general chemistry and inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry module 1 pharmacist licensure exam review
TRANSCRIPT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY&
INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Module 1 (20%)Pharmacist Licensure Exam
Review
SILIP SA MODULE 1
Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (20%) – 100 itemsFirst Day of the Board Exam – 8:00 am to 10:00 am
Components: General Chemistry Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Qualitative Chemistry Analytical Chemistry
* ACTUALLY, LAHAT NG CHEM NA ALAM MO, EH ANDITO SA MODULE 1
EXPECT that MODULE 1 is the hardest and the most CRUCIAL module
BUT… we’ll work together to make it ANSWERABLE
CHEMISTRY Physical science
Study of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR OF MATTER
“THE CENTRAL SCIENCE”
“the ABC of Pharmacy Practice”
MATTER Anything that has mass and volume Made up of particles Exist in 4 fundamental states (S,L,G,P)
Note:Mass- refers to the amount of matter
present in the material.Weight= mass x pull of gravity
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Shape definite indefinite indefinite
Volume definite definite indefinite
IFA strength strongest strong Weakest
Molecular motion vibration gliding CONSTANT RANDOM MOTION
ATOM Basic unit of Matter Gk. “atomos” – indivisible
Proton – (+) charge Neutron- No charge Electron- (-) charge
Found in the NUCLEUS…. Kaya they are collectively called NUCLEONS…. xD
GUYS TAKE NOTE that it is 1,836 times lighter
than a proton; thus, the weight is
negligible, okie?
ELEMENT Pure chemical substance
Contains only 1 type of atom
Currently, there are 118 elements
LET’S DO THIS
THINGS TO REMEMBER: Atomic number = # of protons = # of
electrons Mass number = # of protons + # of
neutronsAtomic Number: ________
Mass Number: _____
Protons: _____
Electrons: ____
Neutrons: ____
Charge: ____
DEFINITION OF TERMS Isotope – Same no. of protons (so same
element), but diff. no. of neutrons
Isotone- same number of Neutrons
Isobar- same mass number
COLLOIDS Dividing line between solution and
homogenous mixture
Homogenous mixture
True Solution
Colloid
4 Properties of COLLOIDS: always remember (T-BAC) Tyndall effectBrownian movementAdsorption (ooooops…. hindi po Absorption)Charged electrically
TRIVIA USEFUL FOR THE BOARD EXAM :
3 most Abundant Elements – O, Si, Al
1st produced artificially – Tc Rarest Element – At Liquid at room Temp – Hg / BrHi future RPhs, Please
REVIEW THE CHEMICAL SYMBOLS in
THE PTE
METALS VS. NON-METALSMETALS NON-METALSGood conductors of heat and electricity
Poor conductors
Form BASIC oxides Form ACIDIC oxidesLustrous, Ductile, Malleable
Dull & Brittle if Solid
High Density Low DensityHigh Melting point Low Melting pointTends to lose e- Tends to accept e-
NOTE: Metallic Property – Capability of an element to lose an e-
@FutureRphs PLEASE TAKE NOTE #brotip
#brotip
1. Alamin kung sino ang METALS, NON-METALS at METALLOIDS
2. Knowing them would give you points in Module 1 and Module 6
3. How to remember the Metalloids?Mnemonic: Sige po, sabi ni ATe Baby.Silicon, Germanium, Polonium,
Sb (Antimony), Arsenic, Telurium, Boron
-Don’t forget it-
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS Electronegativity – ability of an
element to attract electrons to itself
Electron Affinity – energy gained by an atom when an electron is added to it
Ionization Energy / Ionization Potential – amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom
PROPERTIES USED TO IDENTIFY SUBSTANCESIntensive/Intrinsic vs. Extensive/Extrinsic
Physical Properties – observed or measured without changing the identity of matter
Ex. MP,BP,Solubility,Ƿ, malleability, ductility
Chemical Properties – describe the change or the reaction a substance undergoes
Ex. Flammability, reactivity, inertness
LAWS OF STOICHIOMETRY
1. Law of Definite Proportions (Proust’s Law)
Elements Same Compound
2. Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements Diff. Compound
Same ratio
Diff. ratio
NOTE: the ratio must be a WHOLE NUMBER
CHEMICAL REACTIONS1. Direct Union / Synthesis / Composition
Simple Subs Complex SubsMgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
2. Decomposition / Analysis Complex Subs Simple Subs
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
CHEMICAL REACTIONS3. Single Replacement Reaction
A + BC B + AC
CHEMICAL REACTIONS4. Double Displacement Rxn / METATHESIS
AB + CD AD + BCEx. Neutralization Reaction
5. Reduction-Oxidation Rxn (REDOX) Review: GEROA and
LEORA
ELECTROCHEMISTRY- Separation of particles based on e- charge
Let’s make ELECTROCHEM simple
ANODE
-Oxidation-POSITIVE electrode
CATHODE
-Reduction-NEGATIVE electrode
e- e- e- e- e- e- e-e-
e-e-e- e-
e-
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Democritus – “Atomos” Dalton – “Billiard Ball Model” Thomson – “Raisin Bread Model” / electron Rutherford – “Gold Foil Expt” / proton in the nucleus James Chadwick – Neutron Bohr – “Planetary Model” Schrodinger – “Quantum Mechanic Model” / 3D model
QUANTUM NUMBERS 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
- describes the MAIN ELECTRON SHELL and the SIZE of the e- cloud Value: 1,2,3,4….
2. Angular / Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)- describes the SUBSHELL and the SHAPE of the e- cloud Value: 0 up to n-1
QUANTUM NUMBERS 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml)-describes the ORBITAL or ORIENTATION in spaceValues: -l , 0 , l
4. Spin (Ms or s) Values: +1/2 or -1/2
n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
Ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
n = 4
l =
Ml =
RULES / PRINCIPLES1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
- No 2 e- can have the same set of quantum numbers
2. Aufbau’s Principle - “Building up” Principle- Electrons are placed first on the subshell with
lowest energy level
3. Hund’s Rule- Electrons are spread singly before pairing up
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Make your own Mnemonics
Give the Electron Configuration of the following:
Beryllium (At. No. 4)Calcium (At. No. 20)
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Lavoisier – 1st to set up the table (33 elem)
Dobereiner – Triads
Newland – Law of Octaves
Meyer & Mendeleev – 1st Periodic Law; properties are periodic functions of atomic wt.
Moseley – first modern Periodic Table
- 8 elements are grouped before another set of 8 elements
NOTE: 118 elements, 18 groups/families, 7 periods or series
PERIODIC TRENDS Atomic Radius
½ the distance between 2 nuclei Right to left increases Top to bottom increases
Electronegativity Ability to attract electrons Left to right increases Going up increases
Ionization energy or potential Ability to remove an electron from a positively charged atom Left to right increases Going up increases
Electron affinity Property to accept an electron Right to left increases Top to bottom increases
CHEMICAL BONDING - Forces that hold atoms together- All elements try to achieve the configuration of the NOBLE GASES
* OCTET RULE – atoms become stable when the valence e- will complement fully the valence shell
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:
1. Complete e- transfer (a.k.a. IONIC BOND)- bond formed by a metal and a non-metal- ELECTROSTATIC BOND
2. Sharing of e- (a.k.a. COVALENT BOND)- 2 nonpolar (similar atoms) equal e- sharing- 2 polar (dissimilar atoms) unequal e- sharing
I.M.F. (INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION)1. Dipole-Dipole (Keesom Forces)
2. Dipole-Induced Dipole (Debye Forces)
3. London Forces (Dispersion) (Van der Waals)
4. H-bond (Hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom)
MEMORIZE BY
1 atm / 760 mmHg (torr)
0 deg. Celsius / 273 KSTP
NOTE: At STP, 1 mole of a substance occupies
22.4 L You can forget your Birthday, BUT NEVER EVER EVER EVER FORGET
Conditions at S.T.P.
Conditions:
GAS LAWS BOYLE’S LAW —Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
CHARLES’ LAW— Volume is directly proportional to temperature (Kelvin)
AVOGADRO’S LAW —Volume is directly proportional to moles
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE- States that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures that each gas in the mixture exert individually
GAS LAWS IDEAL GAS LAW
GRAHAM’S LAW —The rate of the effusion of two gases (and diffusion) are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities providing the temperature and pressure are the same for the two gases. DIFFUSION=gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with the molecules of
another gas by virtue of their kinetic properties EFFUSION=passage of a gas under pressure through a small opening
SOLUTIONS Solute + Solvent Factors affecting solubility:
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent2. Temperature: Temp = Solubility (MOST OF THE TIME)
3. Pressure: Pressure = Solubility of gas in Liquid – (HENRY’S LAW)
EXCEPTIONS: Exothermic: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility Solution of gas in liquid: Inc in Temp = Dec
Solubility
REMEMBER that GAS and Ca(OH)2 are the most common substances that dissolve in COLD TEMPERATURE
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamic System- part of the universe
isolated from the rest by a boundary
“Surrounding” = Everything outside
TYPE OF SYSTEM ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF
Open (Non-conservative)
Matter & Energy
Closed (Conservative)
Energy ONLY
Isolated (Adiabatic) No matter, No energy
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1st Law of Thermodynamics - Heat and work are forms of
energy transfer. Energy is invariably conserved, however the internal energy of a closed system may change as heat is transferred into or out of the system or work is done on or by the system.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - An isolated system, if not already in its state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spontaneously evolves towards it. Thermodynamic equilibrium has the greatest entropy among the states accessible to the system.
3rd Law of Thermodynamics - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero
WHAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER:
“Conservation of Energy”
“Energy of the Universe is CONSTANT”
KEYWORD 1: ENTROPY
KEYWORD 2: GIBBS FREE ENERGY
GFE- expendable amt of Energy
ΔG(-) = SPONTANEOUSΔG(+) = NON-SPONTANEOUS
ΔG(0) = Equilibrium
KEYWORDS: ENTROPY OF A
PURE CRYSTALLINE IS EQUAL TO
ZERO
1st LAW 2nd LAW 3rd LAW
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM- It is a STATE at which the amount of Reactant and
Products present are CONSTANT
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE- if a system is subjected to stress, the
system will adjust to relieve the stress
Stress: Concentration Pressure and Volume Temperature Catalyst – causes NO SHIFT in Equilibrium (PLS. REMEMBER )
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM Electrolytes dissociates into ions
Acids and BasesCheckpoint: Can you FILL IN THE BLANKS?
Theory Acid BaseArrhenius
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Lewis Theory
SALTS Neutral Salt = SA + SB Acidic Salt = SA + WB Basic Salt = WA + SB
Question: How would you know which is a Strong Acid and a Strong
Base?
Naaalala nyo pa ba? Or Huhulaan
nyo nalang sa exam at isuko
ang 3-4 points?
REMEMBER THIS BY HEART Para matandaan, i-recite pagkagising sa
umaga at bago matulog sa gabi :P
1.) Strong Bases : hydroxides of Group IA/IIA2.) Strong Acid: H-CBNIPS
HCl HBrHNO3 HI HClO4
H2SO4 Perchloric Acid
Sulfuric AcidNitric Acid
REVIEW:
Ka – acid dissociation constant Kb – base dissociation constant Ksp – solubility product constant pH=-log [H+] pH=7 neutral pH<7 acidic pH>7 basic
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Radioactivity: decomposition process of unstable nuclei to more stable ones
Radiation: energy and particles released during the decomposition process
3 TYPES OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
α-radiation : α-particle : He Mass number decrease by 4 & atomic number
by 2
β- radiation : e- (Neutron proton) Mass number stays THE SAME but Atomic number INCREASES by 1
Ex. Th e + Pa
γ – radiation : γ-rays are HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS no change in mass number and atomic number
24
23490 91
2340-1
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY Non-SI : Curie (Ci) : 1Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/sec SI: Bequerel (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 decay/sec
Unit of RADIATION DAMAGE: R.E.M.
Unit of AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE to radiation: rad or gray
#brotip: memorize what is written above. It can SAVE YOU on the board exam. Swear
Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
ALKALI METALS Group IA: Alkali Metals Most reactive metals Valence=1 A. HYDROGENAka: “inflammable air”lightest elementIsotopes:
A. protium – most abundant B. deuterium – heavy hydrogen C. tritium- radioactive
B. LITHIUM Aka: “Earth” Lightest metal
Pcol action: Depressant Diuretic
Non pcol action: Heat exchanger in aircon
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Lithium Bromide
Depressant Lithium Carbonate (Lithase ®)
DOC for MANIA
C. SODIUM Aka: “Natrium” Extracellular fluid Pcol action: fluid retention IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Sodium Acetate
Diuretic Urinary and systemic alkalizer Antacid
Sodium bicarbonate Aka: “Baking soda” Systemic antacid Carbonating agent S/E:
systemic alkalosis rebound hyperacidity
Na Dihydrogen Phosphate Aka: fleet enema Uses: cathartic
Sodium metabisulfite Water soluble anti-oxidant
Sodium CarbonateUse: 1. Antacid
2. Carbonating agent Sodium chloride
Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt
Use: 1. electrolyte replenisher 2. tonicity adjusting agent3. condiments4. preservative
Sodium citrate
1. alkalizer 2. buffer3. diuretic4. expectorant5. shorten the coagulation
time
Sodium FluorideUse:Anticariogenic (2% solution) Sodium HydroxideAka: 1. Caustic soda
2. Sosa3. Lye
Use: Saponifying agent Sodium Phosphite Use: Reducing agent
Sodium HypochloriteAka: Dakin’s solution, chlorox Use: 1. Oxidizing agent
2. Disinfectant3. Bleaching agent
Sodium IodideUse: 1. expectorant
2. antifungal3. iodine solubilizer
Sodium LactateUse: 1. antacid
2. diuretic
Sodium nitrateUse: 1. Vasodilator
2. meat preservation3. treatment in cyanide poisoning
Aka: chile salt peter Sodium sulfateAka: Glauber’s saltUse: cathartic Sodium tartrate Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination Sodium thiocyanate Use: hypotensive agent Sodium thiosulfate Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypoUse: 1. Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrate
2. VS in iodometry and permanganometry
D. POTASSIUMAka: Kalium Most abundant and predominant Intracellular cation Deficiency: hypokalemia Pcol action:
1. diuretic2. important in muscle contraction
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: Potassium acetate1. antacid2. diuretic3. urinary and systemic alkalizer Potassium bicarbonate1. systemic antacid2. carbonating agent3. source of bicarbonate ion
Potassium bitartrate Aka: cream of tartar, creamor Use: laxative Potassium bromideUse: depressant Potassium Carbonate Aka: potash, salt of peter, perlash 1. antacid2. carbonating agent3. carbonate source Potassium chlorateUse: oxidizing agentComponent in: toothpaste, gargle and mouthwash Potassium chlorideUse: electrolyte replenisher TAKE note: SLOW push*
Potassium citrate1. diuretic2. expectorant3. diaphoretic Potassium hydroxideAka: caustic potash, lye potashUse: saponifying agent (SOFT soap) Potassium Iodide1.expectorant2. antifungal3. iodine solubilizer Potassium nitrateAka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle Use: 1. diuretic/ meat preservative
Potassium permanganateAka: mineral chameleon1. oxidizing agent2. VS in permanganometry Potassium dihydrogen phosphateUse: cathartic Potassium Sodium tartrate Aka: 1. rochelle salt
2. sal signette Use: 1. cathartic 2. sequestering agent
Potassium thiocyanate Use: hypotensive agent K2Sx.K2S2O3
aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
E. NH4Hypothetical alkali metalPcol action:1. diuretic2. buffer3. expectorant (like Iodide)4. anti-cariogenic (like Fluoride) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:1. NH4Bruse: depressant/sedative 2. (NH4)2CO3
Aka: sal volatile, hartshorn Use: 1. expectorant (ammonium)
2. antacid (carboante)3. respiratory stimulant
3. NH4ClAka: muriate of hartshorn Use: 1.expectorant
2. diuretic3. urinary acidifier
4. HgNH2ClAka: white precipitateUse: topical anti-infective 5. NH4I Use: 1. source of iodide
2. expectorant3. antifungal
6. NH4CH3COOAka: spirit of mendererus Use: styptic
COINAGE METALSCan occur in free metal stateComplexes/ chelates
A. CuAka: CuprumOnly reddish metalComponent of hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase 2 important alloys:
1. Brass: Cu + Zn2. Bronze: Cu + Sn
Pcol actions:1. protein precipitant2. enhances physiological utilization of iron3. toxicity: Wilson’s DiseaseAntidote: Penicillamine
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.CuSO4.5H2OAka: blue vitriol, blue stoneUse: component of benedict’s,barfoed’s and fehling’s ingredientAntidote for PHOSPHORUS poisoningIngredient of Bordeaux mixture 2. [Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O2)2]Aka: Paris greenUse: insecticide 3. (Cu)3(C6H5O7)3
Use: astringent in 8% concentration
B. AgAka: argentum, shining, brightPcol action: Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) Toxicity: argyria Antidote: NSS IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:A. Soluble compounds1.AgNO3
Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencilUse:
1. treatment of warts 2. eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea
2. Ag (NH3)2NO3
Aka: Howe’s solutionUse: 1. dental protective
2. desinsitizing agent
B. Insoluble compounds 1.AgI-poisonous-disinfectant
2. Ag proteinate a. Mild Ag Proteinate
Aka: ARGYROLUse: antiseptic for the eye
b. Strong Ag Proteinate Aka: Protargol Stronger germicide for ear and throat
c. Colloidal Ag Proteinate Aka: Collargol Use general germicide
C. AuAka: Aurum. Shining dawn, King of all metalsMost malleable and ductileBest conductor of electricityDissolved by:
1. aqua regia (3part HCl + 1 part HNO3)2. Selenic acid
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.Aurothioglucose (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A2. Gold Na Thiomalate (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A3. Auranofin (PO) -Treatment of Gout and R.A
PLEASE MEMORIZE
ALKALINE EARTH METALSA. BeNever employed in medicine becauseit is the most toxic metalFluorescent lamp B. MgLightest of all structurally important metalChlorophyll componentCompound of Grignard’s reagent
Natural Sources:1. As silicates: (talc, asbestos)2. As CO3: (magnesite, dolomite)3. As SO4: (keiserite)
Pcol action: 1. Laxative2. Depressant3. Natural Ca-channel blocker
Antidote: Ca Gluconate
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:MgCO3
Aka: Magnesia1. Antacid2. Laxative Mg(OH)2
Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
Use: Antacid and Laxative MgO Aka: calcined magnesia1. laxative2. antacid3. component of Universal antidote 2MgO . 3SiO2 .nH2OUse: antacidAdvantage: prolonged antacid action
MgSO4
Aka: Epsom saltUse: 1. cathartic (PO)
2. anticonvulsant (IM)3. Antidote for Ba toxicity
Hydrated Mg Silicate
Aka: talc, soapstone, french chalkSoftest mineralUses: 1. Filtering agent
2. Clarifying agent3. Dusting powder
Mg3(C6H5O7)2
Magnesium CitrateAka: lemonada purgante, purgative lemon
C. Ca2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluidVit D is needed for its maximum absorption
Pcol action:1. blood coagulation factor2. important muscle contraction3. important release of neurotransmitter4. primary element of bones and teeth
Deficiency state:1. osteoporosis
2. osteomalacia (adults) 3. rickets (immature mammals) 4.hypocalcemia
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSCaBr2 Sedative/depressant CaCO3Aka: precipitated chalk, prepared chalk1. antacid2. ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices CaCl2Aka: muriate of limeUse: Ca replenisher Ca Gluconate Use: Ca supplement and replenisher Ca(OH)2Aka: slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium hydrate1. antacid2. saponifying agent
Ca(C3H5O3)2Use: Ca supplement CaHPO4 . 2H2OUse: source of Ca and PO4 CaO Aka: lime, quicklime, calx 1.component of Bordeaux mixture2. insecticide Ca3(PO4)2Aka: bone ashUse: antacid
CaClO or CaOClAka: chlorinated lime, chloride of limeUse: 1. disinfectant
2. bleaching agent CaSO4 . 1/2H2O or 2H2OAka: plaster of paris, gypsum, terra alba1. rodenticide 2. prep of surgical casts and dental impressions
D. SrUse: manufacture of flares IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. SrCl2 Use: temperature de sensitizing agent (SENSODYNE) E. BaAka: HeavyToxicity: Baritosis Antidote: Epsom Salt
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1.BaSO4
Use: radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging 2. Ba(OH)2
Use: CO2 absorbent
F. RaMarie CurieRadioactive element use for:
Cancer radiotherapyDiagnostic purpose
VOLATILE METALSZincPresent in insulinPcol action: 1. Astringent
2. Antiseptic3. Antiperspirant4. Protectant
Other uses: 1. container of batteries2. protective coating of galvanized iron
Deficiency: Parakeratosis Antidote: NaHCO3
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
ZnCl2 Aka: Burnett’s disinfectant fluid1. disinfectant/antiseptic2. dentin desensitizer3. Corrosive
ZnO Aka: Zinc white, Lassar’s pasteUse: antiseptic, astringent, topical protectant ZnO2
Use: antiseptic
ZnS Aka: white lotion, white sulfideUse: parasiticide, topical protectant, antiseptic ZnSO4 . 7H2OAka: white vitriol
1. emetic2. astringent3. prep of white lotion
Hydrated Zinc SilicateAka: Natural calamineUse: topical protectant Zinc-eugenol cement – dental protective
Cadmium
Pcol action: astringentOther use: manufacture of stink bombPoisoning: itai-itai (ouch-ouch)Antidote: BAL (British Anti-Lewesite) or (Dimercaprol) IMPORTANT COMPOUND:CdCl2 1. emetic2. treatment of Tinea infection CdS Aka: yellow sulfideUse: anti-seborrheic CdSO4
Use: ophthalmic antiseptic
Mercury Aka: Quicksilver, messenger of Gods1. diuretic2. antiseptic3. treatment of syphilis4. cathartic5. parasiticidal/fungicidal
Industrial use: thermometer, amalgams (dental cement)Disease: Minamata Antidote: EDTA IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Hg2Cl2 Aka: calomel1. cathartic2. local aniseptic
HgCl2
Aka: corrosive sublimate Use: disinfectant HgI Use: treatment of syphilis HgI2
Use: stimulant of indolent ulcers K2HgI4
1. antiseptic2. component of Mayer’s reagent HgNH2ClAka: white precipitateUse: topical antiseptic HgO Aka: yellow precipitateUse: ophthalmic anti infective
BORON GROUP A. BoronIndustrial use: in vulcanizing rubber IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
H3BO3 Aka: sal sativum Toxicity: lobster appearance1. buffer (ophthamic soln 2%)2. antiseptic3. Tonicity adjusting agent
Na2B4O7 . 10H2OAka: Borax, Na tetraborate, Dobelle’s solution
Use: 1. antiseptic2. eye wash3. wet dressing for wounds
B. Al-Most abundant metal-3rd most abundant element
Pcol uses:1. astringent2. aluminum foils used for burn patients IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
AlCl3 . 6H2O 1. astringent2. antiseptic3. antiperspirant/deodorant
Alum[AlNH4(SO4)2 . 12H2O] – NH4 salt[AlK(SO4)2 . 12H2O]- K saltUsed as astringent
Al(OH)3Aka: amphojel, cremalin gel1. antacid2. protectant Disadvantage: constipation
AlPO4Aka: phosphagel Used as antacid, astringent, demulcent Al2(CO3)3Use: treatment of phosphatic calculci
Al2O3
Aka: AluminaUse: treatment of silicosis Aluminum Silicatea. Kaolinaka: china clay, native hydrated aluminum silicateuse: adsorbent in diarrhea
b. Bentonite aka: Soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated magnesium silicateuse: suspending agent
c. Pumice – volcanic origin and used as dental abrasive
C. Gallium- substitute for mercury in manufacture of arc lamps
CARBON GROUPA. CManifestation:
A. crystalline – graphite, diamondB. Amorphous – coal, anthracite
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. CO2
Use: treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, Eczema 2. CO3
-2 Use: 1. antacid and for effervescent tablets 3. CO -210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to
asphyxia then death
Treatment: 1. 100% O2
2. Artificial air ( He 80%, O2 20%)3. Hyperbaric O2
B. Si - 2nd most abundant element IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. SiO2 Toxicity: Silicosis 2. Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica 3. Kaolin - adsorbent 4. Purified Siliceous Earth –absorbent 5. Bentonite – suspending agent 6. Talc – clarifying agent , dusting agent 7. Attapulgite Aka: polymagma, diatabs, quintess Use: adsorbent 8. Simethicone: polymeric dimethyl siloxane Use: antiflatulent
C. SnAka: stannum Use: preparation of tin cans IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSSnF2 – anticariogenic SnO2 Use: germicide
D. PbAka: plumbum 1. astringent2. protein precipitantPoisoning:Plumbism Antidote: EDTA
Sources of poisoning:1. lead pipes2. paints3. batteries
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSPb(CH3COO)2
Aka: sugar of leadUse: astringent Pb2(CH3COO)Aka: goulard’s extractUse: 1. astringent
2. antiseptic PbO Common name: LITHARGE
TITANIUM / ZIRCONIUMA. TiAka: Titan, Sons of the earthUse: powerful reducing agent IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. TiO2
Opacifying agent ex: OCUSERTUV Ray protectant – TiO2 reflects UV
B. ZrUse: same with Al but banned due to granuloma formation Former Official Compounds:1. Oxide2. CO3
Both used as antiperspirant and for athlete's foot
NITROGEN GROUPA. NitrogenAka: Mephitic air, azote, without lifeMost abundant gas in air: 71% N2, 29% O2
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
N2 – very stable Since stable, used as INERT Atmosphere for readily oxidizable substance
LIQ N2 – used as RefrigerantContainer: BLACK
N2OAka: Laughing gasUse: inhalational anestheticS/E: diffusion hypoxiaContainer: blue NO2
1. vasodilator2. for cyanide poisoning
NO3-
Use: preservative Aromatic Ammonia spiritAka: Spirit of Hartshorn, spirit of sal volatileUse: respiratory stimulant
B. P Aka: Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire2 forms:
1. White: poisonous2. Red: non-poisonus
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:PO4
Use: Antacid and Cathartic
C. AsAka: Lewisite metalInsecticide:
Copper Aceto Arsenate (Paris green)
Antidote: BAL
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:As2O3
Insecticide/ anti-leukemic
AsI3
Use: primary standard in the preparation of ceric sulfate
D. SbPcol use:
1. expectorant2. emetic3. anti-helminthic
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:SbKOC4H4O6
Aka: Tartar emetic, brown mixture1. emetic2. Tx of schistosomiasis
E. BiAka: Beautiful MeadowPcol action: 1. astringent2. antiseptic3. internal protective for ulcer
Cause: 1. dark stool 2. blue-black gums
Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol
TANTALUM Not affected by any body fluid, therefore
inert in our body Sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve
and tissue
CHALCOGENSA. OAka: empyreal air, dephlogisticated air, “yne” -Most abundant element-Use: treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia-Container: green B. SAka: brimstone, shubari, enemy of copper
- Used in preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointment or lotion
- stimulant cathartic
- depilatory agent- Anti dandruff C. SeAka: Selena, moonEssential trace elementPromotes absorption of Vit. EUse: antioxidant IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. SeS2 (Selsun blue)
use: anti-dandruff
CHROMIUM / MOLYBDENUM / URANIUMA. ChromiumEssential trace element Glucose tolerance factorDeficiency: hyperglycemia IMPORTANT COMPOUND:K2Cr2O7
Use: oxidizing agent
B. MolybdenumEssential trace elementCo-factor enzyme IMPORTANT COMPOUND:Molybdenum Oxide+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic Brand name: MOL-IRON C. Uranium-Discovered by Becquerel-Radioactive element used for manufacture of atomic bombs-No pharmaceutical use
HALOGENSA. FStrongest oxidizing agentPoisoning: fluorosis Principal manifestation:1. mottled enamel2. abnormal bone growth IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. NaF Use: anti cariogenic at 2% soln 2. SnF2
Use: anti cariogenic at 8% soln
B. ClAka: Dephlogisticated muriatic acidMost abundant extracellular anionUsed as water disinfectant IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:1. Hypochlorite (Na, K)Use: bleaching agent 2. HCl Use: treatment of achlorhydria
C. Br- Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor
-action: sedative/ depressant
-Poisoning: bromism -Principal manifestation: 1. skin eruption2. psychosis3. weakness4. headache
Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl
D. I-expectorant -anti fungal
-Deficiency: goiter
-Elemental Iodine preparation:1. Strong Iodine soln aka: Lugol’s soln 2. Iodine Tincture – disinfectant3. Povidone-Iodine - BETADINE
E. At-Only metallic-Only synthetic halogen-Only radioactive halogen
MANGANESE / TECHNECIUM
A. MnCo-factor in:
1. protein synthesis2. phosphorylation 3.fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
Poisoning: Parkinson -like IMPORTANT COMPOUND:1. KMnO4
Aka: mineral chameleonUse: 1. oxidizing agent
2. antiseptic
B. Tc-1st element produced artificially-Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
NOBLE GASES A. He-2nd lightest gas-Toxicity (inhalation): donald duck-like sound-Container: brown
B. NeFor advertising C. ArMost abundant noble gasSubstitute for N2 in providing inert atmosphere.
D. KrLeast abundant of all noble gasHave inhalational anesthetic activity E. XeInvestigational with inhalational anesthetic activity
F. RnAka: niton Synthetic noble gasUsed for treatment of CA (Cervical CA)
IRON Present In proteins:
HemoglobinTransferrin Ferritin Cytochrome oxidase
Enhance absorption of
Vit. CCopper
Use: hematinic Toxicity: 1. GIT distress2. cardiac collapseAntidote: Deferroxamine
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:FesO4
Aka: green vitriolUse: hematinic S/E: constipation Ferrous gluconate Brand name: FERGONadv: less irritating Ferrous fumarate Brand name: TOLERON
FeCO3Aka: chalybeate pills, ferrunginous pillsUse: hematinic FeCl3Use: 1. astringent
2. styptic3. detection of tannins
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Ferric ferrocyanide or prussian blue
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2Ferrous ferricyanide or turnbull’s blue
Please MEMORIZE by HEART I know you
can!
OTHER METALSCobaltEssential in development of erythrocyte and hemoglobinComponent of vit B12
Defeciency: megaloblastic anemia IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSCoCl2
Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic inkUse: desiccator indicator
NickelAka: old nick’s copperFossil fuel
OsmiumHeaviest/ densest metal IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS1. Osmic acid2. Osmium tetroxide - Both used in staining microorganism for microscopic study especially in electron microscopy
Platinum & PalladiumCatalyst in finely divided steel
END
I’m sure that everyone who listened attentively would pass the board
exam
YES. REALLY. I AM SURE.