gcse physical education sports psychology pack...gcse pe sports biomechanics stephen brockley...

Winstanley College

GCSE to A Level Physical Education

Sports Biomechanics Pack

This includes core notes and suggested activities for

students.

GCSE PE Sports Biomechanics Stephen Brockley Winstanley College

1 | P a g e

Topic 1: Levers.

Learners Must:

• Know the 3 classes of lever and their use in physical activity and sport;

o 1st Class – neck o 2nd Class – ankle o 3rd Class – elbow

• Know the definition of mechanical advantage.

A lever is a rigid structure allowing movement. Consider the pictures above and write in the box the common features of a lever system and how do they work?

There are 4 main features to a lever.

1. Lever.

2. Fulcrum.

3. Effort.

4. Load.

Consider how an athlete completes a Biceps Curl to apply the principle of a lever system to the human body?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


2 | P a g e

Types of levers: Definition of levers (video) There are three orders of lever system depending on where the fulcrum is placed. There are examples in the human body of all three however some are more commonly used than others.

An easy way to remember the order:

Read out load: One, Two, Three. F, L, E. One, Two, Three. F, L, E.

All levers have a Fulcrum (F) an Effort (E) and a Load (L). The rhyme above helps you remember which component is in the middle.

1. 1st class levers have the Fulcrum in the middle. 2. 2nd class levers have the Load in the middle. 3. 3rd class levers have the Effort in the middle.

One, Two, Three. F, L, E. One, Two, Three. F, L, E.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1wS_OlJzmI

3 | P a g e


Summary of Levers:

In the human body the type of lever used will have advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed of motion, force production and stability. This can depend on the length of the:

a) Effort Arm = the distance between the Effort and the Fulcrum b) Load Arm = the distance between the Load and the Fulcrum

Define the following key terms:

Mechanical Advantage:

Effort arm (a) > Load Arm (b) b

Levers: Extension Work (not on GSCE Spec)

Mechanical Disadvantage:

Load arm (b) > Effort Arm (a)

Lever Order of: fulcrum/effort/load

Sporting example in human body

Extension Work: Advantages

Extension Work: Disadvantages

1

2

3

a

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ny8k7LUUIEk


4 | P a g e

Topic 2: Planes of movement and Axes of rotation.

Planes of Movement: Definition of planes of motion (video)

All movements performed by the body are carried out across three dimensions. These dimensions are the planes of movement and divide the body using imaginary lines (flat planes)

Superior

Inferior

Transverse Plane: The transverse plane lies

horizontally and divides the body

into the top (superior) and bottom

(inferior) parts.

Movements through the transverse

plane are Rotational movements.

Frontal Plane:

The frontal plane lies

vertically and divides the

body into front (anterior)

and back (posterior)

parts.

Movements through the

frontal plane are sideways

movements of Abduction

and Adduction.

Anterior

Posterior

Sagittal Plane:

The sagittal plane also lies

vertically and is known as the

median plane. The plane divides

the body into right and left parts.

Movements through the sagittal

plane are up and down

movements of flexion and

extension.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTRIrEhatRI


5 | P a g e

Match the planes of movement with the correct description.

Plane

Description

Horizontal/Vertical

Frontal

Divides the body into the left and right hand sides

Horizontal

Transverse

Divides the body into the top and

bottom

Vertical

Sagittal

Divides the body

into front and back parts

Vertical

Match the movement term to the correct description below.

Movement term

Description

1

Abduction

2

Adduction

3

Anterior

4

Circumduction

5

Extension

6

Flexion

7

Inferior

8

Posterior

9

Rotation

10

Superior

Movement pattern in the transverse plane across the longitudinal axis.

Movement pattern consisting of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

Movement that refers to the back of the body.

A part of the body/structure higher that another.

Movement towards the midline of the body.

Movement that involves bending of a joint (The angle decreasing between the articulating bones involved).

Movement that refers to the front of the body.

A part of the body/structure lower than another (The knee being inferior to the ankle).

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Movement that involves straightening of a joint. The angle increases between the articulating bones involved.


6 | P a g e

Identify and describe the dominant plane of movement for the following.

Plane of Movement: ………………………….

Description:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………


Description:

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………


Description:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………

Design a circuit training programme that includes two exercises for each of the three planes of movement.

Exercise Dominant plane of movement Description of movement

e.g. Squat

Sagittal

Flexion and Extension

7 | P a g e


Axes of rotation: Definition of axes of rotation (video)

An axis is an imaginary straight line around which a body or part of a body rotates. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three axes of rotation.

Transverse Axis

The transverse axis passes

horizontally from left to right.

Movements about this axis

include a somersault and flexion

and extension of the elbow.

Longitudinal Axis

The longitudinal axis is also

known as the vertical axis and

passes vertically from the

bottom to the top.


include rotation.

Frontal Axis

The frontal axis passes

horizontally from back to front.


include lateral and medial rotation

of the spine.

Movements in the body are described as being through planes of movement about axis of rotation.

It is important that you do not get them confused but can apply them together.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0c4Di89Vhj0

8 | P a g e


Identify and describe the dominant axis of rotation for the following for the following:

Axis of Rotation: ………………………….

Description:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………


Description:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………


Description:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………

Combining your knowledge of Planes of Movement and Axis of Rotation

Frontal Plane

9 | P a g e


Combine your knowledge of planes of motion and axis of rotation to complete the following table.

Skill Dominant plane of Movement Dominant axis of rotation

E.g. Tucked front Somersault

Sagittal

Transverse

Star Jumps

100m sprint

Bicep curls

Cartwheel

Pirouette

Answers to tasks can be found here - http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-physical-education-j587-from-2016/

http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-physical-education-j587-from-2016/

gcse physical education sports psychology pack...gcse pe sports biomechanics stephen brockley...

Documents