Analysis Table 1.8: Calculated Horizontal Range

Angle

(degrees)

Horizontal Range

(m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


6

45

50

60

70

80

3. Refer to your Angle vs. Range graph. What angle corresponds to the maximum range?

Explain why this particular angle produces the maximum range..

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7

LAB REPORT 2:

NEWTON’S LAWS


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


8

I. Newton’s first law

Questions:

1. Sketch a velocity vs. time graph for the Friction Tray, the Hover Puck and the Cart. For

each graph, label the region before it was pushed "A," the region while it was pushed "B"

and the region after it was pushed "C." For each labeled region, draw a force diagram.

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2. For each labeled region, discuss how the forces interact to affect the speed of that object

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3. Will an object at rest remain at rest if the surface beneath it is removed? Explain

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9

II. Newton’s second law

Trial

No

Mass of

Cart +

Force

sensor

(kg)

Mass of

hooked +

the

hanging

(kg)

Mean

force

(N)

Measured

acceleration

(m/s2)

Theoretical

acceleration

(m/s2)

%diff

Slope -

vertical

intercept of

Force vs.

Acceleration

graph

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

4. What will happen to the motion of an object as its mass changes but you keep the

magnitude of the net force on it constant?

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5. Sketch the Force vs. Acceleration graph

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6. What physical properties do the slope and the vertical intercept of the Force vs.

Acceleration graph represent? Explain

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7. Write a linear equation for the Force vs. Acceleration graph. In your linear equation,

would you expect the vertical intercept to equal zero? Explain.

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III. Newton’s third law

8. Review the force vs. time graphs from the experiment part. Draw force diagrams for each

sensor. For the force of sensor "A" on sensor "B," use the label "FAB." For the force of

sensor "B" on sensor "A," use the label "FBA."

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9. Write a statement that relates the two forces in experiment part. Make sure your statement

includes the direction of the forces.

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12

LAB REPORT 3:

CONSERVATION OF

MOMENTUM


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


13

I. Forces between Interacting Objects

Collision Interaction Forces

Prediction 1: Predict the relative magnitudes of the forces between object 1 and object 2

during the collision. Place a check next to your prediction:

______ Object 1 exerts a larger force on object 2.

______ The objects exert the same size force on each other.


Experiment value

Use the software to find the values of the impulses exerted by each cart on the other.

Record the value:

1 2 F 2 1 F






Experiment value


Record the value:

1 2 F 2 1 F


14






Experiment value


Record the value:

1 2 F 2 1 F

Questions:

1. Did your observations agree with your predictions? What can you conclude about forces

of interaction during collisions? Under what circumstances does one object experience a

different force than the other during a collision? How do forces compare on a moment by

moment basis during each collision?

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2. You have studied Newton's Third Law in lab 2. Do your conclusions have anything to do

with Newton's Third Law? Explain.

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3. How does the vector impulse due to cart 1 acting on cart 2 compare to the impulse of cart

2 acting on cart 1 in each collision? Are they the same in magnitude or different? Do

they have the same sign or a different sign?

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Other Interaction Forces

Prediction 4: Place a check next to your predictions of the relative magnitudes of the forces

between objects 1 and 2.

a) Before the truck starts moving:

The car exerts a larger force on the truck


16

The car and truck exert the same force on each other

The truck exerts a larger force on the car

b) While the truck is accelerating:




c) After the car and truck are moving at a constant speed:




Questions:

4. How do your results compare to your predictions? Is the force exerted by cart 1 on cart 2

(reading of force probe 2) significantly different from the force exerted by cart 2 on cart 1

(reading of force probe 1) during any part of the motion? Explain any differences you

observe between your predictions and your observations.

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5. Explain how cart 2 is able to accelerate. Use Newton’s second law and analyze the

combined (net) force exerted by all the forces acting on it. Is there a non-zero net force?

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17

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II. Newton’s Law and Momentum Conservation

Inelastic collision

Cart 1

(Incident

cart)

Cart 2

(Target

cart)

Before After

No Mass (kg) Mass (kg) Velocity, cart

1 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

2 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

1 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

2 (m/s)

1

2

3

4

5

Cart 1 (Incident cart) Cart 2 (Target cart)

No

Momentum

Before

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

After

(kg•m/s)

Total

momentum of

the system

before

collision

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

Before

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

After

(kg•m/s)

Total

momentum of

the system

after collision

(kg•m/s)

1

2

3

4

5

6. Prediction 5: You are going to give the more massive cart 1 a push and collide it with

cart 2 which is initially at rest. The carts will stick together after the collision. Suppose

that you measure the total momentum of cart 1 and cart 2 before and after the


18

collision. How do you think that the total momentum after the collision will compare to

the total momentum before the collision. Explain the basis for your prediction.

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Elastic Collisions (Equal/Unequal cart)

Cart 1

(Incident

cart)

Cart 2

(Target

cart)

Before After

No Mass (kg) Mass (kg) Velocity, cart

1 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

2 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

1 (m/s)

Velocity, cart

2 (m/s)

1

2

3

4

5

Cart 1 (Incident cart) Cart 2 (Target cart)

No

Momentum

Before

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

After

(kg•m/s)

Total

momentum of

the system

before

collision

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

Before

(kg•m/s)

Momentum

After

(kg•m/s)

Total

momentum of

the system

after collision

(kg•m/s)

1

2

3


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7. In general, does the data collected for the elastic collision seem to verify the law of

conservation of momentum? Explain your answer and indicate which run of elastic

collisions best conserves momentum.

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5


20

LAB REPORT 4:

CONSERVATION OF

ANGULAR MOMENTUM


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


21

Questions:

Mass (kg) Radius (m) Rotational Inertia (kgm2)

Disk 1

Disk 2

Ring

Run # Collision ωi (rad/s) ωf (rad/s) Theory ωf

(rad/s)

% Diff.

1 Ring on Disk

2 Disk on Disk

1. Calculate the expected (theoretical) value for the final angular velocity and the percent

difference between the experimental and the theoretical values of the final angular velocity ..........

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2. Does the experimental result for the angular velocity agree with the theory? How does the

rotational inertia of the pulley and shaft on the Rotary Motion Sensor affect the results?. ...............

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3. If you also dropped a second disk on the first disk, calculate the theoretical value for the

final angular speed and compare it to the experimental value... ........................................................

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23

LAB REPORT 5:

ROTATIONAL INERTIA


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


24

Experiment data:

Trial No Mtotal

(kg)

Distance from the

axis of rotation to

the center of the

mass (m)

Diameter of

the pulley (m)

Radius of the

pulley (m)

Theoretical

Rotational

Inertia (……)

1

2

3

4

5

Average

Component Rotational Inertia

Point Masses and Apparatus Combined

Apparatus Alone

Point Masses (experimental value)

Point Masses (theoretical value)

Percent (%) Difference

Trial No Point mass and apparatus Apparatus alone Radius of the

pulley (m) Hanging

mass (kg)

Slope (the angular

acceleration (α))

(rad/s2)

Hanging

mass (kg)

Slope (the angular

acceleration (α))

(rad/s2)

1

2

3

4

5

Average


25

1. Calculate the theoretical values of the rotational inertia of point masses and the percent

difference between the experimental and the theoretical values

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2. Were the theoretical values within the uncertainties of the measured values? If not, why

not? How does the rotational inertia of the pulley and shaft on the Rotary Motion Sensor

affect the results?

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26

LAB REPORT 6:

SLIDING FRICTION


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


27

Questions:

Friction tray (plastic) Friction tray (felt) Friction tray (cork)

No of

bar 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Mass of

tray +

mass

bar (kg)

Normal

force

(N)

No of trial Static friction Kinetic friction

Slope Intercept Slope Intercept

Cork

1

2

3

Average

Felt

1

2

3

Average

Plastic

1

2

3

Average


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1. Draw a force diagram for each of the positions labeled in the graph above. Describe the

motion of the object for the positions labeled in the graph.

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2. What is the physical meaning of the slope for the frictional force vs. normal force graphs?

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3. Rank the friction trays from highest coefficients of friction to lowest. What is physically

different with the surfaces with high coefficients versus the surfaces with low coefficients?


29

Explain.

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4. Does the frictional force depend on the surface area of contact (remember that your

uncertainties are rather large)? Explain how you know!

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5. Does the normal force change the coefficient of friction?

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6. Does the surface area change the coefficient of friction?

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31

LAB REPORT 7:

VARIABLE-G PENDULUM


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


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Questions:

Mass (kg) Length (m) Rotational Inertia

(kg.m2)

Brass

Rod

Distance from pivot point

to center of mass (m)

1. Period Time as a function of Angles (Given that g = 9.80 m/s2)

# Pendulum Angle

(θ) (degrees) geff = g cosθ

Period T (s)

(Experimental)

1 0

2 5

3 10

4 15

5 20

6 25

7 30

8 35

9 40

10 45

11 50

12 55

13 60

14 65

15 70

16 75

17 80

18 85


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2. From the set of data above, draw the graph of experimental values of the period time

T vs. geff. Remember to include the graph with best fitting curve.

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3. Calculate the theoretical period of the pendulum at a given angle

# Theta (θ) geff = g cosθ T(s)

(Theoretical)

1 0

2 5

3 10

4 15

5 20

6 25

7 30

8 35

9 40

10 45

11 50

12 55

13 60


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14 65

15 70

16 75

17 80

18 85

4. From the set of data above, draw the graphs of theoretical value of the period time vs.

geff. Remember to include the graph with best fitting curve.

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5. What would the period be if the pendulum had been inclined to 90 degrees? What

value of g does this correspond to?

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6. Does the total mass affect the period time of the pendulum? Explain.

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7. From the equation:

2 21

32( ) cos

rod cm masses cm

rod masses cm

m L m

L

L

Tm m g

and data in Table 2, draw a

graph T2

vs. 1/(cos). Find experimental g value from the slope of that linear line.

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36

LAB REPORT 8:

VIBRATING STRINGS


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


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A. Part 1 (frequency vs. n)

Unstretched length of the string (without knots) =

Mass of the string =

Unstretched linear density =

No Harmonic

number n

Frequency

f

Tension

T = mg

Unstretched

linear

density (1)

Wavelength

Wave speed

vf

1

2

3

4

5

6

1. Plot a graph of frequency as a function of n. What is the relationship between the two

variables?

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B. Part 2 (frequency vs. tension)

Stretched length of the string =

Mass of the string =

Unstretched length of the string =

No Harmonic

number n

Frequency

f

Tension

T = mg

Stretched

length

Lstretched

Stretched

linear

density 2

Wave speed

vf

1

50 g

2

3

4

5

6

2. Plot a graph of v2 as a function of F/µ. What is the relationship between the two

variables?

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39

C. Part 3 (frequency vs. density of medium)

String

type

Harmonic

number n

Tension

T = mg

Frequency

f

Stretched

linear

density 2

Wavelength

Wave

speed

vf

Wave

speed

vf

Deviation

%

………

………

………

3. Compare the two values of speed. What is the difference?

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4. Use the slope from your graph to calculate the density, µ , of the string. Also calculate

the uncertainty of µ .

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5. Calculate the percent deviation of the measured value of µ from the accepted value of

µ .

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40

LAB REPORT 9:

GYROSCOPE


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


41

1.1 Measuring the precession rate

Experimental data:

Table 9.1: Angular speed measurements

Add-

On

mass

Distance

d

Time for

ten

revolutions

(initial)

Time for

ten

revolutions

(final)

Average

Angular

Velocity of

Disk

Time for

Precession

T

Experimental

Precession

Rate =2/T

kg m rad/s rad/s rad/s sec rad/s

Questions:

1. What happens to the direction of precession if the spin of the disk is reversed? Explain

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42

1.2 Measuring quantities for the theoretical value

Table 9.2: Rotational inertia data

Frictio

n Mass

Hangin

g Mass

Origina

l Mass

Height

Mass

Falls

Radius

of

Pulley

Average

Times

Linear

Accele

ration

Tension Torque

Angular

Accelera

tion

Experiment

al

Rotational

Inertia

Kg Kg Kg m m s m/s2 N Nm rad/s

2 Kgm

2

2. How does the rate of precession change if the angular speed of the disk is increased?

Explain

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Table 9.3: Results

Solid

Disk

Mass

(M)

Solid

Disk

Radius

(K)

Theoretical

Rotational

Inertia

Add-

On

Mass

Distance

(d)

Gravitational

Acceleration

(g)

Average

Angular

Velocity

of Disk

()

Theoretical

Precession

Rate

Experimental

Precession

Rate

Precession

Rate

Difference

Kg m kgm2 kg m m/s

2 m/s

2 rad/s rad/s


43

3. Does the precession speed depend on the gyroscope orientation?

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4. What aspect of the lab was the most confusing to you today?

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44

LAB REPORT 10:

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


45

Experimental data:

Calculate the largest cross-sectional area (AL) and the smallest cross-sectional area (AS)

by multiplying the depth by the width for the two sections of the apparatus.

Depth____________

Width (large) ______________

Width (narrow) ______________

Area (A0) ______________

Area (A) ______________

Table 10.1

Run Volume

(ml)

Volume

(m3)

Time

(s)

P1

(kPa)

P2

(kPa)

P3

(kPa)

P4

(kPa)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Average

Questions:

1. Calculate the flow rate, R, volume/time, from the average value. Given 1ml = 1cm3 =

1×10-6

m3

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2. Use equation (10.2) in lab guide and the cross-sectional areas that you calculated to work

out the velocity of the water in the wide (v0) and narrow (v) sections of the apparatus.

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46

3. Which is larger v or v0, is this what you expected?

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4. If the apparatus was not constricted the pressure at point 2 (P0) is equal to the average

value of P1 and P3. Use your average values of P1 and P3 to calculate P0:

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5. Use equation 10.2 and your values for P0, v0 and v to calculate a value for P, the pressure

in the narrow section of the apparatus. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), 1kPa =

1000 Pa = 1000 N/m2 = 1000 kg s

-2 m

-1.

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6. How does your value for the pressure in the constriction compare to the measured values

P2 and P4? You might consider how precisely you can determine both the calculated and

measured pressures.

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47

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Extra experiment

Change velocity of the water flowing out of the reservoir by using the clamp. Record the data

to table below:

No Volume

(m3)

Time

(s)

P1

(kPa)

P2

(kPa)

P3

(kPa)

P4

(kPa)

Average

of P1

and P3

/kPa

Average

of P2

and P4

/kPa

1

2

3

4

5

6

7. What can you conclude from this part of the experiment?

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48

LAB REPORT 11:

IDEAL GAS LAW


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


49

Procedure 1 Ideal Gas Law Syringe

Table 11.1

Run Volume

(cc)

Pressure

(kPa)

Initial

1

2

3

Final

1

2

3

Questions:

1. What happened to the temperature when the air was compressed? Why?

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2. What is the equilibrium temperature of the gas when it was compressed? Why? What is

the equilibrium pressure? Why does it not go back to “room pressure”?

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3. What happened to the temperature during the expansion (when you released the plunger)?

Why? Does it go below room temperature? Does the pressure go below “room pressure”?

What would you have to do to make this happen?

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50

Procedure 2 Constant Temperature

Table 11.2

Volume (cc) Run Pressure (kPa) Temperature (K)

45

1

2

3

40

1

2

3

35

1

2

3

30

1

2

3

25

1

2

3

20

1

2

3

4. For each of the pressures, calculate the inverse pressure (1/P). Graph Volume vs 1/P.

Why does this give a straight line? Use the Ideal gas law to show that a graph of Volume

vs 1/P results in a straight line with a slope given by: Slope = nRT

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5. Determine the slope of this line from your graph of Volume vs. 1/P. Use your values to


51

determine the number of moles (n) of air in the syringe. Pay attention to the units!

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Extra experiment

Table 11.3

Volume (cc) Run Pressure (kPa) Temperature (K)

60

1

2

3

50

1

2

3

40

1

2

3

30

1

2

3

20

1

2

3

6. Put this new data on the same graph. Why is this slope different? Is the volume offset

about the same as before?

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52

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Procedure 3 Adiabatic Compression

Table 11.4

Run Volume (cc) Pressure (kPa) Temperature (K)

Initial

1

2

3

Final

1

2

3

7. Measure the peak pressure (Pfinal) after compression. Was this truly adiabatic?

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8. Using the Ideal Gas Law, calculate the theoretical peak temperature.

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9. Measure the peak temperature after compression. Why did it not occur at the same time as

the peak pressure? Why is this temperature so much lower than the theoretical?

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53

LAB REPORT 12:

GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


54

Procedure 1 Constant volume

Diameter of the sphere: …………………………………

Volume of the sphere: …………………………………...

Is this measurement more or less than the actual volume of the sphere? Why?

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Table 12.1

Run Temperature (oC) Pressure (kPa)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Questions:

1. Plot a graph of pressure versus temperature. Use the Ideal Gas Law to show that a

graph of Pressure vs. Temperature results in a straight line with a slope given by:

V

nRSlope

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2. Determine the slope of this line from the Pressure vs. Temperature graph. Use your

values to determine the number of moles (n) of air in the sphere. Pay attention to the

units!

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55

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3. Does your graph confirm Gay-Lussac’s Law? From your graph (adjust axes if

necessary) determine the value of the temperature when the pressure is zero. Is this

what you expect? If done in DataStudio or Excel, print out one graph for the group.

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Further Investigations

Table 12.2

Run Temperature (oC) Pressure (kPa)

1

2

3

4

5

6

4. Disconnect the white plastic pressure coupler from the sensor and place the sphere in

the hot water. Does air flow in or out of the sphere? Explain.

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5. Put this new data on the same graph. Why is this slope different? Calculate the new

number of moles of air.

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56

LAB REPORT 13:

HEAT ENGINE CYCLES


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


57

Experiment data

Point A of the cycle (air chamber in cold tap water):

PA = [Pa]

VA = [m3]

Point B of the cycle:

PB = [Pa]

VB = [m3]

Questions:

1. What happened when 200 g mass is added to the piston platform?

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Point C of the cycle:

PC = [Pa]

VC = [m3]

2. What happened when the air chamber is placed in boiling water?

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Point D of the cycle:

PD = [Pa]

VD = [m3]

3. What happened when the 200 g mass is removed from the piston platform?

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4. Comment on what happened when the air chamber is returned to the beaker with cold


58

water (i.e. to point A of the cycle):

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5. Explain how the thermodynamic work was estimated from the P-V (ABCD-cycle)

diagram

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6. Explain how the mechanical work was computed. Show your work

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59

LAB REPORT 14:

BLACKBODY RADIATION


Date of Report: ...................................................

Members:

1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................


60

Questions:

1. Draw the graph of the light intensity over wavelength.

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2. How does the wavelength at the intensity peak compare to the wavelength of visible light

(350-700 nm) at all temperatures used in this experiment? What does this say about the

efficiency of the incandescent lamp as a light source?

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3. What happens to the intensity peak as the filament temperature increases? How is this

related to the change in color of the light?

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4. Use the Smart Cursor on the Temperature graph to find the temperatures of the filament.

Calculate the peak wavelength for each temperature using Equation (14.2). Do these


61

theoretical values correspond to peak wavelengths on the intensity graphs?

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5. At about what wavelength is the peak wavelength of our Sun? What color is our Sun?

Why?

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6. For the highest temperature, is more of the intensity (area of the intensity vs. wavelength

graph) in the visible part of the spectrum or in the infrared part of the spectrum? How

could a light bulb be made more efficient so it puts out more light in the visible region?

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general physics 1 laboratory (lab...

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