general geology - geol 1113 section 005 instructor: dr. glen s. mattioli, professor office: ozark...
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General Geology - GEOL 1113Section 005
• Instructor: Dr. Glen S. Mattioli, Professor
• Office: Ozark Hall 27B• Office Hours: MW 10:30-12:00 & TR 11:00-12:00• Office Phone: 575-7295
• Class Web Page – http://comp.uark.edu/~mattioli/geol_1113.html
• Email: [email protected]
2009 Exams, Syllabus, and Grading
Class Purpose: To introduce undergraduate students to physical geology, Earth’s internal structure and materials, and Geologic Time. Emphasis will be on developing close connections between Earth materials and processes within a Plate Tectonic framework.
Three Partial Examinations and Comprehensive Final
Part I - Rocks and Minerals: Thurs. Sept. 24th
Part II - Geologic Time and Surface Processes: Thurs. Oct. 22nd
Part III - Deformation, Earthquakes, & Earth Structure: Tues. Nov. 24th
Part IV - The Big Picture: Tectonics & Orogenesis: Final Only
FINAL - Monday, December 14th, 10:00 AM – 12:00 PM
Some Expected Learning Outcomes
• An understanding of geologic time and dating methods.• Development of skills to recognize major rock types, their constituent minerals, and their origin.• An appreciation of how the Scientific Method relates to the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics.• An introduction to the origin and distribution of natural resources.• An understanding of three-dimensional analysis of Earth structures (big and small), and the stresses that produce them along with how major landforms relate to geological processes.• An appreciation of origin of major geologic hazards and their impacts.
Physical Geology, 12th ed.Charles C. Plummer
California State University at Sacramento
Diane H. CarlsonCalifornia State University at Sacramento
The Late David McGearyEmeritus of California State University at Sacramento
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Required Text
NB that any edition of Plummer et al. from 10-12 will be OK
Why Study Geology?• Mitigating Geologic Hazards
– Earthquakes– Volcanoes
• Supplying Things We Need– Metals– Minerals– Petroleum
• Protecting the Environment– Water cycle– Global Change: Warming and Sea level rise
• Understanding Our Surroundings– The Earth’s relationship to other planets– Geological Time
Recent Southern California Earthquakes
Northridge (94) San Fernando (71) Sierra Madre (91)
Whitter Narrorws (87) Long Beach (33)From: http://www.scecdc.scec.org/labasin.html
TIME: January 17, 1994
4:30:55 am PST
LOCATION: 34° 12.80' N, 118° 32.22'W;
20 miles west-northwest of Los Angeles1 mile south-southwest of Northridge
MAGNITUDE: MW 6.7
TYPE OF FAULTING: blind thrust
FAULT INVOLVED: Northridge Thrust (also known as the Pico Thrust)
DEPTH: 18.4 km
Northridge Earthquake Facts
Northridge Rupture Model
Wald, David J., Heaton, Thomas H., and Hudnut, K.W. The Slip History of the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake Determined From Strong-Motion, Teleseismic,GPS, and Leveling Data, Special Northridge Earthquake Issue of the Bull. of the Seismo. Soc. of America
University of Arkansas
Geoscience Graduates vs Oil Price1938 - 2005
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1938194019421944194619481950195219541956195819601962196419661968197019721974197619781980198219841986198819901992199419961998200020022004
Number of "First Degree" Geoscience Graduates per Year
$0
$10
$20
$30
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World Oil Price Annual Average in 2004 US Dollars
Note: Oil Prices from WTRG Economics (www.wtrg.com) and Graduate numbers from University of Arkansas
Understanding our Environment
• Global change through time• Stable Oxygen Isotope record – Earth’s climate has varied considerably over geological time
• Sea Level Rise• Related to retreat of the last continental glaciers\ The Ice Age – new warmer climate makes the Earth more hospitable for humans• Atmospheric temperature rise now also contributing to additional rise in sea level – how will this impact coastal cities?
An Overview of Physical Geology—Important Concepts
• Internal Processes: How the Earth’s Internal Heat Engine Works
• The Earth’s Interior
• The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Surface Processes: The Earth’s External Heat Engine - the Sun
Some Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Conduction - requires direct physical contact - slow; generally associated with solids
• Convection - temperature gradient causes a density gradient and results in flow - faster; generally associated with fluids (liquids and gases)
• Advection - transfer of heat and mass - fluid flow through cracks; can be fast
• Radiation - Direct heating via EM waves without any requirement of mass along path - fastest
convection in the mantle
models
observed heat flowwarm: near ridgescold: over cratons
from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270
from: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~vdpluijm/gs205.html
obvious from space that Earth has two fundamentally differentphysiographic features: oceans (71%) and continents (29%)
global topography
from: http://www.personal.umich.edu/~vdpluijm/gs205.html
crust