gene technology chapter 13 table of contents section 1 dna technology section 2 the human genome...

Gene TechnologyChapter 13

Table of Contents

Section 1 DNA Technology

Section 2 The Human Genome Project

Section 3 Genetic Engineering


Table of Contents


DNA Identification

Steps in DNA Identification

Recombinant DNA

Applications for DNA Technology

Chapter 13

Objectives

• Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification.

• Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification.

• Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.

• Summarize several applications of DNA identification.


Chapter 13

DNA Identification

• The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary between individuals and thus can be used to identify an individual.


Chapter 13

Steps in DNA Identification

• Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction– To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the

DNA and copy it using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


Chapter 13

Polymerase Chain Reaction


Chapter 13

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Polymerase Chain Reaction


Chapter 13

Steps in DNA Identification, continued

• Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme– The DNA is then cut into fragments using

restriction enzymes.– Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific

nucleotide sequences.


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Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA


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Visual Concept

Action of Restriction Enzymes


Chapter 13

Steps in DNA Identification, continued

• Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis– The fragments are separated by size using gel

electrophoresis.– The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA

fingerprint.


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Gel Electrophoresis


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Visual Concept

DNA Fingerprint


Chapter 13

Recombinant DNA

• Cloning Vectors– Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert

DNA fragments into vectors. – The resulting DNA from two different organisms is

called recombinant DNA.


Chapter 13


Visual Concept

Cloning Vectors and Plasmids


Chapter 13

Applications For DNA Technology

• DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as forensic investigation to determine the identity of a criminal.


Chapter 13

Objectives

• Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification.

• Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification.

• Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.

• Summarize several applications of DNA identification.


Chapter 13

Complete Sec 1 Review p 260 questions 1-9



Table of Contents




Section 2 The Human Genome ProjectChapter 13

Objectives• Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project.

• Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome Project.

• Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes.

• State how information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects.

• Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.

Chapter 13

Mapping The Human Genome

• The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome.

• This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders.


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Mapping The Human Genome, continued

• Important Insights– The Human Genome Project yielded important

information about human genes and proteins.– For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding

human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded.


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• Model Species– The Human Genome Project included sequencing

the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function.


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• Applications– Information from the Human Genome Project has

been applied to medical, commercial, and scientific purposes.


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The Future of Genomics

• Bioinformatics– Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and

analyze genomes.


Chapter 13

The Future of Genomics, continued

• Proteomics– Proteomics studies the identities, structures,

interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins.


Chapter 13

The Future of Genomics, continued

• Microarrays– DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements

of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare specific genes such as those that cause cancer.


Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13

Objectives

• Discuss the uses of genetic engineering in medicine.

• Summarize how gene therapy is being used to try to cure genetic disorders.

• Discuss cloning and its technology.

• Describe two ways genetic engineering has been used to improve crop plants.

• Discuss environmental and ethical issues associated with genetic engineering.


Medical Applications

• Genetic engineering is being used to provide therapies for certain genetic diseases.


Medical Applications, continued

• Gene Therapy– Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders

by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene.

– Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used to cure genetic disorders in the future.


Medical Applications, continued

• Cloning– In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a

body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual.

– An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.

Chapter 13


Visual Concept

Cloning


Chapter 13

Genetically Engineered Vaccines



Agricultural Applications

• Genetic engineering is used to produce disease-resistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the human food supply.

Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering and CottonPlants



Ethical Issues

• Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk.

• Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues involved in genetic engineering have not been resolved.

gene technology chapter 13 table of contents section 1 dna technology section 2 the human genome...

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