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GEEnergy

IGCC vs. Carbon

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Copyright General Electric Company

Increasing Difficulty for New PC Plants

Total in development since 2001 to last COD 2015 Canceled / Postponed

Proposed

Application pendingPermitted

Site prep / Under const

220 Units – 114 GW108 Units – 59.6 GW

112Units – 54.4 GW

Cancellations & postponements at record levelscoal moratoriu

• New PC plants being pressured by NGO’s

Existing permits challengedIncreasing trend in cancellations & postponementsPSC’s becoming reluctant to allow new PC build

m

NOW! For Immediate Release January 17, 2008

Progress Towards a Coal Moratorium 59 Coal Plants Cancelled or Shelved in 2007

SAN FRANCISCO—Fifty-nine proposed coal-fired power plants were cancelled or shelved during 2007, according to research compiled by Coal Moratorium NOW! and Rainforest Action Network. Both groups are calling for a moratorium on the construction of new coal-fired power plants.

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The Generation Planner’s Dilemma

CO 2

Public Utility Commissions“Give me the lowest cost”

Political & Enviro“Give me Carbon

Capture Now”? ??

Carbon credit pricing, incentives,

& costs

Return and Safety for Shareholders

Legislative & Regulatory Uncertainty

Technology Readiness

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Process Description Oxidant StatusPre-combustion Capture - IGCC

Shift & CO2 ScrubH2 gas turbine

O2 partial oxidationAir post combust

Can be Applied Today

Post-Combustion Capture - Amine

Once-through, open cycle

Air Can be Applied Today

Post-Combustion Capture - Ammonia

Refrigerated Flue Gas Chilled Ammonia Air Slipstream Pilot

Oxy-combustionFull CO2 recycle

CO2 working fluidO2 Pilot

Chemical Looping Me/MeOoxidation/reduction O2

Early Development

AZEP High temperature membrane O2 O2

Early Development

Low Carbon Coal Pathways

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Fundamentals - GasificationGasification is a partial oxidation process that can convert anyhydrocarbon into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas).

(HC)n + O2 H2 + CO(HC)n + O2 H2 + COFor example:

2 CH4 + O2 4 H2 + 2 COMethane + oxygen hydrogen + carbon monoxide

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Fundamentals - Shift

A water shift reaction reacts carbon monoxide with water to produce equal moles of hydrogen and carbon dioxide

CO + H2O H2 + CO2CO + H2O H2 + CO2

For example:

CO + H2O H2 + CO2carbon monoxide + steam hydrogen + carbon dioxide

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IGCC & Carbon Capture – Ready Today

CO2SHg

Oxygen,Feedstock

Slag

Proven Gasification

62 GE licensed

gasification units

Water Gas ShiftCO+H2O -> CO2+H2

Process Gas OnlyHigh P, Low Vol

High Driving Force

Diffusion Combustor

Diluent NOx Control

27 GE gas turbines

operating at 50%+ H2

25 GE licensed gasification units using shift to produce H2 and AGR to remove CO2

Gasification

Proven Process Technology

Proven H2 Turbines

Optional Shift AGR/SRU PowerH2

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IGCC Key Systems Proven for CCS

• Ammonia Plant • Methanol Process• Refinery Hydrogen

Shift+Capture Experience

AmmoniaHydrogenMethanol

Coal PetcokeCoal/PetcokeLiquidGas

25 Plants

Process Block

7FB-H2

Hydrogen Turbines

6B

9E

7EA

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• AGR system already captures CO2 for recycle – Expandable for future

• Design pressure suitable for CO2 capture • Slurry fed – reduced pre-shift steam requirement • Does not require 7FB HGP modifications• Plot space for AGR expansion, shift unit/s, CO2 compression• GE design allows for retrofit of carbon capture unit • No new technology “invention” necessary• Also requires identification and validation of life-of-plant

storage options and strategy

Capture Plant Plot Space

IGCC Carbon Capture-Ready Features

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What Capture Level to Target?

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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500CO2 Emission Rate (lbs/MW-hr)

GTSC (FA)

New CoalIGCC or PC

Existing CoalU.S. Average (33%)

Coal

Natural GasThermal EfficiencyIndicated (xx%)CC = Carbon Capture %

40%45%

90%IGCC with CCS

CC%

GTCC (FA)

65% 50%

References: DOE NETL; EIA; IEA and GE Internal Data

Carbon Footprints of Fossil Power

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Criteria for Carbon Capture Levels

NGCC Equivalency (770 lbCO2/MWh)

Entitlement (no shift, max removal of syngas CO2)

Baseline (Reference Plant)Entitlement (no shift, partial syngas CO2 removal)

CA – 1100lb/MWh

GE, 2007MIT, 2007CCPC, 2004DOE, 2007

CA 1,100lb/MWh Single stage shift,

modified AGR

2-stage shift, Integrated AGR

NGCC – 770lb/MWhSingle Shift

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IGCC CO2 Capture Alternatives

CO2 to Sequestration0.20 tonne/MWh

Coal

Entitlement

CO2 LeanFuel Gas

CO2 to sequestration0.5-0.9 tonne/MWh

Coal

Shift+Capture (50%-90%) H2 RichFuel Gas

Sulfur

Sulfur

Gasification Acid Gas RemovalS Recovery

PowerBlock

Coal CO2 Rich Fuel Gas

Sulfur

HRSG Exhaust.83 tonne CO2/MWh

No Capture

Gasification

Gasification

Acid Gas RemovalCO2 & S Recovery

PowerBlock .7 tonne CO2/MWh

.1-.5 tonneCO2/MWh

PowerBlock

Acid Gas RemovalCO2 & S Recovery

Partial/ Full Shift

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0.20.7

2.2

4.0

2.2

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Baseline Entitlement5%

Entitlement17% NGSC Equiv

RetrofitNGSC EquivGreenfield

Max Capture

Capi

tal C

ost I

ncre

ase

(%)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Capt

ured

CO

2 (M

M-t

ons/

yr)

Tradeoff: Capital Cost vs. CO2 Capture

+30%

+30%

Greenfield

4.0

4.5

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Performance Impact of Carbon Capture

0

10

20

30

40

Retrofit 5% Retrofit 17% Retrofit NG Equiv

GreenfieldMax Capture

% Point decrease Efficiency% Net MW Output Drop% COE Increase1

GreenfieldNG Equiv

1 Excludes T&S

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Avoided Cost

$/ton Avoided= $/ton

CapturedCaptured tons/MWh Avoided tons/MWhX

Baseline IGCC Plant

IGCC plant with CCS

Captured CO2

Avoided CO2

Tons/MWh

Baseline IGCC Plant

IGCC plant with CCS

Captured CO2

Avoided CO2

Baseline IGCC Plant

IGCC plant with CCS

Captured CO2

Avoided CO2

Tons/MWh

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Impact of T&S on Avoided Cost

0

20

40

60

80

5%entitlement

17%entitlement

NG Eq. Retrofit

NG Eq.Greenfield

GreenfieldMax Capture

Avoi

ded

Cost

w/T

&S ($

/ton

)

T&S cost $15/ton$10/ton$5/tonCapture & compression only

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Turbine Fuel Impact

- Entitlement requires steam moisturization- Entitlement & NG Equivalent requires no N2 pre-dilution- 90% capture requires N2 pre-dilution to 60% H2

Base Plant

Retrofit 5%

Retrofit 17%

Retrofit NGeq.

Greenfield NGeq.

Greenfield 90%

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The Technology of CCS

Precombustiondecarbonization

H2 + CO2

GE Energy• Power• Heat

• Underground storage• Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)

Saline r

eservoir

Saline r

eservoir

CO2

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ComponentIPCC, 2005

IPCC, 2005;

APGTF, 2002

Dakota Gas-

ificationCo.

Kinder Morgan,

2006;Elsam A/S

et. Al 2003

Dixon Consulting; EOR,

2001

Industry Working Group, 2005

Canyon Reef EOR,

2005

CO2(mole%) > 95% > 96% > 96% > 95% > 95% > 95%

N2 (ppmv) < 40,000 < 300 < 6,000 < 40,000 < 20,000 < 40,000 < 40,000

CH4 (ppmv) < 50,000 < 7,000 < 20,000 < 50,000 < 10,000 < 50,000 < 50,000

H2S (ppmv) < 1,061 < 9,000 < 20,000 < 200 < 100 (ppmw) < 200 < 1,500

O2 (ppmv) < 7.5 < 50 < 100 < 10 < 2 (ppmw) < 100 < 10

H2O (ppmv) < 641 < 20 < 2 < 480 <-5C DP at 300psia < -40C DP < 28lb/

MMCF

Sample CO2 Quality Specifications

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Expanding IGCC’s Fuel Envelope

GE SIGNS LETTER OF INTENT WITH UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING TO DEVELOP NEW COAL GASIFICATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

CENTER

ATLANTA, GA.—February 13, 2008—GE Energy has signed a letter of intent with the University of Wyoming, countersigned by Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal, for the development of an advanced gasification research and technology center to be located in Wyoming.

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Summary

• All systems required for IGCC carbon capture are commercially proven

• IGCC offers a flexible platform to capture CO2 today for sequestration

• IGCC with carbon capture can be provided today as a base plant feature or as a future retrofit

• Natural gas performance recommended as CO2 BACT

• CO2 sequestration validation with a clear regulatory environment need to catch up to capture .

GEEnergy

IGCC vs. Carbon

ge energy igcc vs. carbon - globalsyngas.org general electric company ... gasification 62 ge...

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