gender & race discrimination in employment wages

GENDER & RACE DISCRIMINATION

INEMPLOYMENT WAGES

Women's Earnings as a Percentage of Men's

Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent

1951 63.9% 1970 59.4% 1989 68.7% 2008 77.1%

1952 63.9 1971 59.5 1990 71.6 2009 77.0

1953 63.9 1972 57.9 1991 69.9 2010 77.4

1954 63.9 1973 56.6% 1992 70.8 2011 77.0

1955 63.9 1974 58.8 1993 71.5 2012 n.a.

1956 63.3 1975 58.8 1994 72.0 2013 n.a.

1957 63.8 1976 60.2 1995 71.4% 2014 n.a.

1958 63.0 1977 58.9 1996 73.8 2015 n.a.

1959 61.3 1978 59.4 1997 74.2 2016 n.a.

1960 60.7 1979 59.7 1998 73.2 2017 n.a.

1961 59.2 1980 60.2 1999 72.2 2018 n.a.

1962 59.3% 1981 59.2 2000 73.3 2019 n.a.

1963 58.9 1982 61.7 2001 76.3 2020 n.a.

1964 59.1 1983 63.6 2002 76.6 2021 n.a.

1965 59.9 1984 63.7% 2003 75.5 2022 n.a.

1966 57.6 1985 64.6 2004 76.6 2023 n.a.

1967 57.8 1986 64.3 2005 77.0 2024 n.a.

1968 58.2 1987 65.2 2006 76.9 2025 n.a.

1969 58.9 1988 66.0 2007 77.8 2026 n.a.

n.a.= not yet available Source: U.S. Women's Bureau and the National Committee on Pay Equity. Reproduced by

permission of the National Committee on Pay Equity.

This table shows how much women working full-time, year-round in the United States make compared to men. For example, in 1951, women made about 64 cents for every dollar earned by men. The wage gap has narrowed over time, with today's women (age 15 and over) earning 77 cents for every dollar earned by men

What Observations can be made?

What are possible reasons for the

trends?

TABLE 2Men's and Women's Median

Earningsby Education Level


What are possible reasons for

differences?

Less than

High SchoolHigh

School AA BA/BS Prof/PhDMen $21,840 $31,730 $40,248 $59,459 $80,917Women $14,623 $21,682 $27,330 $40,645 $54,115

Earnings % W/M 67.0% 68.3% 67.9% 68.4% 66.9% — US Census Bureau

Figure 2Men's and Women's Median Earnings

by Education Level


What are possible reasons for differences as to the differences

as Education level Increases?

Less than High School

High School AA BA/BS Prof/PhD$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

$140,000

$160,000

Men's and Women's Median Earnings by Education Level

Men Women

TABLE 3Utah Compared to the United States as a

Whole


How Does Utah Compare?

What are possible reasons for differences in Utah vs., the

USA as a whole?

Utah US Utah RankMedian Annual Earnings for Full-time Year-round Employed Women

$32,843 $37,118

Median Annual Earnings for Full-time Year-round Employed Men

$47,573 $48,202

Earnings Ratio Between for Full-time Year-round Employed Women to Men

69.0% 77.0% 49 of 51

— US Census Bureau

TABLE 4Women's Earnings As A Percentage

of Men'sUnited States 2012

What conclusions can you make from this data?

Employment Categories % (F/M)

Insurance sales agents 62.5%

Retail sales 64.3%

Sales and related workers 65.6%

Real estate brokers and agents 66.0%

Personal finance advisors 66.3%

Education administrators 67.2%

Physicians and surgeons 67.6%

General and operations managers 67.6%

Marketing and sales managers 67.7%

Stock brokers, etc. 69.1%

Inspectors, etc. at production lines 69.2%

Security guards, etc. 93.3%

Warehouse stock clerks 93.8%

Paralegals and legal assistants 94.1%

Data entry 95.9%

Cafeteria workers, bussers, etc. 97.9%

Social workers 98.7%

Office clerks 98.8%

Buyers for wholesale and retail 99.3%

Pharmacists 99.6%

Counselors 102.6%

Health technicians, etc. 103.7% — Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 5Gender Earnings Gap in the United States

Full-time Year-round Workers age 16-64

Median Annual Earnings

Ratio by Race and Ethnicity

United States 2011



How Does Race/Ethnicity affect Earnings?

What are possible reasons for differences between Races/Ethnic

Groups?

Male FemaleRatio F/M

RatioF/White Men

Black/African American $37,383 $33,257 89.8% 64.1%

American Indian and Alaska Native $35,912 $30,993 86.3% 59.7%

Asian $53,517 $43,335 81.0% 83.5%

Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander $39,371 $31,938 81.1% 61.5%

Hispanic/Latino origin $28,763 $26,092 89.5% 53.7%

White alone–not Hispanic/Latino $41,608 $35,623 77.5%


Figure 5AGender Earnings Gap in the United

StatesMedian Annual Earnings

Ratio by Race and Ethnicity

• What Observations can be made?

• What are possible the reasons for differences?

• How Does Race/Ethnicity affect Earnings?

• What are possible reasons for differences

between Races/Ethnic Groups?

Figure 5BGender Earnings Gap in the United States


How Does Race/Ethnicity affect Earnings?

What are possible reasons for differences between

Races/Ethnic Groups?

TABLE 6Gender Earnings Gap in the United States

Age Men WomenRatio

(W/M)20-24 $ 470 $ 438 93.20%25-34 $ 717 $ 662 92.30%35-44 $ 935 $ 734 78.50%45-54 $ 979 $ 744 76.00%55-64 $ 997 $ 749 75.10%65+ $ 821 $ 664 80.90%

What are these data showing?

What explanations for the lower ratio’s with older workers?

Full-time Year-round WorkersWeekly Earnings and Ratio by AgeUnited States 2011

gender & race discrimination in employment wages

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