Figure 13.2-1. Concentration profiles for membrane processes: (a) two liquid films and a solid; (b) two gas films and a solid.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.2-2. Concentrations for Example 13.2-1.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.3-1. Spiral-wound elements and assembly.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.3-2. Local gas flow paths for spiral-wound separator.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.3-3. Hollow-fiber separator assembly.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.3-4. Ideal flow patterns in a membrane separator for gases: (a) complete mixing; (b) cross-flow; (c) countercurrent flow; (d) cocurrent flow.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.4-1. Process flow for complete mixing case.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.6-1. Process flow diagram for cross-flow model.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-1. Concentration profiles in membranes: (a) dense-phase symmetrical membranes; (b) asymmetric membrane.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-2. Flow diagram for the countercurrent-flow model with dense-phase symmetric membrane.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-3. Flow diagram for countercurrent flow with asymmetric membrane.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-4. Flow diagram for cocurrent flow with asymmetric membrane.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-5. Effects of separation factor and pressure ratio on permeate purity (Feed xf = 0.30).Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.7-6. Effects of flow pattern in symmetric membranes.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.8-1. Flow diagram for countercurrent flow with asymmetric membrane using finite difference method.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.8-2. Finite-difference elements for countercurrent flow in Example 13.8-1.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.8-3. Plot of composition versus area for numerical method in Example 13.8-1.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.9-1. Osmosis and reverse osmosis: (a) osmosis; (b) osmotic equilibrium; (c) reverse osmosis.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.9-2. Concentrations and fluxes in reverse-osmosis process.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.9-3. Process flow diagram of experimental reverse-osmosis laboratory unit.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.10-1. Process flow for complete-mixing model for reverse osmosis.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.11-1. Concentration polarization in ultrafiltration: (a) concentration profile before gel formation; (b) concentration profile with a gel layer formed at membrane surface.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.11-2. Effect of pressure difference on solvent flux.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes

Figure 13.12-1. Process flow for microfiltration: (a) dead-end flow; (b) cross-flow.Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes