GEM - Broadening the Germplasm Base

M.H. Blanco1, C.A.C. Gardner1, W. Salhuana2, and N. Shen1

1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer Fellow and GEM TSG Chair

Ger

mp

lasm

En

han

cem

ent

of M

aize

GEM: Broadening the Germplasm Base

Mission and History of GEM

Structure of GEM

Objectives

Target Traits

Breeding Protocol

Germplasm Releases

GEM SCA & USDA Projects

Summary & Future Challenges

GEM Mission Statement

The objective of the GEM Project is to develop and

provide to the public adapted germplasm lines via

germplasm enhancement of useful exotic germplasm.

The adapted materials are incorporated into research

and breeding programs that will increase the diversity

of U.S. corn germplasm, improve its performance, and

provide new and better products to the American

consumer.

Countries Belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) *

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Columbia

Chile

Guatemala

Mexico

Paraguay

Peru

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

* LAMP began in 1987, funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., and administrated by the USDA-ARS.

STRUCTURE OF GEM

CooperatorsPrivatePublicInternational

Technical Steering Group (TSG)Private membersPublic membersEx officio members

GEM CoordinatorGEM Locations

Ames, IARaleigh, NC (50% tropicals)

GEM Objectives

Manage an extensive multi-site cooperative breeding (and trial

network) and information sharing with public and private

cooperators.

Develop genetically enhanced populations and lines (early

generation S2 and S3 focus) from GEM breeding crosses.

Evaluate genotypes in the breeding program for yield,

agronomic traits, silage, biotic and abiotic stress (including

mycotoxins), and value-added traits.

Conduct research relevant to high priority maize germplasm

traits and performance.

Private GEM US Cooperators

AgReliant Genetics, LLCBASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.CBeck's Superior Hybrids, Inc.*Benson Seed Research, LLCFFR CooperativeHoegemeyer EnterprisesIdentity Seed & Grain Co.Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc.Monsanto Company*Mycogen Seeds*

National Starch and Chemical Co.Pannar Genetics, Inc .*Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.*Professional Seed Research, Inc.R.B.S. Corn Research, Inc.Schillinger SeedsSEEDirectSyngenta Seeds, Inc.*Wyffels Hybrids

There are 19 private companies working as GEM cooperators

* Entities with representatives currently serving on the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG).

Public US Cooperators

Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University Michael Fields Agricultural Institute1

North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State UniversityTexas A&M University* The University of Tennessee

Truman State University University of Delaware* University of Illinois University of Nebraska University of Wisconsin USDA-ARS (Ames, IA) USDA-ARS (Columbia, MO) USDA-ARS (Mississippi State, MS) USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC)

There are 18 public institutes working as GEM cooperators

1 Non-Government Organization (NGO)* Entities with representatives currently serving on the TSG.

International Cooperators

AgriSource Co., Ltd., Thailand

Agrotuniche, Chile

EMBRAPA1, Brazil

Hyland Seeds, Canada

INTA2, Argentina

Maharlika Genetics, Mexico

Nidera, Argentina

Prosemillas, Peru

Sursem S.A., Argentina

The University of Guelph, Canada

There are 10 international institutes and/or companies working as GEM cooperators

1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa, Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); Brazil2 Instituto Nacioanal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina

In-Kind Support

Company: _________________________ Season/Year: winter ________________

In-Kind SupportGermplasm Description

No. Rows

No. Selfs

No. Iso Rows

No. Entries

No. Locations

Make Breeding Crosses(cross to proprietary lines)(NS=non-stiff; SS=stiff stalk)

Make S1’s

Advance S1 to S2

Regenerations

Top Cross S2’s

Conduct Yield Trials

Breeding Cross Observations

Disease Screening

Lab Services (Describe).

Other (Describe)

Signature company___________________ date_______ Signature GEM Coordinator______________ date_______

Appendix Statement

It is understood that any seed or data generated as defined in this appendix is considered in-kind support and shall be returned to the GEM Coordinator. Such seed and/or data shall be shared with other GEM Cooperators, who shall have the right to freely use such seed and/or data.

GEM Trait Targets

Agronomic adaptability- yield, lodging, grain moisture, and Y/MAbiotic stress tolerance: drought, heat, and interacting biotic stressesEar mold and mycotoxin resistance (aflatoxin and fumonisin)Disease resistance (emphasis on stalk rots, and leaf blights that impact stalk rots)Insect resistance (emphasis on corn root worm and corn ear worm impacting quality and mycotoxins)Value-added traits (VAT’s)

Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%)Silage yield & quality

GEM Survey Results:

Least Important

Moderately Important

Most Important

Yield 6% 4% 92%

Standability 4% 13% 83%

Disease Resistance 8% 37% 55%

Grain Quality Traits 18% 30% 54%

Diversity 8% 48% 44%

Drought/heat tolerance 15% 40% 39%

Insect Resistance 17% 46% 37%

Silage Quality 60% 28% 14%

GEM Survey, 2004. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem/Presentations/GEM_Reports_04.ppt

GEM Survey Results:

Least Important

Moderately Important

Most Important

Overall grain quality/texture 5% 16% 80%

Extractable starch 27% 30% 44%

Protein 18% 41% 41%

Total starch 24% 40% 36%

Oil 20% 48% 32%

GEM Survey, 2004. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem/Presentations/GEM_Reports_04.ppt

GEM Breeding Protocol Flowchart

Plant S1 ears to make S2. Select at 20% selection intensity

Yield trial topcross from above

Winter 1

Summer 1

Winter 4

Winter 2

Summer 2

Winter 6

Winter 3

Summer 5

Summer 3

Summer 4

Make S3 increase

Determine quality analyses, disease & insectresistance in GEM lab or by cooperators

Cross the S3’s to two testers

Make S2 topcross to elite tester inbred

Self 300 plants (S0)

Yield test 50 S2 topcrosses at 6 locations

(Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2

Accession x Private line 1

Write release article for publication & all relevant data to NCRPIS

Phenotypic Selection

Selection forprolificacy, resistance,& adaptability

Phenotypic Selection

Selection against buggy whipping, and other undesirable traits

High in Allelic Diversity!

Expt. 02122 (6 Locations) with Tester LH200xLH198

Pedigree Yield Moist Y/MStalk

LodgeRoot

Lodge

BARBGP2:N08a18-332-1 176.2 20.0 9.1 9.4 3.1

Test Entry Means 145.2 21.9 6.8 7.1 4.8

Check Means 174.2 20.9 8.5 8.1 4.3

CV 13.2 6.1

LSD (p=0.05) 22.5 1.5

GEM Germplasm Releases (117 Lines Total)

Year# LinesReleased Institution Germplasm Attributes

2001 1 USDA-ARS, IA GEM 001 is resistant to 1st brood ECB

2002 28 USDA-ARS, IA 25% and 50% exotics; temperate adapted

2002 2 U. Delaware50% exotic; resistance to anthracnose stalk rot and gray leaf spot

2002 30 NC State U. 50% exotics; temperate adapted

2002 1 Ohio State U.GEMS-0002 is 50% exotic; good grain quality, earlier than B73

2003 16 USDA-ARS, IA 25% & 50% exotic; temperate adapted, VAT

2003 8 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering

2004 2 Texas A&M U. 25% exotic; stress tolerance, good GCA

2004 1 U. Wisconsin25% exotic; high yielding silage withsuperior nutritional quality

2004 9 USDA-ARS, IA 25% exotic; temperate adaptation, VAT

2004 19 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering

Released GEM Lines to the Public to Date

Pedigree Derivation Comments

GEMS-0001 PI 503806 x B94///B94 First gen. ECB resistant (non-DIMBOA)

GEMS-0002 FS8A(S):S09-43-2 Early SS; stress tolerant

DE 3 DKXL212:N11a-191 Good protein; GCA

DE 4 DKXL212:N11a-365 GLS resistant; GCA

Tx 204 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA

Tx 205 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA

W605S AR17026:N1019 Silage yield and quality

Quality Traits of 9 GEM Lines Released to GEM Cooperators in 2005

Pedigree Country (race) VAT

BARBGP:N08a18-332-1-B Barbados (Tusón)

CH05015:N1502-86-1-B Chile (Camelia) >14% protein

CHIS775:S1911b-120-1-B-B Mexico (Tuxpeño) High TpG

DK212T:N11a12-191-1-B Thailand (comm. DK)

DKB844:S1601-73-1-B-B Mexico (comm. DK)Low TpG, low PHI, and wide RnG

DREP150:N2011d-624-1-B Domin. Rep. (Mixed) >14% protein

UR11003:S0302-1011-1-B Uruguay (Dente Branco) Narrow RnG

DKB844:S1601-3-2 Mexico (comm. DK)>14% protein, Low TpG, low RnG, & high % R,

CH05015:N1204-57-1 Chile (Camelia)>14% protein & >4.5% oil

North Carolina GEM Releases-2005

Entry Pedigree Protein* Oil* Starch* Yield Chk. YieldH6141-11/96 CHS775N19F1S3 12.8 2.6 71.1 158.2 156.27384-02/96 CHS775N19F1S3 11.8 2.6 71.0 150.2 149.41507-001/98 DK212TN11F2S3 11.6 3.9 70.0 164.6 160.99353-01/97 DK888N11F2S3 11.8 2.5 71.8 149.9 146.09531-02/97 DKXL 380N11F2S3 13.3 3.2 70.1 148.7 143.79532-02/97 DKXL 380N11F2S4 14.5 3.8 67.8 146.5 143.72405-010/99 CHS775N19F1S3 11.0 2.6 72.0 153.9 155.01311-01/97 CHS775N19F1S3 11.8 2.7 70.7 148.1 149.41312-01/97 CHS775N19F1S3 12.5 3.4 70.1 149.2 149.41881-002/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 14.6 3.5 68.0 146.8 141.91883-001/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 13.3 4.0 68.9 147.6 141.91883-002/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 12.9 3.6 69.4 146.4 141.91886-003/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 13.9 3.3 68.8 145.7 141.91895-001/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 13.8 3.7 67.9 146.6 141.92423-017/99 DKXL 380N11F2S3 12.5 3.2 70.7 154.9 153.51881-006/98 DKXL 370AN11F2S3 15.1 2.7 68.5 143.7 141.92410-003/99 SCRGp3N14F2S3 12.7 2.7 69.6 145.8 146.21415-01/97 DK888S11F2S3 12.3 2.7 70.6 148.8 147.81415-06/97 DK888S11F2S3 11.7 3.0 70.5 149.8 147.8

Major Goodman, NCSU, NC, 2005

GEM Field DaySept. 22, 2005, Ames, IA

GEM SCA and USDA-ARS Research Projects – 2005

P.I. Institute Target Traits

Bohn U. of IL CRW, ECB, Fumonisin resist, yield

Holland USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Fumonisin resist

Clements USDA-ARS, MS Aflatoxin resist, yield

Xu Texas A&M Abiotic stress, CEW, grain mold, aflatoxin, yield

Smith Cornell Anthracnose stalk rot, yield

Balint-Kurti USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Southern leaf blight

Hawk UDEL GLS, breeding methods, yield

Goodman NC State 50% tropicals, GLS, rust, yield

Campbell Truman State Amylomaize VII, yield

Jane IA State Resist starch & digestible starch evaluation

Pollak, Duvick,Edwards, Blanco

USDA-ARSAmes, IA

Starch thermal properties (stability)

Scott, Blanco USDA-ARS, Ames, IA Protein quality – Amino acids

Coors U. of WI Silage yield & quality, breeding methods, yield

Evaluation under Stress

WW (bu/a) LI (bu/a) %

Entry ET HF LB LB HF Mean CKs

(AR01150:N0406)F8A1 x B110 267 224 175 92 144 181 110

(AR01150:N0406)F8A2 x B110 260 252 193 88 142 187 114

(AR03056:N0902)F8-1 x B110 256 198 171 109 101 167 102

(FS8A(T):N1801)F7-2 x B110 259 229 208 73 159 186 113

(FS8B(T):N11a)F7-2 x B110 188 231 176 102 142 168 102

P34K77 226 173 155 120 130 161 98

Garst 8348 258 159 182 110 115 165 100

P3223 258 207 174 117 117 175 107

Garst8285 216 195 151 114 101 155 95

W. Xu, Texas A&M, TX, 2003

Percent Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Level of GEM Lines

M. Clements, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 2004.

Pedigree2003

aflatoxinNg/g

2004aflatoxin

Ng/g

2 year mean ear

rot (%)

Mp313E 9 13 8

Tuxpan 20 442 5

2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4 24 217 5

2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4 24 163 5

2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4 25 392 5

2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4 48 239 5

Grand mean (96 inbreds) 546 1309 23

LSR/ LSD α=0.05 6 2 13

Coefficient of Variation 18 8 44

Corn Rootworm

Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int, IA, 2005

GEM Breeding Crosses with Resistance to the Corn Rootworm in 2003

1 Families showing significantly lower root damage rating than the resistant check, NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2(S1).

M. Bohn (U of IL) and B. Hibbard (USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO), 2003.

Pedigree Race# families selected1 Location

AR17056:N2025 Cristalino Colorado 2 IL

BR52051:N04 Dente Amarelo 7 MO

CHIS775:N1912 Tuxpeño 14 MO

CUBA117:S1520 Argentino 2 IL

DK212T:S11 Comm. Hybrid 10 MO

UR13085:N0215 Cateto Sulino 4 MO

Silage Yield & Quality of W605S Grown in Wisconsin in 2004

HybridYield (t/ac)

Milk/ac (lbs)

CP (%)

NDF (%)

IVD (%)

NDFD (%)

Starch (%)

W605S 10.8 38300 7.3 48 82 62 30

Mean (42 hybrids) 9.9 34300 7.4 48 81 60 31

LSD (0.10) 0.8 3600 0.4 3 1 1 3

W605S = AR17026:N1019-65008-2-3-2-1-1 X LH244CP = Crude proteinNDF = Neutral detergent fiberIVD = in vitro digestibility NDFD = Neutral detergent fiber digestibility

Jim Coors, U of Wis., 2004.

Protein Quality Index

0 1 2 3 4

B45 o2B101

DKXL212:N11a-139XL380_S11_F2S4_71/97

DK370A_S11_F2S4_3358XL380_S11_F2S4_9226SE32_S17_F2S4_9148

DK212T_S11_F2S4_9151CUBA164:S2012-459CUBA164:S2012-235CUBA164:S2012-313

XL370A_S11_F2S4_9220CUBA164:S2012-966

FS8B(S):S0316-814B73

CUBA164:S1511b-325CUBA164:S2012-488GUAT209:N1925-081

B73 x Mo17CUBA164:S2012-606CUBA164:S1517-163

DKXL370:N11a20-322FS8B(T):N1802-382

Mo17CUBA164:S2012-444UR10001:S1813-257

DKB844:N11b-118UR13085:N0215-014

DK888_S11_F2S4_9190DK212T_S11_F2S4_9169 I

I HI H GI H GI H G FI H G FI H G FI H G F EI H G F EI H G F EI H G F E H G F E H G F E H G F E H G F E H G F E H G F E D G F E D G F E D G F E D G F E D G F E D C G F E D C F E D C E D C B D C B C B B A B A A

Significance LevelPedigree

•DKXL212:N11a-139is not significantly different from the high checks (B45 o2, B101).

•The top three GEM entries are significantly higher thanall “normal” checks (B73, Mo17).

Paul Scott, USDA-ARS, Ames, 2005

Protein Quality Index (Met + Lys + Trp) – 3 Year Means

Summary/Benefits of GEM

Germplasm contribution of LAMP and private companies

Cooperative wide scale evaluation and development efforts

Unique germplasm and traits being identified

Technology transfer-germplasm and information

GEM serves a large number of stakeholders from different sectors and countries

Future Challenges and Direction

Identify and utilize useful allelic diversity by tapping into more races

How should GEM’s resources be allocated-sampling new races vs. focusing on existing races

What breeding methodology research will be needed to effectively utilize allelic diversity?

Future Challenges and Direction – Cont’d

Explore and implement new genomic and genetic technologies through effective partnering

Address targeted questions or hypotheses related to gene function, mol breeding, etc.

GEM’s role: provide germplasm for well constructed studies

How does GEM best serve stakeholders to maximize benefits, and broaden the germplasm base?

Acknowledgements

USDA-ARS, Ames, IASue Duvick, Quality traits lab managerAndy Smelser, Agriculture research technician

USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NCJoe Hudyncia, Southeastern GEM coordinator

North Carolina State UniversityMajor Goodman, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor

GEM cooperatorsGEM Technical Steering Group (TSG)

GEM ProjectUSDA-ARS

Thank you!

Ger

mp

lasm

En

han

cem

ent

of M

aize