gender aspects of life course in serbia seen through mics data – some of the roots of gender...
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Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia seen through MICS data – some of the roots of gender inequalities on the labour
market
Marija BabovicUniversity of Belgrade &
SeConS – Development Initiative Group
Acknowledgment
• Presentation enabled by the courtesy of UNICEF Serbia – data from unpublished study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS Data’
What is added value of life course approach?
• Gender specific situations, problems, needs, as well as gender gaps and inequalities are age-related and influenced by the differences in access to resources specific for different stages in the life course.
• Significance of gendered pathways, trajectories and transitions – foundations set in one stage in the life course have consequences in the next one. Policies should target roots not only consequences.
• Synchronization and institutionalization of life course – rigidities of social policies and institutional framework.
DISCRIMINATION AT THE LABOUR MARKET
Employer’s attitudesIf they are equally qualified for the position, to whom they will give advantage?
Person younger than 30 Person older than 30 Doesn’t matter
68% 2% 30%
Men Women Doesn’t matter
23% 10% 67%
Person with working experience
Person with no working experience
Doesn’t matter
70% 3% 27%
Local person Internally displaced person Doesn’t matter
27% 1% 72%
Non-Roma person Roma person Doesn’t matter
37% 2% 61%
Source: SeConS (2009) Position of IDPs on the Labour Market
Gender discrimination starts early, and in the family…
Girls Boys Girls BoysNational sample Roma settlements
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
32
41
17 18
89 90
54
43
Father's engagement Mother's engagement
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Percentage of children old 36-59 months with whom biological father and mother engaged in at least one activity that promote learning during last 3 days by gender, Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
Mean number of activities with biological father and mother over the last 3 days, by gender of children old 36-59 months
Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
Girls Boys Girls BoysNational sample Roma settlements
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2.73.1
1.7 1.8
5.2 5.1
3.53.1
Activities with father Activities with mother
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, forthcoming
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, GENDER SEGREGATION AND INEQUALITIES IN UNPAID WORK
Examples
• Share of women among entrepreneurs – 26% (SeConS, 2011)
• Share of women among managers – 25% (SeConS, 2014)
• Share of women among family helpers – 71% (LFS, 2014)
• Share of women among farm managers - 16%, • Share of women among farm family helpers
labour force – 63% (Bogdanov, Babovic).
Unpaid work in the household, married women, 2011
WHERE ARE ROOTS?
Education
• Gender gaps are most prominent in the primary school completion with difference in favour of girls in general population, and in favour of boys in population living in Roma settlements.
• In secondary school, gender gap is in favour of girls in general population, among children living in Roma settlements, gap is in favour of boys.
Gender parity index for secondary school (national), Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
2014
General Roma settlements
Secondary school Secondary school
Total 1.08 0.53
Education of mother
No school 0 0.3
Primary school 1.18 0.72
Secondary 0.98 0
Higher 1.02
Wealth index
poorest 60 percent 1.14 0.57
Richest 40 percent 1.02 0.5* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Participation in economic activities and child labour
• Age specific thresholds for age 12-14:– For economic activities 14 hours per week– For household chores 28 hours per week
• Age specific thresholds for age 15-17:– For economic activities 43 hours per week– For household chores 43 hours per week
Participation in economic activities
girls, national sample
boys, national sample
Roma girls
Roma boys
girls, national sample
boys, national sample
Roma boys
Abov
e th
e ag
e sp
ecifi
c th
resh
old
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
14
26
2
5
1
3
1
10
34
3
15
0
0
1
15-17 12-14
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Structure of child engagement in economic activities by sex, adolescents 15-17, Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
agricultural activities family business production or sale0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
13.0
4.0
1.0
27.0
16.0
4.0
1.0 1.00.0
6.0
9.0
1.0
Serbia Girls Serbia Boys Roma settlements Girls Roma settlements Boys
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Structure of child engagement in household chores by sex, Serbia and Roma settlements
2014
Caring for children, old or sick
Cooking, cleaning, washing
Repair of households equipment
Shoping for household
Collecting wood, fetching water
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
38
1
26
96
5
47
92
3
86
6
21
37
31
96
5
22
95
5
92
3
National sample girls National sample boys Roma settlement girls Roma settlement boys
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Prevalence of child labour, Serbia and Roma settlements, adolescents 15-17, 2014
national sample Roma settlements0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
4
1112
girls boys
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Gendered pathways from adolescence to adulthood
• Divergent gendered pathways among late adolescents and youth: boys pushed towards labour, girls towards school.
• Earlier withdrawal of boys and young men from education limit their employment and wellbeing prospects, but at the end give them advantage over girls and young women who lack experience.
• Marriage and childbearing(particularly early) lead to lower educational attainment and exclusion from labour market.
Percentage of young men and women (18-24) attending school at the time of survey, by school adjusted age, Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
18 19 20 21 22 23 240
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
74
5855 56
3235
15
90
66 67
5660 59
2924
2 3 30 2 0
18
9 9
1 30 1
Men from national sample Women from national sampleRoma women Roma men
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Age at first delivery, women 18-49, Serbia 2014
National sample Roma settlements0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
19.0
68.0
78.0
32.0
3.0 0.0
35-4920-34less than 20
Early child beraring (before age of 18) among women 18-24: 1.4% in national sampleand 38.3% in Roma settlements
17% of women old 15-49 years living in Roma settlements married before age of 15
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Early childbearing – women aged 20-24 years who have had a live birth before age 18, Serbia and Roma settlements, 2014
Serbia Roma settlements% No. of
women% No. of
womenTotal 1.4 562 38.3 377Area Densely populated 1.4 218 41.4 137Intermediate 0.6 133 37.9 147Thinly populated 1.8 210 34.3 92Education None (*) 9 46.8 72Primary 5.7 49 42.1 253Secondary* 1.6 179 8.0 52
17% of women old 15-49 years living in Roma settlements married before age of 15
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Women 18-49 according to education level attended, Serbia, 2014
18-24 25-30 31-40 41-490%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
6.0 9.0 11.0 14.0
44.0 40.0
57.060.0
50.0 51.0
32.026.0
None Primary Secondary Higher
Increase of educational levels with Bolognization...
• ...are conditional. Only if life is focused on education as single pathway.
• Marriage, parenting, employment, increase risks of drop out from university and lower educational attainments.
Women by educational attainment, marital status and childbearing, general population, 2014
has children
has no children
married or in union
never married or in union
has children
has no children
married or in union
formerly married or in union
never married or in union
18-2
425
-30
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
19
4
20
3
16
2
13
10
2
61
41
56
41
59
23
54
51
18
16
55
20
56
25
76
33
39
80
none primary secondary higher
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Women by educational attainment, marital status and childbearing, Roma settlements, 2014
Has children
Has no children
Married or in union
Formerly married or in union
Never married or in union
Has children
Has no children
Married or in union
Formerly married or in union
18-2
425
-30
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
19
10
17
28
10
23
17
22
24
73
55
74
70
47
71
64
71
74
7
35
9
3
43
6
19
7
2
None Primary Secondary
* From UNICEF Study ‘Gender Aspects of Life Course in Serbia Seen through MICS data’, fortcoming
Conclusions
• Inequalities on the labour market have roots in earlier stages in the life course.
• From MICS data we can identify several:– Gendered upbringing practices and support for
learning provided by mothers and fathers;– Gendered patterns of participation in ‘productive’
and ‘reproductive economy’ socialization with ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres;
– Negative effects of marriage and childbearing on educational achievement.
How policies address these issues?
• New Strategy for Gender Equality with Action Plan: targeting both spheres of ‘productive’ and ‘reproductive’ economic participation.
• Educational policies are rigid – no way back for early school leavers, no possibilities to combine schooling with parenthood and work.
• Policies offer choices: ‘either-or’ type not opportunities to chose multiple pathways.
