gender issues in agriculture - world...

Gender Issues in AgricultureGender Issues in Agriculture

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Gender Issues in AgricultureGender Issues in Agriculture

Country Dialogue: 20-26

Collecting Data: 27-30

Project Design: 31, 33-35

Implementation: 40-42

M & E: 43-45

How

Good Practice by Sub-Sector: 46-56GoodPractice

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Why

Gender Issues: 3, 7-12

Policy Issues: 13, 14

From Policy to Action: 6, 17-19

What is Gender?What is Gender?

Men and womenMen and women

•• play different roles play different roles

•• have different needs have different needs

•• face different constraints face different constraints

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Gender roles:Gender roles:•• are socially constructed are socially constructed

•• determine social and economic activities determine social and economic activities

•• differ from the biological roles of men differ from the biological roles of men and women and women

•• differ across regions and change overtime differ across regions and change overtime in agriculture and other activities in agriculture and other activities

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Social factors Social factors underlie and supportunderlie and supportgender-based disparities through:gender-based disparities through:

•• institutional arrangementsinstitutional arrangements

•• the formal legal systemthe formal legal system

•• socio-cultural attitudessocio-cultural attitudes

•• religious practicesreligious practices

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Changing Paradigms:Changing Paradigms:From WID to GenderFrom WID to Gender

Old New

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• health• hygiene• child care• handicrafts

Poor women as passivebeneficiaries

Women’s roles as wivesand mothers

Assistance to poor women

Technical expert advice

• agriculture• livestock• agroprocessing• agribusiness

Poor women as activeparticipants

Women’s and men’s roles asproducers and earners ofhousehold income and mainactors in rural financing andfarm management

Leveling the playing field

Mutual learning amongpractitioners and clients

Why Gender Makes a DifferenceWhy Gender Makes a Difference

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Women are integral to farming, but their productivityWomen are integral to farming, but their productivityremains low relative to their potentialremains low relative to their potential

Research shows that:Research shows that:

•• Women farmers are as efficient as men farmers,Women farmers are as efficient as men farmers,controlling for other characteristics and input levelscontrolling for other characteristics and input levels

•• Agriculture is becoming feminized in manyAgriculture is becoming feminized in manycountriescountries

•• Attention to gender facilitates the achievement ofAttention to gender facilitates the achievement ofeconomic and social objectiveseconomic and social objectives

•• Ignoring gender can lead to project failureIgnoring gender can lead to project failure

Gender Analysis in AgricultureGender Analysis in Agriculture

What is gender analysis?What is gender analysis?

“Seeing what our eyes have been trained not to see”.“Seeing what our eyes have been trained not to see”.

Men’s and women’s roles in farming can be betterMen’s and women’s roles in farming can be betterunderstood with quantitative and qualitativeunderstood with quantitative and qualitativeinformation about their:information about their:

•• ActivitiesActivities•• Resources and constraintsResources and constraints•• Benefits and incentivesBenefits and incentives•• Roles in decisionmakingRoles in decisionmaking

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Activities:Activities:•• What are men’s and women’s rolesWhat are men’s and women’s roles

in agriculture?in agriculture?•• What are the daily and seasonalWhat are the daily and seasonal

variations in labor availability?variations in labor availability?


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Resources and constraints:Resources and constraints:•• Who has access to and control overWho has access to and control over

resources?resources?

•• What are the implications for those withWhat are the implications for those withlimited access or control?limited access or control?

•• Which decisions are made by men andWhich decisions are made by men andby women?by women?

•• How do their conditions differ?How do their conditions differ?


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Benefits and incentives:Benefits and incentives:

•• Who controls production?Who controls production?

•• Who earns wages or benefits fromWho earns wages or benefits fromproduction?production?

•• Who controls income?Who controls income?

•• Which expenditures are men andWhich expenditures are men andwomen responsible for?women responsible for?

The aim of using gender analysis inThe aim of using gender analysis inagriculture is toagriculture is to

•• generate economic and social gainsgenerate economic and social gains•• improve overall project performanceimprove overall project performance•• overcome gender-based barriersovercome gender-based barriers•• promote equal opportunitiespromote equal opportunities•• increase both men’s and women’sincrease both men’s and women’s

participationparticipation•• ensure that new technologies will not haveensure that new technologies will not have

an adverse impact on womenan adverse impact on women

Relevance of GenderRelevance of Gender

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The World Bank's AgriculturalThe World Bank's AgriculturalAction PlanAction Plan

Gender analysis canGender analysis can•• help implement the action planhelp implement the action plan•• create a level playing field for all playerscreate a level playing field for all players•• assist in achieving agricultural growth for:assist in achieving agricultural growth for:

global and national yglobal and national food securityrural income growth and poverty nrural income growth and poverty reductionsustainable natural resource management...sustainable natural resource management...

Goals for World Bank’s rural, agricultural, andGoals for World Bank’s rural, agricultural, andnatural resource activitiesnatural resource activities

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The World Bank's AgriculturalThe World Bank's AgriculturalAction PlanAction Plan

...through:...through:

•• rural farm and nonfarm growthrural farm and nonfarm growth

•• remunerative employment opportunitiesremunerative employment opportunities

•• sustainable management of soil, water, forests,sustainable management of soil, water, forests,fisheries, and grasslands by rural peoplefisheries, and grasslands by rural people

•• well functioning marketswell functioning markets

•• access to medical care, clean water, sanitation,access to medical care, clean water, sanitation,education and foodeducation and food

•• legal frameworks, public investment, andlegal frameworks, public investment, andproductive and social servicesproductive and social services

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World Bank Gender PolicyWorld Bank Gender Policy

The World Bank recognizes that:The World Bank recognizes that:

•• persistent gender disparities hamper economicpersistent gender disparities hamper economicefficiency and growthefficiency and growth

•• public policy can make a difference in closing thepublic policy can make a difference in closing thegender gapgender gap

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World Bank Gender PolicyWorld Bank Gender Policy

Hence, the Bank’s gender policy aims toHence, the Bank’s gender policy aims to•• enhance women’s participation in economicenhance women’s participation in economic

developmentdevelopment•• design gender-sensitive policies and programs bydesign gender-sensitive policies and programs by

•• identifying barriersidentifying barriers•• assessing costs and benefits of strategiesassessing costs and benefits of strategies•• ensuring effective implementationensuring effective implementation•• establishing effective gender-disaggregatedestablishing effective gender-disaggregated

monitoring and evaluationmonitoring and evaluation•• reviewing and modifying the legal and regulatoryreviewing and modifying the legal and regulatory

frameworkframework•• strengthening the database for gender analysisstrengthening the database for gender analysis•• obtaining necessary financingobtaining necessary financing1616

Myth RealityAdding gender will make the project too complex.

Funds and time are too tight to allow agender expert.

A woman on the project team assuresattention to gender.

The husband speaks for the whole family.

The home economics department alreadyaddresses women’s issues.

Gender analysis will help ensure beneficiary ownershipand project responsiveness.

Removing constraints to women’s productivityis a good investment.

A woman must be trained in gender issues to • facilitate access to women • ensure gender expertise

• Many households are headed by women• Husbands are often poorly informed• Intrahousehold agreement is not automatic• Husbands and wives have different areas of knowledge

Home economics usually excludes women’s economicroles as agricultural products.

Myths and RealitiesMyths and Realities

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Working with NGOs or a participatory approachensures that women’s views are heard.

Special steps are needed to include the participationof women.

• Women don’t come to the meetings or make themselves heard.• Women have no interest in project activities.

• The timing and location of meetings can preclude women’s participation.• Social customs can prevent women from disagreeing with men in public.

Gender Roles in FarmingGender Roles in Farming

Women tend to face more barriers than men throughWomen tend to face more barriers than men through•• higher effective costs, leading to lower productivity, ofhigher effective costs, leading to lower productivity, of

•• informationinformation•• technologytechnology•• inputsinputs•• creditcredit

•• lack of incentives to increase productivity, becauselack of incentives to increase productivity, because•• food crop prices are lowfood crop prices are low•• market infrastructure is poormarket infrastructure is poor

•• men’s control of income from the products of women’s labormen’s control of income from the products of women’s labor•• time constraints due to household and childcare tasks.time constraints due to household and childcare tasks.

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Gender is one of the many constraintsGender is one of the many constraintsto increasing agricultural productivityto increasing agricultural productivity

Effects of TechnologyEffects of Technology

New commodities and technologies can increaseNew commodities and technologies can increasethe demand for women's laborthe demand for women's labor•• irrigation of cropsirrigation of crops

•• introduction of animal tractionintroduction of animal traction

•• introduction of modern hybrid varietiesintroduction of modern hybrid varieties

•• sedentarization of pastoral societies, where womensedentarization of pastoral societies, where womenbecome responsible forbecome responsible for

•• crop productioncrop production

•• more cooking of new grain-based dietmore cooking of new grain-based diet

•• collection of water and fuelcollection of water and fuel1919

Gender Issues in ESWGender Issues in ESW

Information NeededInformation Needed•• Gender implications of main economic issues inGender implications of main economic issues in

agricultureagriculture•• Gender equality inGender equality in

•• lawslaws•• government policygovernment policy

•• Gender relations in the householdGender relations in the household•• Number of Number of de facto de facto women heads of farmingwomen heads of farming

householdshouseholds•• Gender expertise and pressure groups for genderGender expertise and pressure groups for gender•• Gender representation in the civil serviceGender representation in the civil service2020

InformationNeeded

Gender implicationsof main economicissues in agriculture

• To identify and develop objectives• To address women’s ability to respond to incentives• To minimize negative impact by gender


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Objectives ofGender Analysis

InformationNeeded

Gender equality in• laws• government policy

• To correct de jure gender bias• To ensure a gender- balanced approach• To prevent worsening of women’s situation


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InformationNeeded

Gender relationsin the household

• To uncover de facto inequality masked by legal equality• To base actions on expressed needs


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InformationNeeded

Number of de factowomen heads offarminghouseholds

• To ensure women’s access to farming resources, services and opportunities through specific programs


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InformationNeeded

Gender expertiseand pressure forgroups for gender

• To identify potential partners, implementers, and sources of information


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InformationNeeded

Genderrepresentation inthe civil service

• To promote attention to gender, especially where male/female interaction is restricted by having more women field staff• To promote attention to gender in technical and policy matters by having more women higher level technical staff


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Consulting Women DirectlyConsulting Women Directly

Participatory approaches to data and information collectionParticipatory approaches to data and information collection•• help during information gathering or identification phasehelp during information gathering or identification phase•• give voice to communities in design and evaluationgive voice to communities in design and evaluation•• enable two-way learningenable two-way learning

Strategies to ensure that women's opinions are heard:Strategies to ensure that women's opinions are heard:•• negotiate early on with male village eldersnegotiate early on with male village elders•• hold separate meetings for womenhold separate meetings for women•• identify a village woman to act as spokespersonidentify a village woman to act as spokesperson•• consult women staffconsult women staff•• consult NGO representatives and experienced local consultantsconsult NGO representatives and experienced local consultants

as surrogatesas surrogates•• meet women in their fieldsmeet women in their fields•• photograph rural women's and discuss with them the images ofphotograph rural women's and discuss with them the images of

their livestheir lives2727

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Tool Outputs

At the district level

Agricultural calendars

Seasonal labor profile

Spatial maps

Identify responsibilities forvarious operations monthlyby gender, family positionand wage status

Seasonal labor profiles

Indicated by gender onmaps of fields enterpriseswho is responsible,provides labor and controlsresources and benefits

Walking tours Conducted byinterdisciplinary team offarmers and scientists

Collecting Information for Gender AnalysisCollecting Information for Gender Analysis

Methodology

Qualitative picture of allactivities

Quantitative changes inlabor allocation with newtechniques

Clear picture ofconstraints, participantsand beneficiaries

Map locating main agro-ecological zones

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Tool Outputs

At the district level

Focus group interviews

Group andcommunity interviews

Semi-structured,conducted separately withwomen

Open ended questioning ofgroup representing morethat one household

Community portraits Of a variety of projectvillages with women andmen

Methodology

In-depth investigations ofprocesses, social networksvalues and beliefs

Quick, inexpensiveoverview of conditions andpractices across villages

Comparison of beliefsand practices acrossvillages


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Tool Outputs

At the national level

Policy Inventory

Household SampleSurvey

List major policiesaffecting sector

Structured questionnaire

Household RecordKeeping

From representativehouseholds

Methodology

Overview of sectoralperformance; assessmentof gender impact of policies

Good quality data

Determination of familylabor contributions


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Strategies Caveats

Mainstreaming • Resources drawn from project components or ministry departments• Sustainability• Capacity building

Strengths

• Gender has low visibility• Women marginalized• Gender monitoring difficult• Women easily defined only as service recipients

Project Design OptionsProject Design Options

Mainstreaming: Xinjiang AgriculturalMainstreaming: Xinjiang AgriculturalDevelopment Project, ChinaDevelopment Project, China

BackgroundBackground•• Large communal farms breaking upLarge communal farms breaking up•• Land contracted to large groups who preferred to employ male laborLand contracted to large groups who preferred to employ male labor•• Few opportunities for women to participate in farmingFew opportunities for women to participate in farming

Main actionsMain actions•• Contracts with individual farm familiesContracts with individual farm families•• Individuals could obtain land and resources for certain activitiesIndividuals could obtain land and resources for certain activities•• Activities selected—growing grapes and raising small livestock—wereActivities selected—growing grapes and raising small livestock—were

traditionally carried out by womentraditionally carried out by women

ResultsResults•• Women’s income and agricultural production increasedWomen’s income and agricultural production increased•• More than 60% of grape production contracted to women in HamiMore than 60% of grape production contracted to women in Hami•• Women’s social standing increasedWomen’s social standing increased•• Literacy and technical classes for women in off-seasonLiteracy and technical classes for women in off-season

Reasons for successReasons for success•• Increased women’s access to productive resources, e.g., by land contractsIncreased women’s access to productive resources, e.g., by land contracts•• Economically viable activitiesEconomically viable activities3232

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Strategies Caveats

Identifiablebudget andreportingstructure

• Attuned to women’s needs• Linkage to mainstream• Able to be monitored• Visible

Strengths

• Gender given low priority in non-specific budgets• Budget monitoring needed


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Strategies Caveats

Separatewomen’scomponents

• Attuned to women’s needs• Mainstream linkage able to use other resources• Able to be monitored• Guaranteed access to project benefits

Strengths

• Low priority• Marginalization• Small scale• Women easily ignored in main project• Welfare, nor empowerment, focus• Possible budget pirating without monitoring


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Strategies Caveats

Free-standingWID project

• Tuned to women’s needs• Visible• Capacity building• Benefits more women

Strengths

• Line-ministry resources difficult to tap• Line-ministry activities marginalize gender• Delays institutionalization• Small scale• Welfare, nor empowerment, focus


Freestanding Gender Components:Freestanding Gender Components:The Gambia WID ProjectThe Gambia WID Project

Main actionsMain actions•• WID project purchased services to benefit women from variousWID project purchased services to benefit women from various

departments, e.g.,departments, e.g.,•• manuals on women’s cropsmanuals on women’s crops•• manuals on health, housing, nutrition of poultry and smallmanuals on health, housing, nutrition of poultry and small

ruminantsruminants•• manuals on processing, storing vegetablesmanuals on processing, storing vegetables•• radio programs, videos, posters on women’s activitiesradio programs, videos, posters on women’s activities•• video equipment and films for thirty villagesvideo equipment and films for thirty villages

•• Women recruited as retailers of agricultural inputsWomen recruited as retailers of agricultural inputs•• Targets for women’s participationTargets for women’s participationResultsResults•• Mainstreaming actions to enroll women in agricultural coursesMainstreaming actions to enroll women in agricultural courses•• Women participants in crop extension increased from 5% to moreWomen participants in crop extension increased from 5% to more

than 60% in 5 yearsthan 60% in 5 years3636

Freestanding Gender Components:Freestanding Gender Components:The Gambia WID ProjectThe Gambia WID Project

Reasons for success in mainstreamingReasons for success in mainstreaming•• Preproject WID assessmentPreproject WID assessment

•• WID component accepted as normal work in MinistryWID component accepted as normal work in Ministry

•• WID project funds part of Ministry’s operationalWID project funds part of Ministry’s operationalbudgetbudget

•• Deputy project manager also WID componentDeputy project manager also WID componentcoordinatorcoordinator

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Separate Pilot Project: Nigeria Women inSeparate Pilot Project: Nigeria Women inAgriculture ProgramAgriculture Program

Main actionsMain actions•• Separate women’s extension service targeted womenSeparate women’s extension service targeted women

withwith•• extensionextension•• adaptive research programsadaptive research programs•• appropriate technologyappropriate technology

•• Home economists trained and redeployed as agriculturalHome economists trained and redeployed as agriculturalagentsagents

•• Federal and regional Women in Agriculture coordinatorFederal and regional Women in Agriculture coordinatorposts establishedposts established

•• Annual workshops forAnnual workshops for•• continual consultation and exchange of ideas among staffcontinual consultation and exchange of ideas among staff•• updating of three-year rolling action plansupdating of three-year rolling action plans3838

Separate Pilot Project: Nigeria Women inSeparate Pilot Project: Nigeria Women inAgriculture ProgramAgriculture Program

ResultsResults•• Pilot projects in 3 states evolved to national programPilot projects in 3 states evolved to national program•• WID component integrated into existing extension services and newWID component integrated into existing extension services and new

projectproject•• Number of women agents doubled in 18 monthsNumber of women agents doubled in 18 months•• Number of women contact farmers tripled in 18 monthsNumber of women contact farmers tripled in 18 months

Reasons for successReasons for success•• Gender analysis revealed bias against women farmersGender analysis revealed bias against women farmers•• Strong borrower and Bank commitmentStrong borrower and Bank commitment•• Government and Bank flexibility in allocating resourcesGovernment and Bank flexibility in allocating resources•• Initial focus on women agentsInitial focus on women agents•• Strategies to help men agents provide extension to women farmersStrategies to help men agents provide extension to women farmers•• Local woman agriculturist at resident mission for continuous input onLocal woman agriculturist at resident mission for continuous input on

gendergender3939

Project ImplementationProject Implementation

•• Establish explicit and manageable objectives for genderEstablish explicit and manageable objectives for gender•• form implementation plan with gender disaggregatedform implementation plan with gender disaggregated

performance indicatorsperformance indicators•• include gender issues in TORs of supervision missionsinclude gender issues in TORs of supervision missions•• assess progress on gender-related actions during midterm reviewassess progress on gender-related actions during midterm review•• include gender-differentiated results in lessons learned ininclude gender-differentiated results in lessons learned in

implementation completion reportsimplementation completion reports•• Prevent fade out:Prevent fade out:

•• emphasize gender issues in mission TORs foremphasize gender issues in mission TORs forsupervisionsupervisioncompletioncompletionevaluationevaluation

•• include a gender specialist on all missionsinclude a gender specialist on all missions•• Build in project flexibility for modification during project cycleBuild in project flexibility for modification during project cycle•• Include safeguards:Include safeguards:

•• implementation targetsimplementation targets•• mandatory reporting on gendermandatory reporting on gender

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Good Supervision Can Remedy Poor Design:Good Supervision Can Remedy Poor Design:Somalia Second Agricultural Extension ProjectSomalia Second Agricultural Extension Project

•• First supervision mission:First supervision mission:

women should receive extension advice in a culturallywomen should receive extension advice in a culturallyacceptable wayacceptable way

•• Subsequent missions:Subsequent missions:

monitored progress, offered help and support bymonitored progress, offered help and support by•• increasing number of women contact farmersincreasing number of women contact farmers

•• introducing more efficient implements for women’sintroducing more efficient implements for women’staskstasks

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Thematic SupervisionThematic Supervision

FeaturesFeatures•• Focus on one component or issue in a group of projectsFocus on one component or issue in a group of projects•• Expert attention to aspects overlooked in routineExpert attention to aspects overlooked in routine

supervision of individual projectssupervision of individual projects•• Identification of institutional and other constraintsIdentification of institutional and other constraints•• Assessment whether constraints unique or shared byAssessment whether constraints unique or shared by

several projectsseveral projects•• Knowledge transfer among projectKnowledge transfer among projectWorks well when gender componentsWorks well when gender components•• constitute small or pilot-type componentsconstitute small or pilot-type components•• require highly specialized expertiserequire highly specialized expertise•• are innovative and require intensive supervisionare innovative and require intensive supervision•• are implemented in areas with gender segregation, whereare implemented in areas with gender segregation, where

men staff unable to supervisemen staff unable to supervise4242

Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation

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•• EstablishEstablish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms monitoring and evaluation mechanismsthat record and track gender differencesthat record and track gender differences

•• MeasureMeasure benefits and adverse effects on men and benefits and adverse effects on men andwomen separatelywomen separately

•• RequireRequire specific references to gender in specific references to gender insupervision forms and project completion reportssupervision forms and project completion reports

•• ReportReport gender differences even when gender notgender differences even when gender notmentioned in project objectivesmentioned in project objectives

•• BuildBuild flexibility into projects flexibility into projects

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation

•• Percentage of women participants/beneficiaries inPercentage of women participants/beneficiaries in•• extension activities, of meetings, visits, radio groups,extension activities, of meetings, visits, radio groups,

demonstrations, diagnosis, extension planning anddemonstrations, diagnosis, extension planning andevaluationevaluation

•• cooperatives or committees, as members or officecooperatives or committees, as members or officeholdersholders

•• research/farmer consultations, users of land whereresearch/farmer consultations, users of land whereon-farm tests and trials are located, or participants inon-farm tests and trials are located, or participants inevaluation of resultsevaluation of results

•• those who receive creditthose who receive credit•• those who adopt recommendationsthose who adopt recommendations

Examples of Gender-Disaggregated IndicatorsExamples of Gender-Disaggregated Indicators

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Examples of Gender-Disaggregated IndicatorsExamples of Gender-Disaggregated Indicators

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation

•• Average distribution of and production from activitiesAverage distribution of and production from activitiestargeted by the project, by men and women participantstargeted by the project, by men and women participants

•• Average number, type and distribution of animals owned, byAverage number, type and distribution of animals owned, bymen and women participantsmen and women participants

•• Average and distribution of revenue from transformation ofAverage and distribution of revenue from transformation ofanimal products, by women targeted by the projectanimal products, by women targeted by the project

•• Views of men and women participants about the project’sViews of men and women participants about the project’simpact on their revenue and well-beingimpact on their revenue and well-being

•• Percentage, specific posts, and specialization held byPercentage, specific posts, and specialization held bywomen in ministry or other agency, by gradewomen in ministry or other agency, by grade

•• Percentage women of those recruited or trained by ministryPercentage women of those recruited or trained by ministryor project, by gradeor project, by grade

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Good Practices by Sub-SectorGood Practices by Sub-Sector

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Women’s Access to Land:Women’s Access to Land:Indian National Sericulture ProjectIndian National Sericulture Project

•• Joint title to mulberry gardens with a no-Joint title to mulberry gardens with a no-objection letter from husbands or landownerobjection letter from husbands or landowner(Jammu and Kashmir)(Jammu and Kashmir)

•• State land-grant schemes for women (AndhraState land-grant schemes for women (AndhraPradesh)Pradesh)

•• Leasing land to women’s groups with projectLeasing land to women’s groups with projectfunds (Karnataka)funds (Karnataka)

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Agricultural Training for Women:Agricultural Training for Women:Sichuan Agricultural Development ProjectSichuan Agricultural Development Project

Explicit assurances that:Explicit assurances that:•• A A minimumminimum of 50% of farmers trained will be women of 50% of farmers trained will be women•• A A minimumminimum of 20% of technicians trained will be of 20% of technicians trained will be

womenwomen

The training component includesThe training component includes•• 1,000 + persons in hydrological analysis, irrigation1,000 + persons in hydrological analysis, irrigation

system design, canal O&M, irrigation management,system design, canal O&M, irrigation management,and construction supervisionand construction supervision

•• 9,000 + farmer technicians9,000 + farmer technicians•• 320,000 farmers in production and input utilization,320,000 farmers in production and input utilization,

pest management and fertilizer applicationpest management and fertilizer application4848

Extension for Women Farmers:Extension for Women Farmers:Gambia WID ProjectGambia WID Project

•• Extension for women in field crops, horticultural crops and livestockExtension for women in field crops, horticultural crops and livestockthrough:through:

•• manuals on women’s crops and livestockmanuals on women’s crops and livestock•• training for Livestock Extension Department staff in the areas of health,training for Livestock Extension Department staff in the areas of health,

housinghousing•• nutrition of poultry and small ruminantsnutrition of poultry and small ruminants•• training for horticultural and food and nutrition unitstraining for horticultural and food and nutrition units•• operating costs for vegetable processing and storageoperating costs for vegetable processing and storage

•• Recruitment of women retailers for agricultural inputsRecruitment of women retailers for agricultural inputs•• InformationInformation

•• production of radio programs, videos, and posters on women’s activitiesproduction of radio programs, videos, and posters on women’s activities•• video equipment and films to thirty villagesvideo equipment and films to thirty villages

•• TrainingTraining•• functional literacyfunctional literacy•• income-generation skills developmentincome-generation skills development

ResultsResultsIncrease in women’s participation in crop extension from 5 percent toIncrease in women’s participation in crop extension from 5 percent to

over 60 percent in five yearsover 60 percent in five years4848

Gender in Agricultural Research:Gender in Agricultural Research:Asian Rice Farming Systems, International RiceAsian Rice Farming Systems, International RiceResearch Institute, PhilippinesResearch Institute, Philippines

ProblemProblemResearchers’ recommendation to use leaves of Researchers’ recommendation to use leaves of ipil-ipilipil-ipil trees trees

bordering the fields as cattle feed was consistently ignored bybordering the fields as cattle feed was consistently ignored byfarmers.farmers.

SolutionSolutionIn-depth research on In-depth research on womenwomen farmers revealed that farmers revealed that•• women raising swine and poultry knew that women raising swine and poultry knew that ipil-ipilipil-ipil leaves caused sows to leaves caused sows to

abortabort•• women warned their husbands not to feed women warned their husbands not to feed ipil-ipilipil-ipil to pregnant cattle to pregnant cattle•• both men and women had to be convinced that the leaves were, in fact,both men and women had to be convinced that the leaves were, in fact,

safe for cattlesafe for cattleLessonLessonGender analysis furthered overall project objectives.Gender analysis furthered overall project objectives.

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Attracting More Women to Research StaffAttracting More Women to Research Staff

•• Management commitment to gender balance in staffingManagement commitment to gender balance in staffing•• Explicit policy on women’s recruitmentExplicit policy on women’s recruitment•• Advertising explicitly addressing women as well as menAdvertising explicitly addressing women as well as men•• Job descriptions calling for men and women candidatesJob descriptions calling for men and women candidates•• Qualifications women are likely to haveQualifications women are likely to have•• Transparent career and promotion prospectsTransparent career and promotion prospects•• Shortlisting both men and womenShortlisting both men and women•• Spouse employment opportunitiesSpouse employment opportunities•• Flex-timeFlex-time•• Job sharingJob sharing•• Split location jobsSplit location jobs•• Doctoral programs to increase pool for recruitmentDoctoral programs to increase pool for recruitment

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Sectoral Adjustment Lending inSectoral Adjustment Lending inAgriculture (ASALs)Agriculture (ASALs)

•• the removal of legal barriers in securing access to landthe removal of legal barriers in securing access to land

•• complementary assistance programs to improve women’scomplementary assistance programs to improve women’saccess to credit, inputs and marketsaccess to credit, inputs and markets

•• monitoring of program impact on womenmonitoring of program impact on women

•• social programs to protect the consumption needs ofsocial programs to protect the consumption needs ofwomenwomen

•• participation of women and women’s groups in policyparticipation of women and women’s groups in policymakingmaking

How do ASALs incorporate gender? Through:How do ASALs incorporate gender? Through:

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Gender Issues in Financial Services: MoroccoGender Issues in Financial Services: MoroccoNational Agricultural Credit ProjectNational Agricultural Credit Project

Steps to attract women clients:Steps to attract women clients:•• Investment in economic activities in which women are active, e.g.Investment in economic activities in which women are active, e.g.

•• weavingweaving•• home-based textile workshopshome-based textile workshops•• beekeepingbeekeeping

•• Women credit officersWomen credit officers•• Women in Development Unit for planning, coordination, monitoring, and evaluationWomen in Development Unit for planning, coordination, monitoring, and evaluation•• Mobile banking and field facilitiesMobile banking and field facilities•• Improved access through longer hours, six days a weekImproved access through longer hours, six days a week•• Active marketing campaignsActive marketing campaigns•• Linking savings and creditLinking savings and credit•• Market interest rates ratesMarket interest rates rates•• Flexible lending proceduresFlexible lending procedures•• Simplified loan appraisal and approvalSimplified loan appraisal and approval•• Reduced down paymentReduced down payment•• Personal collateralPersonal collateral•• Deposit mobilizationDeposit mobilization

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Women use the following nontimber forest products:Women use the following nontimber forest products:•• 37 types of food37 types of food•• 68 types of medicinal products68 types of medicinal products•• 18 types of products for other uses18 types of products for other uses•• 18 animal species18 animal species

Gender and Nontimber Forest Products:Gender and Nontimber Forest Products:Lao PDR Forest Management and Conservation ProjectLao PDR Forest Management and Conservation Project

These includeThese include

They serve as a They serve as a safety netsafety net in drought years.in drought years.Project interventions therefore includedProject interventions therefore included•• explicit steps to involve women in village consultationsexplicit steps to involve women in village consultations•• community mobilization and training teams with community mobilization and training teams with

•• a community participation specialist a community participation specialist•• a women-in-development specialist a women-in-development specialist

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• fruits• fruits• berries• berries• bamboo• bamboo• mushrooms• mushrooms• rattan• rattan• resin• resin

• benzoin• benzoin• shrimp• shrimp• birds• birds• birds• birds• squirrels• squirrels• rodents• rodents

Gender Issues in Irrigation: PhilippinesGender Issues in Irrigation: PhilippinesCommunal Irrigation Development ProjectCommunal Irrigation Development Project

•• Tradition of farmer-built irrigation systemsTradition of farmer-built irrigation systems

•• Women’s independent land rightsWomen’s independent land rights

•• Participation of men and women farmersParticipation of men and women farmers

•• Explicit attention to gender, including:Explicit attention to gender, including:•• 2/3 of community organizers recruited are women2/3 of community organizers recruited are women

•• membership of both spouses in water usersmembership of both spouses in water usersassociationsassociations

•• encouragement for women to assume leadership rolesencouragement for women to assume leadership roles

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Nontraditional Livestock for Women:Nontraditional Livestock for Women:Songliao Plain Agricultural Development ProjectSongliao Plain Agricultural Development Project

Constraints:Constraints:•• Soil salinitySoil salinity•• water loggingwater logging•• poor inputs, feed and extensionpoor inputs, feed and extension•• poor crop diversificationpoor crop diversification•• lack of marketing serviceslack of marketing services

Activities:Activities:•• Traditional women’s livestock activities:Traditional women’s livestock activities:

•• Pig fatteningPig fattening•• Cattle breeding and fatteningCattle breeding and fattening•• Sheep breedingSheep breeding

•• New activities, directed specifically to womenNew activities, directed specifically to women•• Meat rabbit productionMeat rabbit production•• Deer stud and deer productionDeer stud and deer production•• Goose breeding, fattening, and down processingGoose breeding, fattening, and down processing•• Down product workshopDown product workshop

•• Female-headed, single-income households targeted as priority beneficiariesFemale-headed, single-income households targeted as priority beneficiaries5656

gender issues in agriculture - world...

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