Lic Jordán Masías O.Lic Jordán Masías O.

General Linguistics 1General Linguistics 1

Broad Overview

To be researchedTo be researched1.1. Comparative Method: Belén Garcés Comparative Method: Belén Garcés 2.2. Neogrammarians: Tabata CanalesNeogrammarians: Tabata Canales3.3. Proto-Indo European Language: Luz Mª IbietaProto-Indo European Language: Luz Mª Ibieta4.4. Grim’s Law: Mª IvacaGrim’s Law: Mª Ivaca5.5. Prague School:Nicol MuñozPrague School:Nicol Muñoz6.6. Structuralism and Saussure: Luis ValenzuelaStructuralism and Saussure: Luis Valenzuela7.7. Mr. Chomsky: Alvaro Sanhueza Mr. Chomsky: Alvaro Sanhueza 8.8. Mr. Halliday: Anyela VegaMr. Halliday: Anyela Vega9.9. Typology: Katheryn AcuñaTypology: Katheryn Acuña10.10.History of the English Language: Ximena Martinez History of the English Language: Ximena Martinez 11.11.Applied Linguistics: Johanna VelosoApplied Linguistics: Johanna Veloso

ReviewReviewLanguage is…Language is…

cultural phenomenon that binds cultural phenomenon that binds people together or divides them people together or divides them

tool for social interaction, tool for social interaction,

an artistic medium. an artistic medium.

structured and accessible product of structured and accessible product of the human mind. the human mind.

language offers a means to study language offers a means to study the nature of the mind that produces the nature of the mind that produces it.. it..

Look at the diagram, Look at the diagram,

Phonetics Phonology

Sounds of language

Linguistics

Grammar

Morphology Syntax

Meaning

Semantics Pragmatics

Historical linguisticsHistorical linguistics

How languages are relatedHow languages are related– Language familiesLanguage families

Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan…Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan…– Areal linguisticsAreal linguistics

Greek, BulgarianGreek, Bulgarian– Mostly borrowed words; also shared grammatical Mostly borrowed words; also shared grammatical

features (any examples?)features (any examples?)Chinese, Korean, Japanese Chinese, Korean, Japanese

How language changes over timeHow language changes over time– sounds: sounds: poor poor vsvs paw, suit. paw, suit. – vocab: vocab: skyscraperskyscraper..– grammar: grammar: Did you eat yet? Did you eat yet? Adversative passiveAdversative passive

SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics

Diglossia: “high” and “low” Diglossia: “high” and “low” prestige languagesprestige languages– The role of Mandarin and Taiwanese in The role of Mandarin and Taiwanese in

a bilingual societya bilingual society– The changing role of English in The changing role of English in

Chilean society: borrowing, or showing Chilean society: borrowing, or showing off?off?

– tsunami tsunami and and blackoutblackout: code-switching, : code-switching, or lexicalized Chilean words?or lexicalized Chilean words?

Generative GrammarGenerative Grammar

Generative grammar strives to Generative grammar strives to develop a general theory that reveals develop a general theory that reveals the rules and laws that govern the the rules and laws that govern the structure of particular languages, structure of particular languages, and the general laws and principles and the general laws and principles governing all natural languages. governing all natural languages.

Areas of enquiry in LinguisticsAreas of enquiry in Linguistics

The basic areas of study include The basic areas of study include phonologyphonology (the study of the sound (the study of the sound patterns of language), patterns of language), morphologymorphology (the study of the structure and (the study of the structure and meaning of words), meaning of words), syntaxsyntax (the (the study of the structure of sentences), study of the structure of sentences), and and semanticssemantics (the study of (the study of linguistic meaning) linguistic meaning)

Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky(born December 7, 1928) is an (born December 7, 1928) is an

American linguist, American linguist, philosopherphilosopher,,cognitivecognitive scientistscientist, , politicalpolitical activistactivist, author, and lecturer. , author, and lecturer.

In the 1950s, Chomsky began In the 1950s, Chomsky began developing his theory of developing his theory of

generativegenerative grammargrammar

Chomsky asserts that:Chomsky asserts that:

humans have an innate "language humans have an innate "language faculty"faculty" and that the universal principles and that the universal principles of human language reflect intrinsic of human language reflect intrinsic properties of this language faculty. In properties of this language faculty. In learning their native languages, children learning their native languages, children acquire specific rules that determine the acquire specific rules that determine the sound and meaning of utterances in the sound and meaning of utterances in the language. language.

These rules interact with each other in These rules interact with each other in complex ways, and the entire system is complex ways, and the entire system is learned in a relatively short time and with learned in a relatively short time and with little or no apparent conscious effort. little or no apparent conscious effort.

Sistemic Functional LinguisticsSistemic Functional Linguisticsis a theory of language centred around the is a theory of language centred around the notion of language function. notion of language function.

While SFL accounts for the syntactic While SFL accounts for the syntactic structure of language, it places the structure of language, it places the function of language as central (what function of language as central (what language does, and how it does it), in language does, and how it does it), in preference to more structural approaches, preference to more structural approaches, which place the elements of language and which place the elements of language and their combinations as central. their combinations as central.

SFL starts at social context, and looks at SFL starts at social context, and looks at how language both acts upon, and is how language both acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context.constrained by, this social context.

A central notion is 'stratification', such that A central notion is 'stratification', such that language is analysed in terms of four language is analysed in terms of four strata: Context, Semantics, Lexico-strata: Context, Semantics, Lexico-Grammar and Phonology-Graphology. Grammar and Phonology-Graphology.

Sistemic Functional LinguisticsSistemic Functional Linguistics

Context:Context:

Context concerns the Field (what is Context concerns the Field (what is going on), Tenor (the social roles and going on), Tenor (the social roles and relationships between the relationships between the participants), and the Mode (aspects participants), and the Mode (aspects of the channel of communication, of the channel of communication, e.g., monologic/dialogic, e.g., monologic/dialogic, spoken/written, +/- visual-contact, spoken/written, +/- visual-contact, etc.). etc.).

Semantics and PragmaticsSemantics and PragmaticsSystemic semantics includes what is Systemic semantics includes what is usually called 'pragmatics'. Semantics is usually called 'pragmatics'. Semantics is divided into three components:divided into three components:Ideational Semantics (the propositional Ideational Semantics (the propositional content); content); Interpersonal Semantics (concerned with Interpersonal Semantics (concerned with speech-function, exchange structure, speech-function, exchange structure, expression of attitude, etc.); expression of attitude, etc.); Textual Semantics (how the text is Textual Semantics (how the text is structured as a message, e.g., theme-structured as a message, e.g., theme-structure, given/new, rhetorical structure structure, given/new, rhetorical structure etc. etc.

JR Firth JR Firth (June 17, 1890 – (June 17, 1890 – December 14, 1960) December 14, 1960)

MAK Halliday MAK Halliday Michael Alexander Michael Alexander Kirkwood HallidayKirkwood Halliday (o (o M. M. A. K. HallidayA. K. Halliday) () (19251925 - ) - )

SFL grew out of the work of JR Firth, SFL grew out of the work of JR Firth, a British linguist of the 30s, 40s, and a British linguist of the 30s, 40s, and 50s, but was mainly developed by his 50s, but was mainly developed by his student MAK Halliday. He developed student MAK Halliday. He developed the theory in the early sixties the theory in the early sixties (seminal paper, Halliday 1961) (seminal paper, Halliday 1961)

Halliday’s viewHalliday’s viewSome of Halliday's early work involved the study Some of Halliday's early work involved the study of his son's developing language abilities. This of his son's developing language abilities. This study in fact has had a substantial influence on study in fact has had a substantial influence on the present systemic model of adult language, the present systemic model of adult language, particularly in regard to the metafunctions. particularly in regard to the metafunctions.

This work has been followed by other child This work has been followed by other child language development work, especially that of language development work, especially that of Clare Painter. Ruqaia Hasan has also performed Clare Painter. Ruqaia Hasan has also performed studies of interactions between children and studies of interactions between children and mothers. mothers.

Linguistic typologyLinguistic typology

Very broadly speaking: Very broadly speaking:

= is a subfield of = is a subfield of linguisticslinguistics that that studies and classifies languages studies and classifies languages according to their structural features according to their structural features

Typology…Typology…

Its aim is to describe and explain the Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's structural diversity of the world's languages. languages.

Homework: Research this topic Homework: Research this topic comprehensively.comprehensively.

SemanticsSemantics

It is the study of meaning, usually in It is the study of meaning, usually in languagelanguage

BUT…BUT…

Let´s discuss about itLet´s discuss about it

SemanticsSemanticsin in linguisticslinguistics, it is the study of , it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and within particular circumstances and contexts. Within this view, sounds, contexts. Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, facial expressions, body language, proxemics (Edward T. Hall in 1966 ) proxemics (Edward T. Hall in 1966 ) have semantic (meaningful) content, have semantic (meaningful) content, and each has several branches of and each has several branches of study. study.

Semantics in written languageSemantics in written language

In written language, such things as In written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other have semantic content; in other forms of language, there is other forms of language, there is other semantic content. semantic content.

A note on proxemicsA note on proxemics

PragmaticsPragmatics

is a subfield of linguistics which is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. contributes to meaning.

PragmaticsPragmatics

It studies how the transmission of It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on. intent of the speaker, and so on.

PragmaticsPragmaticsIn this respect, pragmatics explains In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance .time etc. of an utterance .the ability to understand another the ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competencepragmatic competence. . Emotional Intelligence?Emotional Intelligence?