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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION A. GROWTHdenotes increase in body size; focus is on child's

height and weight. It occurs as

cells divide and synthesize new proteins; change in body structure B. DEVELOPMENTgradual growth and change from a lower to a

more advance state of complexity. progressive increase in skill and capacity to function

it involves expansion of the child capacities through growth,maturation, and progressive gains in function ability; change in body

function. C. MATURATIONSReadiness states that learning takes place

quickly and effortlessly when the child is ready

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PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth and development occurs in regular directions reflecting

definite and predictable patterns or trends A. Directional Trends occur in regular direction reflecting the

development of neuromuscular functions: these apply to physicalmental, social and emotional development and includes: Cephalo-caudaloccurring along bodys long axis in which control

overhead, mouth and eye movements precedes control over upperbody, torso and legs

Proximo-distal progressing from the center of the body to theextremity, in which the child develops arm movements before fine motor

finger ability *is symmetrical each side develops in the same direction at the

same rate as the other Massspecificsometimes referred to as differentiation in which the

child masters simple operations before complex functions and movesfrom broad general patterns of behavior to more refined patterns

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B. Sequential Trend involves a predictable sequence of growth anddevelopment stage through which a child normally passes these is true ofmotor skills LOCOMOTION child crawls before creeping, creeps beforestanding; and stand before walking; behaviors such as language and socialskill (child plays alone, then with others in increase numbers and inprogressively complex activities)

C. Secularrefers to worldwide trends in the rate and age of maturation. Ingeneral, children are maturing earlier and growing larger at each age ascompared to preceding generations

2. Principle of Asynchronous growthnot all parts of the body grow atonce and at the same time at same rate

3. Growth and development is continuous process beginning fromconceptions and ends in death (womb to tomb); there are periods of rapid

rate (fetal, infancy- the most rapid, adolescence) of alternating rapid andslow (Toddler and Pre-school) and slow (School period) 4. Behavior is most sensitive and comprehensive indicator of developmental

status 5. Play is central to the life of a child is the universal language of a child 6. A great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice

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7. All aspects of development are interrelated Aspects of Development Denver Developmental Screening Test used to

evaluate once development

Fine Motor Adaptive Gross Motor

PersonalSocial Language

8. Each child is unique (Genetic influence, sex, environment and national aswell as Racial characteristics.

Factors: Heredityrefers to those characteristics acquired through one's genetic

make-up by inheritance, physical characteristics, and disease. Ex. skin color, eye color, body build, DM, HPN Environment the total of external and internal auditions affecting

existence, growth and welfare of the person.

Child, family, society culture has big influence.

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Some- SMILE Vain- VOCALIZES Hands- HEAD CONTROL Have- HANDS GRASP Received- ROLLOVER Sylvia's- SITS WITH SUPPORT Card- CRAWLS

From Paul- PREHENSION But Paul- PULLS UP Won't- WALKS WITH SUPPORT Say- STANDS ALONE

When- WALKS ALONE

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INFANCY Birth to 1 year old Milestones 1 2months, smile 2 monthslifts head from prone position and briefly holds it erect

3 monthsvocalize in response to voices 4 monthshead control 4 months purposely grasps objects 4 5 months rolls from abdomen to back 6 7 months sits 6 7 months anything grasps goes into mouth

9 months crawls rapidly, keeping belly off floor 9 months moves from crawling to sitting position 9 months pulls up 9 months pincer grasp rather than palmer grasp 10 months walks with support 11 months stands alone 12 months walks alone

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Milestones - 12 to 15 month walks - 15 mo. - climb stairs - 18 mo. - climbs

- 2 years runs - 3 years walks backward and hops on 1 foot - 3 years throws a large ball - 3 years puts simple clothes

- 3 years achieves fairly good bowel and bladdercontrol BOWEL TRAINING 18-24 MONTHS Immune system

matures at age 2

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TODDLER 1 3 years old- SLOW GROWTH PERIOD - TERRIBLE TWO'S; TRUSTING THREES'S - Characteristics protruding abdomen results from

underdeveloped abdominal muscles (POUCHY BELLY)

- Bow-legged since legs bear the weight of the relativelylarge trunk; LORDOSIS - Anterior fontanel closes between 12 to 18 months - Fine motor skills include: Undressing

Drawing simple lines Building simple things IMITATES A VERTICAL STROKE AT 18 MONTHS IMITATES A CIRCULAR STROKE AT 2 YEARS

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PRESCHOOLER3 6 years old-

SLOWER GROWTH RATE CONTINUES

-FRUSTRATING FOUR'S; FASCINATING FIVE'S

- Coordination and muscle strength increase rapidly

- handedness clearly established by 4 years

- Trunk grows more rapidly than the other tissue

- Appears taller and thinner

- Gender specific behavior evident by 5 y.o.

- grows 2.5 3 inches/year

-Gains 5lb/yr.

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-BUILDS TOWER BLOCK OF 9 10 CUBES BY 5YEARS OLD

-TIES SHOE LACE BY 5 YEARS OLD

-IMMITATES A CIRCLE AT 3; CROSS AT 4; DRAWS A

MAN WITH THREE PARTS AT 4 ; COPY SQUARE AT5; DIAMOND TRIANGLE AT 5; DRAWS A COMPLETEPERSON WITH CLOTHING AT 6 AND CAN WRITEFAIRLY WELL.

-can use scissors successfully and tie shoelaces.

20 teeth present

By 5 years may begin to lose deciduous teeth

By 5 years have first permanent teeth

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SCHOOL AGE 6 12 years old -Girls often grow faster than boys -period of strong individual friendships and group

relations

-SAUCY SIXES; SWEET SEVENS; AGGRESSIVEEIGHT, NIFTY NINES LEARNING PHYSICAL SKILLS BUILDING WHOLESOME ATTITUDES TOWARD

ONESELF

LEARNING TO GET ALONG WITH AGE MATES LEARNING AN APPROPRIATE SEX ROLE DEVELOPING FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS IN READING,

WRITING AND CALCULATING DEVELOPING ATTITUDES TOWARD SOCIAL

GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONS

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-Appears thinner and more graceful than preschoolers

- Musculoskeletal growth leads to greater coordinationand strength

- Lungs and alveoli fully mature, so less chance of

respiratory infections -Eustachian tube move downward, so less chance of

otitis media

-All 20 deciduous teeth lost and replaced by 28 of 32

permanent teeth. -puberty begins/FEMALES TALLER THAN MALES

1. Sex education a must

2. responsible sexuality and dangers, such as AIDS,pregnancy, STD's

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ADOLESCENCE 11 -21 years old

-RAPID RATE OF PHYSICAL GROWTH; PERIOD OF STRESSAND STORM (Stanley Hall)

-MATURITY

-TERRIBLE TEENS -Encompasses puberty -Hormonal changes _most girls reach reproductive maturity 2 5 years after onset of

menstruation -ultimately, height, weight and body fluid influenced by diet, exercise

and heredity.

- PUBERTAS- AGE OF MANHOOD = PHYSICAL CHANGESSEXUAL MATURATION; CAPABLE OF PRODUCING OFFSPRINGOVERLAPPING PERIOD -PUBESCENT

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PREPUBESCENT, one who is no longer achild but only yet as adolescent; secondaryorgans are not fully developed.

PUBESCENT, criteria of sexual maturity

appear = menarche, nocturnal emission. POSTPUBESCENT, secondary sex

characteristics become well developed; sexorgans function in a mature manner.

- An important period, transitional period,period of change= heightened emotionalityproblem period; search for identity.

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MUST KNOWS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK INFANCY -WEIGHT 2x AT 6 months, 3x @ 1 year -THUMBSUCKING; FEEDING -SLEEPS MOST OF THE TIME -posterior fontanel closes @ 2-3 months - Primitive reflexes (Moro, tonic neck ,

protective-gag, cough, blink, pupillary; grasp,rooting, Babinski)

-ROOTING, TONIC NECK, PALMAR GRASP,MORO, STEPPING REFLEXES GONE AT 4MONTHS

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- Vision fully developed @ 6 years

-responds to own name @ 7 months

-vocalizes 4 words @ 1 year

-rice cereal @ 6 months -fruits/vegetables @ 6-8 months

-meats @ 8-10 months

-1 new food at a time waiting at least 3 days tointroduced another

-deciduous teeth by 5-6 months (lateral incisors)

-juices @ 1:1 dilution @ 6 months

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TODDLER - weight, 4 x 2 -GAINS 5-10 LBS/YR -WIDE GAITED; POT BELLIED LOOK

-EYE-HAND COORDINATION IS GOOD BUTJUDGEMENT OF DISTANCE IS FAULTY LEADING TOBUMPS AND FALLS

-walks without help by 15 months -jumps in place by 18 months

-goes up stairs and runs fairly well by 24 months -copies a circle by 3 years -knows own name by 12 months -able to speak 300 words by 2 years

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-OBJECT PERMANENCE

-RITUALISM

-Deciduous teeth approx. 20 are present by 2 years3 years

-TOILET TRAINING: 3 YEARS OLD

-18 MONTHS, BOWEL CONTROL

-2 3 YEARS OLD, DAYTIME BLADDER CONTROL

-VOCABULARY INCREASES TO 10-20 WORDS TO

OVER 100 WORDS BY 3 YEARS -MY, MINE (18 MONTHS); I, ME, YOU (3 YEARS OLD)

- MOVERS FROM HOARDING ANDPOSSESSIVENESS AT 18 MONTHS TO SHARING

WITH PEERS 3 YEARS OLD

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PRESCHOOLER -skips and hops on one foot by 4 years -stands on one foot by 3 years old; jumps on one step by 3 years old - walks down the stairs using alternate feet by 4 years old -skips and hops in alternate foot by 5 years old

- throws and catches ball by 5 years old -jumps rope by 5 years old - rides tricycle by 3 years -throws and catches ball well by 5 years - knows 2,100 words by 5 years -conscience is developed

-4 6 LBS/YR -INCREASE IN HT . INCREASE IN WT -2 INCHES PER YEAR IN HEIGHT -GREATER AMOUNT OF SKELETAL GROWTH = FEET AND LEGS -SLIM, TALL FIGURE

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- HANDLESS SCISSOR, 5 Y.O. -HAND DOMINANCE BY 5 - Dressing, want to choose -SLEEP, problem = refusal to sleep and night walking; may need a

night light

- BATHING, should not be left unsupervised -NIGHT GRINDING, (BRUXISM), a way of letting go; anxiety related -DISCIPLINE = TIME OUT - COMMON BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS:

A.TELLING TALL TALES

B.IMAGINARY FRIENDSC. DIFFICULTY IN SHARING (expose child to 3 categories =mine, yours, ours)D.REGRESSIONE.SIBLING RIVALRY

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SCHOOL AGE - Vision 20/20 by 6-7 years - Junk foods - age 12 has all permanent teeth -LOOKS LANKY

- REFINEMENT IN COORDINATION, BALANCE AND CONTROL -READINESS FOR LEARNING ACQUIRIES USE OF REASONING;

UNDERSTANDING OF THE RULES -1.5 3 KG/YR WEIGHT GAIN - 2.5 5 CM/YR GROWTH RATE - PREPUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT; 10 12 YEARS

GIRLS TALLER THAN THE BOYS -DEFINITION: 6 YEARS FIRST PERMANENT TOOTH ERUPTS; 12 YEARS HAS 28 PERMANENT TEETH -PR = 70 110 BPM - RR = 16 22 CPM - loses primary teeth at age 6

- 12 years old, permanent teeth complete except or 3rd molars

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ADOLESCENCE

- 95% OF MATURE HEIGHT ACHIEVE BY ONSET OF MENARCHE ORSKELETAL AGE OF 13 YEARS

- HEIGHT GAIN 10 30 CMS - WHO AM I?

- 4 areas in order to achieve a sense of identity1.accepting their changed body image2.establishing a value system or what kind of person they want to be3.making a career decision4.becoming emancipated from their parents

Characteristics o an emotionally mature person:1.able to meet responsibilities2.good judgment3.able to face and accept reality4.able to select a mate]5.accepts dependency of others

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COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE NEWBORN: Seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)

Moliaria (Sudamina), Prickly heat

Spitting up,regurgitation Colic

Constipation- bottle-fed infant

Occasional cross eyes

Diaper rash

WHEN THE MOTHER FEELS WARM KEEPTHE BABY COOL, WHEN THE MOTHER

FEELS COLD KEEP THE BABY WARM

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Theories of personality development:

Sigmund Freud- psychosexual theory

the libidual energy and itsrelationship to thedevelopment of perso-

nality.

Erick Erikson-Eight ages of man of deve-lopmental tasks.

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Harry Stack Sullivan- Interpersonaltheory

- Relationship between infant and

the mothering one as thefundamental to personalitydevelopment.

Jean Piaget

Cognitive theory-stage of cognitive developmentaccording to a specific agelevel.

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PLAY Purpose of play: 1. To practice motor skills 2. To gain coordination 3. To relate objects and to people 4. Childs work- learn by play INFANTS- Solitary- Love to play with their own bodies AGE-appropriate toys:

Mobiles Squeeze toysRattles Teething ringsMusical box Textured ballsLarge cuddly toys

Toddlers- Parallel- Play next to playmate Toys:

Push-pull toys Balls Puzzle with large pieces Crayons (thick) Blocks Musical / talking toys

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PRESCHOOLERS-Associative/ Cooperative Toys:

Housekeeping toysPlayground equipmentWater colors, finger-paints, clay

Picture coloring booksMaterials for cutting, and pastingSimple jigsaw puzzle

SCHOOL-AGE Child-Competitive Toys:

Dolls Trains and model kits Games; jigsaw puzzle, magic tricks Books; table games TV, video, records Bicycles, skateboards

Collect objects